Transcriber’s Note:

The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

The Industrial Condition
OF
WOMEN AND GIRLS
IN HONOLULU

A Social Study

FRANCES BLASCOER

(FORMERLY EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE. NEW YORK CITY.)

Special Investigator for the Board of Trustees of the Kaiulani Home for Young Women and Girls

Honolulu Social Survey

FIRST STUDY

HONOLULU, NOVEMBER, 1912

HONOLULU

SOCIAL SURVEY

1912

UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE KAIULANI HOME FOR GIRLS.

Note:—Volumes Nos. I. and II. now ready. Nos. III., IV., and V. will appear later.

In preparing to submit the results of the five-months’ survey of Honolulu’s industrial conditions as they affect women and girls, the definition of a pessimist:—one who has just met an optimist,—has more than once floated warningly through my mind.

In the face of such a warning it is perhaps with mixed feelings one confesses to a conviction that much may be done to solve the problems of the community.

Workrooms are not overcrowded; the air and light are always good; there is no highspeed machinery; no processes dangerous to life and limb are unguarded; fines and penalties are unknown; shop girls work only eight hours a day, have an annual vacation with full pay for two weeks in most shops and of at least one week in all; clerks, stenographers and teachers may well feel that they have found here their earthly paradise both as regards hours and salaries.

As in other tropical communities, the struggle for existence is not agonizing. Even on kona days, throughout which all Honolulu wilts, night brings relief. The meanest tenement in Kakaako is swept by the cool trade winds that come down over the cloud-capped heights of Tantalus during the greater part of the year; and there is no dread of the coming of winter.

Kamaainas say that the aloha of the spirits of departed Hawaiians—who were in life gentle, generous to a fault, loving flowers and music, but caring most of all for their island home—forever guards their former haunts and exhorts all evil.

Honolulu itself tempts one: the Pacific ocean at the waterfront, changing from emerald to purple and sapphire, with the violet glow over all which transfers itself at sunset to the slopes of the grey-green hills backing the city; and between, the bungalow and cottage dotted city itself; most of its squares built up solidly with tiny dwellings surrounded by scarlet and pink flowered hibiscus hedges and shaded by feathery-leaved algarobas, 6cocoanut and date palms and multi-colored flowering trees; with ferns and vines everywhere.

One must look hard and often at the rectangular and unornamental tenement blocks which obtrude themselves indiscriminately from Kalihi-kai to Waikiki, before one remembers the law of supply and demand which is, alas, still in force although increasingly hard-pressed by public opinion, minimum wage-boards and the Industrial Workers of the World.

Before considering the supply and demand, however, I wish to express to the Board of Trustees of the Kaiulani Home my keen appreciation of the opportunity to make the survey; especially in view of the fact that this work involved a considerable enlargement of the plan they originally had in mind when I was asked to come here. Conditions so clearly indicated the necessity for a comprehensive constructive social program that while a much more detailed piece of work might have been done in the industrial field, I question whether such detail would have developed anything more salient or pertinent than has been shown.

Since progressive thinkers agree that preventive measures make far more surely for social betterment than anything corrective which has yet been evolved, I have endeavored to gather together the measures which have been successfully placed in operation in other communities and to present to you for consideration such of them as fit your needs and conditions.

Three representative bodies engaged in social research: the Bureau of Municipal Research, the Russell Sage Foundation, and the Consumer’s League,—all of New York City—cover practically the entire field and are always at the service of those who wish information or advice.

More personal service is needed everywhere in Honolulu. The best program possible to formulate soon becomes useless anywhere if carried on by unthinking, unprogressive, however well-intentioned methods.

I wish to cordially thank the members of the Executive Committee and of the sub-committees of the Survey, and not the 7least the wage-earners of the community for the help and encouragement I have had. In spite of queries which briefness of time allotted to the study made it necessary at times to make directly of the latter, I have been received with the utmost good will and helpfulness by workers of all nationalities.

I am especially indebted to the books of Miss Josephine Goldmark, Fatigue and Efficiency; and of Miss Elizabeth Beardsley Butler, Women and the Trades, for valuable information and suggestion. No one interested in the welfare of wage-earners can fail to have his vision widened and clarified by these two pieces of work, prepared with infinite devotion and infinite care in the service of humanity both employing and employed.

There is a world movement in uplift work for women. Along with the rest of the world Hawaii is awaking to this call. In all lines of endeavor there must be a working plan. But first must be facts “writ large” and plain. In view of this interest and the desire to do a vital work for the wage-earning girls and women of Honolulu, the Trustees of Kaiulani Home secured the services of a trained investigator, Miss Frances E. Blascoer of New York City, to make a study of industrial conditions among the working girls of Honolulu and to present a plan for the organization of a Vocational Bureau here in the islands.

With the coming of Miss Blascoer the vision grew; a social survey was attempted, a survey which should be the means of presenting to citizens and social workers the real state of industrial and housing conditions; the character of the amusements offered to our community; facts anent dependent children; facts concerning the devastation of the social evil.

Religious, moral, intellectual, professional and vocational education; community hygiene; sanitary regulations; the beautifying of Honolulu; all these demand the concerted action of women and men. And then, too, there is the “call of the children” that comes with such strength of appeal from the findings of the Juvenile Court. The dependent child must be considered. The crimes that imperil the virtue of unprotected little girls must not be hidden. The fact must be faced of the incursion of Hawaii by large numbers of unmarried men and the accompanying menace to young women. Unquestionably, the conditions under which girls and women work should be known by the public.

Churches, associations, clubs, individual philanthropists, should have accurate knowledge of social conditions; that pauperizing may be avoided and that the waste of duplication in charitable work may be avoided. Undoubtedly more light is 9needed for the conduct of benevolent enterprises, perhaps not more giving, but more “efficient giving.”

Miss Blascoer’s report on the industrial conditions of women and girls, it is believed, will prove a basis for the working out of many programs for community betterment. May it prove rich in suggestion to the women of Honolulu. May all put shoulder to shoulder in the task of solving the industrial problem of the girls and women in our midst, and may it give to those who earnestly seek, a mission, a vision of great opportunities. To those who give and to those who receive, may there result a meeting, not at the “crossroads” of mistrust and suspicion, but on the “main traveled thoroughfare” which leads to mutual helpfulness. Hasten the day of its arriving!

The Industrial Committee of the Social Survey is composed of the following members:—

Its mission of inquiry into the condition of working girls and women in Honolulu has been conducted by three sub-committees, viz.—

The first work done was in the way of inquiry into certain individual cases presented by Miss Blascoer; this brought helpful results. A seamstress inquiry was made by Mesdames Frear, Lowrey, Wilcox and Swanzy, in which 250 circulars were sent out. The various responses emphasize strongly the need of a training school for unskilled workers in this line. A stenographer and typewriter inquiry was conducted by Professor Wood, assisted by Messrs. George R. Carter, Walter Dillingham, A. F. Judd, G. P. Wilder and W. H. Baird, temporary members of the Sub-committee on Conditions of Work and constituting a representative group of business men especially interested. Perhaps the most interesting as well as most 11valuable inquiry was that into the social activities of the community, its Recreations and Amusements. President Griffiths prepared a list of the Public Amusements and, assisted by some twenty-six persons, undertook the investigation of the theatres, moving picture shows, dance halls, and parks. Mrs. Frear personally made a most exhaustive inquiry into the social activities of the many Churches of Honolulu, and Misses Bosher and Kemp did the same for the Schools; Miss Gulick did the work for the Missions and Settlements, Mrs. Lowrey for the several Miscellaneous Associations, while Mrs. Swanzy collected information regarding the fifty-odd Lodges and Fraternal Organizations.

Meetings of the Committee and the Sub-committees were held during the months of July, August, September, and October; the last, of the committee as a whole, was well attended and the discussion in connection with the outline of a constructive program kindly given by Miss Blascoer proved highly profitable. The reports of the sub-committees have been turned in to Miss Blascoer, whose digest of conditions she presents to your Board. A slight sketch of the reaction of this industrial inquiry on the persons who took part in it may, however, be of interest. Without exception the effect of this work has been most stimulating and beneficial, so that it may safely be said that whatever the final outcome to the community of the Social Survey, each individual of this committee has been helped to a better knowledge of existing conditions and to a broader outlook on life. Especially for the lay members windows have been opened in various directions. May I quote an opinion or two? One says:—“This inquiry has aroused interest. We have learned how other people’s work runs along the same lines as ours; there has been too much of ‘going it alone.’” Another:—“It has been a decided help and stirred interest and work; it has promoted discussion and information generally.”

The School inquiry, which elicited a very generous and valuable response, in several cases of public school teachers proved a direct stimulus and assistance in affording opportune suggestion 12for ways of recreation and amusement; while the fact that an extensive work is done by the Lodges and Fraternal Organizations was made evident by that inquiry—a work that is kindly as well as charitable, a work that is conducive to the development of friendly feeling and good will towards men. The social activities of these societies also cover a large field. The Church inquiry showed that an astonishing amount is done among some of our Honolulu congregations for the welfare and wholesome amusement of young people and adults, and the Church of Latter Day Saints may be cited as particularly active in looking after its people on week-days as well as Sundays.

One of our women members states that she finds her personal interest in the welfare of working girls greatly broadened and now has a better idea of the needs of girls from poor homes, particularly those who have had few opportunities. In connection with the work of the Industrial Committee several Amusement Circles for girls have been started in different parts of town by Miss Nora Sturgeon and a band of volunteer helpers, and interest in this line of effort has been directly incited among others who were drawn into the detail of investigation.

Finally, Dr. Scudder says that he has been thinking along these lines for twenty years and feels that this industrial inquiry will be of immense value in bringing to the notice of many who are also interested, a tangible plan of action as the result of knowledge of conditions. He intends speaking on the necessity for child labor laws, to be enacted by the next Legislature, so that the deplorable conditions existing in other countries need never be known here, and he will endeavor to enlist the sympathy and influence of his congregation. His own interest has been quickened, and he believes that the Kaiulani Home Board should be heartily congratulated on having been the means of instigating an inquiry which it is hoped will crystallize into some definite and concerted program for the betterment of social and industrial conditions in Hawaii nei.

To the Board of Trustees of the Kaiulani Home, and Members of the Citizens’ Committee of the Honolulu Social Survey.

In this crossroads community of Honolulu—a community where defying Kipling, not only the East and West, but also the North and South meet (and like one another) there are almost as many races and admixtures represented as a man has fingers and toes.

A girl born of a mother whose blood is half-Hawaiian and half-Chinese, and of a Norwegian father, works side by side on the one hand with a Korean maiden and on the other with a young woman who is negro-American through one parent and German-Hawaiian through another. The daughter of a Portuguese-Japanese mother and an American father schoolmates with the child of a Basuto woman and an Englishman; while side by side Portuguese, Porto Rican, Japanese, Hawaiian, Filipino and Negro, with all these and other inter-racial variations, eat their lunches side by side in the pineapple canneries and laundries. Schools, athletic teams and other activities show the same racial composition.

And quite as assorted as the blood is apt to be the mode of life, dress and thought of this polyglot population. One sees a Chinese woman in her charming native costume of brocaded silk, her hair carefully pomaded and profusely ornamented, while her feet (not by any means the “golden-lilies” so rapidly passing into oblivion) of the small-footed Chinese are encased in silk hose and patent leather pumps. Furthermore, she leads by the hand a small daughter in full American panoply, not omitting the butterfly bow of ribbon in her hair. If followed to her home she will be found eating her bowl of rice or stewed mushrooms with a spoon, instead of the historic chop-sticks, her children doing the same or more likely making their fingers do duty.

14Or, one meets a Japanese man, smiling with affectionate fatuity at the infant he carries in his arms; his own kimonoed and sandalled person topped with a regulation Panama hat. Or again, one attends a suffrage meeting with the audience made up of Hawaiian, Chinese and women of other nationalities, and listens to the familiar appeals for equal pay for equal work; amendments to the property laws; reduction of infant mortality; more schools. And so on, until one is permeated with a fine glow of wonder at the universality of it all, the “getting together” which is the surest promise of world peace, however much one may from an aesthetic standpoint regret certain of the departures.

Then, too, the workrooms, public utilities, public amusements (and very generally acquaintances and friendships) untrammeled by racial boundaries, cause one to wonder anew not alone at the ease with which Honolulu has dispensed with those boundaries but also at the fact that in this year of our Lord they still prevail in the caste-ridden communities of the mainland. One says prevail rather than exist advisedly, because race prejudice undoubtedly exists in Honolulu, and is openly expressed. Thus far, however, the women and girls of Honolulu are unhampered in their opportunities, and no man’s right to decent public courtesy is violated by race feeling. An Hawaiian incompetent is equally liable to be replaced with a Portuguese, a Chinese, a Japanese, or what not.

Certain of the minor industries employ no Japanese or Chinese help, fearing that a knowledge of processes will lead to “unfair competition”; but on the other hand shops manned by the Orientals in these very same industries are springing up all over the city. And not only do they spring up, but one finds they usually stay.

Honolulu, in its industrial development, will need to consider the two-fold life, as it were, of the normal and the tourist population. The small shop, along various lines described more in detail under constructive suggestions, seems in fact the best means of taking care of the workers who might be 15trained in the needle trades and other kindred occupations, and for whom there is no opportunity to secure stenographic positions, or for clerical or shop work.

For the unskilled worker, Dr. E. V. Wilcox of the Federal Agricultural Experiment Station, who is the sponsor for the algaroba industry is said to see the same chance in a probable kukui-nut industry. Dr. Wilcox is quoted in the morning paper as follows:

“Hawaii once did a big business in the exportation of kukui oil,” he says, “the old customs records of the fifties show that as high as ten thousand gallons were exported some years. Kukui oil is a valuable paint oil, being better than the best linseed and worth here as a substitute for linseed at least a dollar a gallon. The cake, after the oil has been expressed, is a valuable fertilizing product.

“I am working now to see what percentage of oil can be extracted from the nut commercially and also getting figures on the cost of gathering, manufacturing and such. To put the kukui industry on its feet, all it needs is for someone to go into the business with capital enough to buy the entire crop and to install machinery to crush and press it. There are thousands of tons of kukui all over the mountains and the gathering of these will give work to the same class of people as have found the algaroba bean picking such a godsend. In Hawaii alone we use a great deal of paint oil and there should be ready market here. Hawaii imported fifty thousand gallons of linseed oil in the last fiscal year. If we could have substituted kukui oil, the Territory would have fifty thousand dollars more in circulation, for last year alone, much of it in circulation among the very poor.”

Various business men have suggested the need for a paper box factory; and it does not seem unlikely that such an establishment will soon be added to the industries giving employment 16to unskilled labor. A silk mill is rumored, but nothing definite can be learned concerning the reality of the rumor.

There is no doubt of the healthy prosperity and progressive spirit of the city; but those interested in the development of Honolulu in its broader sense will find it necessary to consider the questions of public health involved in long working hours for women and girls, and in the labor of children; questions of public intelligence and citizenship bound up with the establishment of night schools and public recreation centers—of public morals as related to more opportunity, better wages, and better training to be wives and mothers, rather than subjection by unemployment, less than a living wage, and neglect to the temptations held forth by soldier, tourist and citizen.

It is only five years ago since the Pittsburgh Survey commenced the investigation which was the first exhaustive attempt to interpret an industrial community to employers of labor, as well as to the community at large; and since the publication of Miss Butler’s Women and the Trades in 1909—the first of the six volumes of the Survey to appear—more than one city has made inquiry into the conditions under which the women and girls of the community were earning their livelihood. Notable among these inquirers have been those made by the Women’s City Club of Chicago, under the auspices of the Russell Sage Foundation; by the Kansas City Board of Public Welfare, which began in February, 1911, and is still in process; and by the Russell Sage Foundation for Birmingham, Ala., the latter being a reportorial survey rather than the intensive investigation made in Pittsburgh.

Five years before any of these surveys were undertaken, however, a committee composed of sociologists, economists, philanthropists and educators not only made a special investigation of the workrooms of New York City, but reached conclusions which concretely express at any rate the salient points brought out by every survey which has since been made: (1) that wages of unskilled labor were declining and in most cases insufficient to maintain the worker according to the minimum community standard of living; (2) that while there were in many directions good opportunities for skilled labor, the supply was inadequate; (3) that the condition of the young, inexpert working girls must be ameliorated by the opening of training classes for those who have reached the age to obtain working papers; and later experience has shown, (4) that a vocational bureau established in connection with the public schools tends to help girls make the most of their equipment and guides them away from the occupations which do not offer the right sort of opportunity.

The survey in Honolulu confirms the conclusions reached 18in other communities only partially. Here the wages of unskilled labor are advancing, although they are still insufficient to maintain the worker according to the minimum community standard of living, for the reason that the only occupation in which any number of unskilled girls and women are at present employed, i. e. the canneries, affords them employment during only four months of the year. The second finding, that while there are in many directions good opportunity for skilled labor the supply is inadequate, is true here only partially. There are only two occupations, that of seamstress and that of stenographer which offer opportunity to any number, and in each there is every indication that at least fifty more experienced workers could be used without crowding the present workers. The third finding, that the condition of young, inexpert working girls must be ameliorated by the opening of training classes for those who have reached the age to obtain working papers, applies unqualifiedly in Honolulu; but their condition must be ameliorated in a number of other ways as well. Honolulu is faced, in fact, with the unique problem of evolving new enterprises to take care of its women and girl workers, in addition to creating the machinery for dealing with those now in existence according to the most progressive methods in operation elsewhere.

Fortunately the survey has uncovered community needs unfilled, as well as suggested avenues of employment which there is every reason to believe could be made profitable with intelligent management; and with this in mind, together with the possibilities of creating other preventive and educational social machinery, the following suggestions are made:

MUSLIN UNDERWEAR FACTORY.

A factory for the manufacture of muslin underwear, sheets, pillow cases, mosquito nets, starting with not more than ten employes.

A canvass of the five leading dry-goods shops showed that there is undoubtedly a market for a sufficient amount of underwear 19alone to keep a factory busy at least six months in the year. This is especially true since the pake shops making these articles are finding it difficult to obtain help, the Chinese boys preferring to go into the mercantile shops and factories. A number of small Japanese shops for the manufacture of shirts and shirt waists are finding their work profitable; but the manufacture of underwear requires organizing and concentrating.

In addition to the dry-goods shops in the regular shopping district, a cheaper grade of underwear could be sold to the shops in the Oriental section of the city, which now carry a regular line of American underwear at prices considerably above those asked on the mainland. For instance, a nightgown selling at $1.00 in San Francisco brings $1.35 or even $1.50 here.

Such an establishment should be managed by two trained people; one combining the office detail and selling end with the help of a stenographer and bookkeeper; the other designing and cutting, and in charge of employing and directing the working force. For the latter position it might be possible to secure a woman; but someone with training and practical experience in the underwear business would be indispensable.

Managers of the dry-goods establishments in Honolulu say that if the raw materials were purchased direct from the factory, they believe the enterprise would be successful. A few well-made, well-cut articles to start with would be more desirable than a great variety, they say. A display room to which the community might be invited, would be desirable, and would tend to create a demand for the articles made.

It has also been suggested in connection with such a factory that unfinished overalls in large quantities—10,000 dozen—could be had for finishing from San Francisco, where there is difficulty under the new eight-hour law in getting the work done. This class of work is, however, usually the poorest paid of any of the home industries, and the matter should be carefully looked into.

20
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MUSLIN UNDERWEAR AND LINGERIE PURCHASED PER YEAR BY FIVE DRY-GOODS SHOPS.^[1]

ARTICLES.	Price per dozen, (Wholesale).	No. dozen used per year.	Sizes most used.	REMARKS.
Aprons	$6.00, 9.00, 15.00, 18.00.	14	Medium.	Reported by three firms.
Chemises	$6.00, 7.50, 9.00, 12.00, 28.00, 36.00, 48.00.	242	32-44, inclusive	One firm reports majority sold handmade.
Combinations: corset covers and drawers	$7.50, 9.00, 12.00, 24.00, 36.00, 60.00	80	32-44, inclusive
Corset covers and skirts	$7.50, 9.00, 12.00, 36.00, 60.00.	130	32-44, inclusive
Corset covers	$2.25, 4.00, 4.50, 5.00, 6.00, 15.00, 24.00.	91	34-40, inclusive	One firm reports few sold.
Drawers	$2.25, 4.50, 5.75, 11.50, 24.00.	126	23-27	One firm reports little demand.
Muslin or Nainsook princess slips	$9.00, 12.00, 24.00, 36.00, 48.00, 50.00.	310	36-40, inclusive	One firm reports little demand.
Skirts	$4.50, 6.00, 12.00, 24.00, 60.00, 108.00.	208	all sizes, 36-42
Kimonos	$6.00, 12.00, 36.00, 48.00, 60.00, 96.00.	25	32-44
Dressing sacques	$4.50, 9.00, 12.00, 18.00, 30.00, 48.00.	97	32-44

1. At present these articles are purchased in New York City.

A tour of the local curio and art shops discloses many choice articles typically Hawaiian in their manufacture or character. There are to be found everywhere quantities of tapas, lauhala mats, calabashes and leis, but in so heterogeneous a mass and so mixed with other things that their appeal is apt to miscarry. Tourists find it difficult to select mementos to carry away with them, and so much valuable patronage is lost.

There are infinite possibilities in an establishment of this kind if managed by a person of good judgment and artistic taste. A careful assemblage of the above articles, groups of the really artistic photographs of native types to be found in some of the shops, framed in the beautiful koa or kou woods; together with other wares which might be easily evolved, would make an attractive showing. Home-made candy specialties and other delicacies characteristic of the islands—creamed cocoanuts; pineapple candies; home-made guava jelly; mango jam; chutney—all are in demand. A tea room, with a young woman to check packages for shoppers, has also been suggested by a number of people. A poi luncheon (which is nowhere available at present) on steamer days would be a novelty.

An article in the Sunday Advertiser called attention to the fact that no fruit shop in Honolulu made a specialty of Hawaiian fruits; and suggested that lauhala baskets filled with choice mangoes, Hawaiian oranges, bananas, strawberry guavas, mountain apples, figs and papaias wrapped in ti leaves, would be acceptable gifts to departing friends. Any plan of this kind, however, would depend on the extermination of the Mediterranean fruit-fly whose depredations have caused an embargo to be laid on all fruits and vegetables from the Island of Oahu.

Hawaiian shop attendants, with Chinese and Japanese girls serving tea, would be added attractions.

These features should furnish material for advertisements 22to be placed on steamers and in the literature of the promotion committee.

It would be difficult to give the regulation store building the distinctively Hawaiian atmosphere which ought to go far toward making a success of such an enterprise: and an attractive cottage with a certain amount of ground space would furnish a most appropriate setting.

The investigation into the condition of working women and girls in Honolulu was made primarily with a view to establishing a trade school and special attention was therefore paid to community needs; for in organizing a school of this kind, it is of first importance to suit the course of training to those needs. The ideal of the present day vocational school is moreover not only to train a worker to become self-supporting in her environment, but to give her training in a sufficient variety of allied occupations to enable her to shift from one to another in case of need. In a large city, for instance, she is taught the use of electric power machine operating, which enables her in their respective seasons to work on women’s underwear, ready-made dresses, straw-sewing of men’s and women’s hats, and a variety of other occupations.

She is taught her right relation to her employer, to her fellow-worker, and to her work; to value health and how to keep it; to make use of whatever previous education she may have had: in general, to develop into a better woman as well as a better worker.

These were the ideals formulated by the founders of the Manhattan Trade School for Girls in New York City—the first trade school to be established in America, and with a curriculum applied to local needs, they will serve quite as admirably for Honolulu.

The situation seems to call more than anything else for the tying up of the threads connecting a vocational and employment bureau, a trade school and a place for marketing the product of the workers; and a curriculum which would seem to make for the greatest success along all three lines is about as follows:

If these courses could be arranged for the morning, afternoon and evening they would be available for school girls and working girls, as well as for pupils who were otherwise unoccupied. Courses Nos. 5 to 10 inclusive, might be offered morning and afternoon, and Nos. 1 to 4 inclusive, in the afternoon and evening. The two sets of courses would of course require separate staffs of instructors; I should say two instructors for each course.

An arrangement could no doubt be made with the various churches, settlements, etc., now giving elementary sewing to send to the school the girls who wish to make sewing their profession.

Practically all the trade schools include hygiene, physical training, and most of them have a basketball team. Local 25physicians would no doubt be glad to give a course of lectures at the school and an arrangement might be made with one of the Settlements whereby its advance sewing course would be taken over in exchange for physical training by the Settlement instructor.

Trade schools have found it both desirable and profitable to market their output; not only because it gives the pupils an immediate earning power, but also because it encourages them to put their best efforts into their work when they know it is to have a place in the scheme of things.

If an Hawaiian shop, as suggested elsewhere, were established, it would afford a market for certain of the articles made by the pupils of the school—lauhala mats, leis, flowers, candy, preserves, cake, etc. Other articles might be disposed of at the school. This is done at both the New York and Boston Trade Schools, where sales are held periodically.

The successful establishment of an underwear factory would as time goes on, naturally offer a market for girls taking the course in Domestic Art; while a clientele for fine home-made candies could undoubtedly be built up after the manner of the Martha Washington and Mary Elizabeth shops in New York, which have developed from small beginnings with a few customers into extensive and profitable enterprises.

It would be desirable to have pupils take the entire course, both for wage-earning purposes and for their own development. The course in cultivation of flowers, fruits and vegetables ought to be of special value, for there is much space around the cottages, especially in the poorer districts, of which no use is made. Records kept by one of the schools which has done some work in home gardening show that the usual fate of the sprouting seeds was to feed the chickens. No instruction was given, however, in methods of protection against either chickens or insects. The Federal Experiment Station would help in this matter.

Roger W. Babson, statistician, economist and the last authority on the high cost of living declares that “our real need is 26for more farmers and fewer politicians. When every man makes use of his own back yard, the cost of living will be reduced and the ideals talked of by the progressive will be actually accomplished—but not until then.”^[2]

2. Current Literature, August, 1912, p. 166.

The course outlined is somewhat similar to the scheme of education given so successfully in Hampton Institute, Va., which is at once the pioneer and the ranking institution for the vocational training of primitive people. Their girls, while given very thorough industrial training are not given this training, however, with the idea of putting them into the trades. “The aim and purpose is primarily to develop homemakers, women who can go back to their homes in the rural districts and teach their people how to keep their homes clean and sanitary, how to care for their children and for the sick and aged, how to make and keep in repair their own clothing, and how to do the innumerable other things that should be done in a well-regulated home,” says the Commissioner of Labor in his report on Industrial Education.^[3]

3. Twenty-fifth annual report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1910, p. 321.

In this connection it is interesting to note that General Armstrong, the founder of Hampton, was the son of Hawaii’s first Commissioner of Education, whose reports advocated this same training for Hawaiians in the early missionary days.

The establishment and intelligent conduct of a vocational employment bureau goes far to help a community secure a comprehensive grasp of its industrial situation. Such a bureau is most efficient when officially connected with the department of public instruction. It may, however, be conducted by an unofficial body, as in Cincinnati, where it is under the management of the Charlotte Schmidlapp Foundation, and in Boston, where it had its inception, and is still philanthropically managed. There must, however, be a sound Compulsory Attendance School Law on which to base it. Hawaii’s Law requiring school attendance of all children from six to seventeen years of age is admirable; but it is weakened by the proviso: “If when a child has reached the age of twelve years and has not completed the fourth grade of the primary school he shall be eligible for instruction ONLY in an industrial school.”

While it is safe to assume that the child who has attended school from his sixth year until his twelfth, without reaching a higher grade than the fourth primary, should undoubtedly be trained for an industrial occupation; yet on the other hand the exemption from compulsory school attendance “if there is no school within four miles of a child’s home,” together with the known insufficient school accommodation in parts of the Hawaiian Islands makes it easily possible for hundreds of children to be prevented from entering school until their seventh or eighth year. In families who have come to Honolulu from rural districts, children have reached the age of ten without having been entered at school. It is obviously unfair, therefore, to deprive the child of an opportunity to receive an education because through no fault of his he may have been retarded in his studies.

Wherever there is large foreign element, or where for other reasons the normal rate of progress is likely to be departed from by any large number of pupils, the course favored generally 28by educators is the establishment of vacation schools, in which a child who fails of promotion may have instruction in the studies needed to bring him up with his class.

Study rooms in charge of teachers, in the evening, or after school, have also been opened in districts where non-English-speaking parents are unable to assist their children in preparing lessons.

Matters of retardation and the remedies therefor are at present receiving the most careful attention of progressive educators. The Russell Sage Foundation and the Bureau of Municipal Research in New York, two social investigating bodies, are seeking the best means for removing disabilities which may prevent a child from advancing in school and so of having an opportunity in life.

No sociological investigation of rural conditions has been made in Hawaii for the purpose of learning the exact extent to which children of the rural communities are prevented from attending school, and what actual bearing this has on plantation labor. It has been demonstrated beyond a doubt, however, that the negroes in the southern states have left the plantations mainly because their children either did not have any educational facilities, or because the schools they might or could attend were not up to the standard. In a number of instances they built and equipped their own schoolhouses.

A people that cannot see a bettering of conditions—not alone economic, but individually broadening for their children—is always prone to be dissatisfied.

The above clause in the Hawaiian School Law might be changed to one permitting a child who has failed to make a certain grade after attending school a given number of years, to take industrial training plus a certain number of days of school attendance, as this is undoubtedly its intent.

The clause permitting a child to leave school at the age of fifteen and go to work, regardless of what grade has been reached, is also not in accordance with the most progressive laws in force elsewhere.

29Cincinnati has approached the German continuation school plan by passing a law making it compulsory for a child to be either in school or at work after fifteen, a day’s attendance at school each week being required until the eighteenth year if the child goes to work at the age of fifteen. A certain grade rating must have been reached, however, before working papers can be obtained on this basis; and the child must also pass a medical examination which proves him to be in fit physical condition to become a wage-earner.

Before working papers are issued, moreover, a position must be obtained, a signed card from the prospective employer being the basis on which permission to work is given. Each time a position is changed these papers are re-issued, and no employer is permitted by law to engage a boy or girl under eighteen on papers issued to any other employer. A physical examination is made each time the working papers are re-issued in order that it may be noted what effect if any an occupation is having on a child’s health.

A careful record is kept of the child’s family history, as well as of the occupation in which he is engaged; and his working history if more than one position is held. This latter gives the reason for changing, and helps in the study of a child’s capabilities.

At the time of graduation parents of each child are sent a circular by the Board of Education in which are described the further educational advantages offered by the city or state—high schools, trade schools, etc.—and the time necessary to be spent in each; also the probable advantages accruing from each course. The parents are asked to consult with the vocational bureau, which receives also the report of the teacher in charge of vocational matters in each school.

With the help of such a bureau boys and girls have been prevented from entering occupations offering no chance for advancement, and have been placed in line to earn an adequate livelihood. Where mental equipment justifies it, children who 30would otherwise be obliged to become wage-earners are granted scholarships enabling them either to take training in a trade school or to continue their studies in high school. This aid is given in Cincinnati in the form of a loan granted by the Charlotte Schmidlapp Foundation. In New York the scholarships are supported by a philanthropic committee, connected with the Henry Street Settlement.

Dean Herman Schneider, of the School of Engineering in the University of Cincinnati, has been working out a continuation school plan whereby instead of a trade school with expensive equipment the students in the School of Engineering are given their shop training in the factories, their instructors giving part time to factory work and part time in the University. In this way not the least valuable lesson learned is the knowledge gained by the University itself of what methods of instruction are actually of value as applied to business practice.

Mr. Schneider is also giving much attention to the question of temperaments suited to various occupations. A highly organized nervous temperament cannot permanently engage in enervating work—i.e. work done over and over again by each worker in the smallest number of cubic feet of space—without making for the breakdown of the individual unless the period of work is shortened sufficiently to permit this worker to engage in some other form of activity which will counteract the effect of his daily occupation. This prescription of vocation and avocation Mr. Schneider conceives to be the real function of vocational guidance; and he freely confesses that he is as yet far from a solution of the problem.

In his analysis of work he says: “It is fundamental that mankind must do stimulating work or retrogress. This is the bed-rock upon which our constructive programs of education, industry, sociology—of living, must rest.... One may safely propose as a thesis that only that civilization will prevail whose laws and life conform most nearly of Natural Law. The worth of our education, our laws, our scientific management will 31be determined by the extent to which they will make clear, conform with and supplement the laws of work. Their test will lie in the degree to which they are useful in leading us safely forward to better, brighter condition of work and their basic idea must be service to the mass.”

The questionnaire sent to the public schools, asking how many pupils in the classes belong to clubs or other groups for recreational purposes, in the settlements and elsewhere, brings out the fact that, with only one school report missing, 597 children out of the 6,031 attending school in Honolulu this year are in such ways provided with socializing influence once a week. Of course many have home surroundings which make outside influence unnecessary. The public playground, however, has an attendance of over two hundred a day, an indication of what might be expected in attendance if the school yards were equipped with playground apparatus and placed under supervision.

No social activities are reported by the public schools themselves excepting a picnic given annually or semi-annually.

On the other hand, a similar questionnaire sent to the private schools, including those philanthropically supported brought forth the following list of activities for boys and girls:

This very full and comprehensive program throws into strong relief the barrenness of the lives of the students after they graduate or leave these institutions, as well as the lack of any like opportunity for development offered by the community to its young people not in private schools. These programs will, it is hoped, be used by any committee taking up the question of public recreation.

I have talked with graduates of Kamehameha, who fortunately have an alumnae association, and with Normal and Punahou girls, who found no substitute for their basketball, tennis, and social life generally as they lived it while at school. It is true that Palama and Kalihi Settlements have basketball, dancing and gymnasium classes; but these institutions owe a duty to the economically handicapped portion of the community which they are taxed to their capacity in discharging. I question very strongly if it is advisable to call on philanthropy for the provision of cultural and social activities for wage-earners. Is it not rather philanthropy’s best service to stimulate those who are as yet unawakened to the possibilities of life, and then pass them on to the normal community for the development of those possibilities?

An inquiry made by the sub-committee on public and quasi-public amusements—settlements, churches, benevolent societies, lodges, etc.—brought out the usual social equipment of a city of this size. But there is an element which finds its social expression rather in independent groups made up of congenial persons; and where these groups can be brought into the public school recreation center with its library, gymnasium, piano and other activities, all under intelligent guidance, a broad social 34development is possible. The church clubs, settlement clubs and benevolent societies have their normal membership; but it is more difficult than can be realized by those who have never tried, to bring the other group into this environment. It is a group that needs to be provided for in the community social scheme, and other communities have found that the schoolhouse recreation center best cares for it.

Evening recreation centers for adults have been established in other cities at little expense. Once the work of organizing and equipping them is accomplished, their work goes on almost of itself.

Wherever evening schools, recreation centers, playgrounds, vacation schools and other activities connected with the public school system have been established it is becoming more and more apparent that measures making for social betterment are nowhere else so effectively applied as in the public schools. Here is the most democratic of all our institutions—the place where, with a compulsory education law carefully enforced, 100 per cent. of the coming generation of citizens may be reached.

The result of the sub-committee’s investigation of parks showed that all were inadequately lighted, with an occasional concert forming the only entertainment offered. Open pavilions in the parks, with public dances under proper supervision ought to be an ideal means of fighting the dance hall evil in Honolulu. Since the recent passing of an ordinance regulating dance halls there has been little activity among them, the most notorious remaining closed. It is thought that they will soon reopen, and the volunteer supervisors which the ordinance provides will, it is to be feared, find themselves faced with a difficult problem. A dance hall ordinance cannot be made really effective unless an argus-eyed person is on the premises continuously every night until it is learned which managers are to be trusted to abide by the law. This has been the invariable experience elsewhere.

The Settlements, Missions and other organizations are assisting 35several hundred men and a few women to learn English in classes conducted for the most part in crowded quarters, and taught by workers who have many other duties which are in consequence neglected.

The large number in attendance at these classes, the fact that several Japanese classes are self-supporting and that Hawaiians are attending a class intended for Chinese only, proves a healthy demand for instruction.

Hawaii owes a peculiar debt to its foreign element—to its Portuguese, Spanish, Porto Rican and Filipino population especially, who are brought from their native land to perform the work of the country, but have no opportunity to learn its language. Their children sometimes grow up to working age with only the slightest knowledge of English.

If it is necessary for private philanthropy to aid in establishing night classes in English, there are surely few better ways in which money could be expended. In New York the first classes in English for immigrants were started on the lower East Side thirteen years ago, by private philanthropy, and six years later were taken over by the Board of Education. Day classes were also maintained for immigrant children, who were thus enabled to enter school with a working knowledge of English.

Afternoon classes which household servants might be able to attend, and to which could also be sent the children who were backward in their studies because of lack of English, should prove valuable in Honolulu.

The Department of Education should not, however, be urged to undertake any of this work until every child in the Territory has been provided with school accommodations.

A study made under the auspices of the Bureau of Municipal Research in the recent New York School Inquiry of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of that city, brought out the fact that there were 76 agencies offering “direct, continuous and gratuitous co-operation” to the public schools. These agencies included the Public Schools Athletic League, teaching the folk-dancing 36to the children at the recreation centers; visiting-teachers—the friendly visitor from the school to the home—supplied by the Public Education Association, church societies, etc.; vacation schools for backward children started by the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor and later taken over by the Board of Education; and numerous other activities, supported by independent agencies.

“Helping School Children,” by Miss Elsa Denison, published by Harper & Brother, and Perry’s “Wider Use of the School Plant” published by the Russell Sage Foundation, describes the successful ways in which communities have used the school plant, and in this manner filled their needs without erecting expensive and unnecessary buildings.

(Observations made at visits during the lunch hour and in the evening, to the stockades immediately adjoining the canneries, where the social evil has its generally recognized being in Honolulu.)

Up the long lane from the railroad station and past the penitentiary; then some tumbledown sheds in the last stages of decay but occupied by human beings; next a few cottages, reasonably well-kept and attractive, all of them rented for immoral purposes. Then the canneries themselves. But up this road, almost half a mile long, must come the women and girls who work in the three establishments offering practically all the work obtainable in Honolulu by unskilled workers. The only alternative to this route is the unsafe one across the railroad tracks. Not only must the workers come this way, but they must return home either through this district—meeting and being accosted by soldiers and citizens on their way to the dives—or else they must cross the railroad tracks, almost always after dark, with dim light down the alley and no light at all across the tracks.

Immediately beyond the canneries lies the remainder of the Iwilei district—running up almost to the cannery gates. In this section are the only lunch rooms available for the cannery employes. The girls and women must either come here, or must bring their lunch, or purchase the sweet rolls, cakes, candy and soda water which are the only refreshments sold by the Japanese who bring their lunch wagons to the cannery premises at noon and in the evening. Either course means a cold meal after five hours of work, with no place to sit down and eat it.

The restaurants of the district are surprisingly clean and all owned by Chinese. They fill to their capacity a few moments after 12 o’clock with men and women, boys and girls, of all nationalities. The bill of fare varies from coffee and 38rolls for five cents to a dinner:—a bowl of soup with bread, accompanied by an egg or a plate of stew, for fifteen cents. A Chinese woman and a child—a girl about ten years old—shared a ten cent plate of rice and stew. Men and girls chaffed one another familiarly.

A tall, bony Korean made his lunch of coffee and sweet rolls. He said he had had the same thing for breakfast, before starting work at 7 o’clock, but sometimes varied this menu with a bowl of milk. He got his dinner at a restaurant in town for ten cents. He said he was working his way through school.

In another restaurant a Porto Rican woman sat in the corner smoking a cigarette. She spoke no English. Her neighbor at table was a young Hawaiian woman—an ex-teacher—who told us she had married and given up her school; but her husband earned only $35 a month driving a baker’s wagon, so she worked during the canning season. This particular restaurant stands between two of the most notorious resorts in the district.

As we left, a small, thin Hawaiian girl was about to enter the shop to buy a sweet to finish lunch. She and her grandmother worked together in one of the canneries. She had earned $4.50 the week previous. She said she was sixteen years old, but she did not look fourteen. Her grandmother, between canning seasons, earns $3 a week packing coffee. The grandfather has asthma and cannot work. The girl said they had only poi for each of their three meals, sometimes with a little dried fish or an onion for flavoring.

The women of the district, when asked about the cannery girls’ presence in the district, spontaneously expressed the opinion that “it was wrong for the little ones to come here.” They said keepers of houses in the district frequently accosted the girls in the restaurants; but they had not seen any of the girls go into the houses.

One of the women told us of a little Filipino wife, only fifteen years old, who worked in the cannery with her husband; but he had been sick and when the baby came they had no furniture and there was no money to provide the necessaries for 39either mother or child. “And so” said M—— “we women just got together and made the baby clothes, and got her a bed and some things. Why,” she added shamefacedly, “you’d have thought it was a sewing circle, to look at us.”

We saw what I was told is a very rare thing indeed—a pure-blooded Hawaiian girl in one of the resorts. We spoke to her, and the Humane Officer, who was with me, and who spoke her native tongue, said the girl appeared to be weakminded.

The suggestion was offered by the foreman at one of the canneries that if a serious effort were made the district might be turned into a community of workingmen’s cottages. This seems a much more likely way of cleaning up the industrial district at any rate, than any process of law would be likely to lead to. If this could be done, and a club house established where hot luncheons would be served and a rest-room provided, it would indeed be replacing figs for thistles. No more promising place for establishing a basis for relationship with the girls who work in the canneries could be wished for than would be afforded by such a center.

HAWAIIAN.

The wage-earning Hawaiian has, as the kindly French saying goes, the faults of his qualities. Naturally gay and pleasure-loving he has worked, fished, swam, sang and feasted his way through life as he listed, and it is only a generation since he took his rest with equal ease on the shores of his beloved ocean or beneath the boughs of the hau tree. Luaus and hulas were frequent and Hawaiian hospitality is still proverbial. He has never learned to say “no” to whomsoever may be the latest comer.

Each man had the grant of his own kuleana, with a taro-field on the mountainside or up in the valley where the showers are frequent and a place to fish on the seashore. The newly prepared taro-field yielded first its wild crop of popolo; and cocoanuts, guavas, yams, mountain apples, water lemons and breadfruit were his for the gathering.

Large numbers of the natives have now, however, almost wantonly mortgaged, sold or given away their property. The temptation has been great to lease the acre or acre and a half constituting their little domain, to the Japanese or Chinese gardeners at $40 or $50 annually, and then borrow small sums from their tenants, until some morning they wake and find themselves no longer in possession.

Hundreds of families, too, still live on the lands of their old chiefs or of the kamaaina families, who pay the taxes. So long as they live they may remain there, raising their taro, flowers, chickens and pigs. The fishing of commerce has passed into the hands of the Japanese but a man’s own “catch” is sufficient for himself and family.

This “family” is apt to be made up of all his unattached friends and relatives, male and female, less well-off than himself, who sometimes pay for at any rate their food by a donation of a proportion of the family necessities in poi or canned meats 41or fish. Others, however, pay nothing at all. The thrifty, hardworking man is, therefore, often heavily handicapped. The more thoughtful of the older Hawaiians say that the next ten years must bring a change: mortgages contracted with no thought of repayment (sometimes the money has been borrowed to give a luau) will fall due; competition for work will increase; and while the head of the house may at the present time be earning a comfortable living as a carpenter, a blacksmith, a painter, or a longshoreman, etc., a man in the next generation, with his rent to pay, will find that his hospitality and even his ability to care for his immediate family may be curtailed. This of course in the event of his pursuing his present improvident way.

The Hawaiian home—the wage-earner’s home—varies so that it is difficult to form any judgment of the economic status of the occupant. A tenement room, by its bareness, is apt to give an impression of extreme poverty which the facts in the case do not warrant. Cottages of well-to-do natives frequently have no furnishings but a lauhala mat on the floor and portraits of departed kings and queens on the wall. On the other hand, one happens on a heavily upholstered, gilt-picture-framed-center-table-with-the-family-Bible house which brings one back to the East Side of New York City with scarcely a jar.

The native menu is simple; one full meal a day is the rule; coffee and bread or simply a bowl of poi constituting the other two. The omission of a meal or two now and then troubles the Hawaiian not at all. Poi, fish, fruit, with an occasional indulgence in yams, taro-top-greens and pork or chicken, forms the usual bill of fare.

The holoku is still the almost universal dress of the native women. The missionary who had this sartorial inspiration was a true artist, for no other garment could give the touch of stateliness and dignity to the almost invariably full Hawaiian figure that in American attire might well be awkward and ungainly.

The native girl of pure Hawaiian blood is generally large-boned, but slender—even to daintiness when there is a mixture 42of some other blood—with flashing eyes and a profusion of long, black hair, almost always with threads of grey before the twentieth year is reached. Her teeth are even and white and she laughs a great deal, particularly when she tells you that father or mother has joined the Mormons—not father and mother—a procedure which is becoming more and more common, and which for some reason not yet made apparent, always affords the other members of the family much amusement.

Employers say generally that Hawaiian girls, while amiable and amenable, have not the energy and push necessary to make them thoroughly efficient. There is a general impression that they are irresponsible, and that good fishing weather, a family luau or a fancied offense are each one by itself or collectively sufficient reason for discontinuing business relations. An examination, however, which was made of the time books in three distinct occupations—a cannery, a laundry and a wholesale house, showed an almost clean record for married women and girls alike, so far as absences were concerned. With the exception of a day here and there—far less than the average of absences elsewhere—the four months covered showed steady work. The girls are prompt, employers say, in coming to work in the morning, but are apt to dawdle before settling down to their occupation both in the morning and after the lunch period.

In a number of instances, it was found that work had been given up and employment changed because pay envelopes had been short several hours’ time, in spite of the fact that in every case the mistake had been corrected when called to the foreman’s attention.

None of the women or girls spoken with had any complaints to make concerning their work. Although limping painfully after a week of standing from seven in the morning until seven or eight o’clock at night—often their first experience with any sort of occupation—they stoutly maintained that they were not tired.

Managers of both canneries and laundries say that they have no difficulty in securing Hawaiian girls. An advertisement for 43help always brings more applicants than there are positions, except during the few heaviest weeks of the canning season.

One tender-hearted proprietor said he never advertised because he couldn’t bear to disappoint the girls; but always secured new workers through those he already employed. Boardinghouse keepers tell of girls who waited on the table and did chambermaid’s work during the summer to pay for their books at Normal school.

Among the most ubiquitous and characteristic of the native workers—the lei-makers and vendors—one finds few young girls. Perhaps this is because of the problem peculiar to the Hawaiian girl in Honolulu, which is created for the most part by her inheritance. The echo of the old Hawaiian traditions of hospitality, or perhaps a phase of that same hospitality which now finds expression in welcoming the stranger to her native land, tends to give the less carefully trained native girl an unreserve that, combined with a genuinely sweet and friendly nature, too often causes her to fall an easy victim to men who regard her as legitimate prey. The large transient element and especially the numbers of soldiers quartered on the island, make it actually unsafe for a girl to go about her business unmolested unless she is possessed of unusual force of character.

But in spite of this, and in spite too of the fact that the problem of subsistence has not yet become acute for the Hawaiians in Honolulu, a large number of the native women and girls, with the awakening of new desires—whether for more wearing apparel, more amusement, more education, or more opportunity—are becoming serious workers.

There is no question but that a large factor in the reason for Hawaiian girls entering the wage-earning field will be found in the fact that numbers of them are the illegitimate daughters of white men who have made no provision for either them or their mothers. Unmarried mothers are almost, without exception, taken care of with their babies by their own families, and it is difficult to make them think seriously of the future of the fatherless little one, since they are themselves still so close to 44the promiscuity in sex relations of the early Hawaiian days. This type of girl, however, is by no means to be considered representative of that portion of the race which has had opportunity and careful training; and the mother of numerous illegitimate children is likely to be most careful of her daughter’s upbringing and conduct.

JAPANESE.

The kimonoed figures of the Japanese women and girls shambling gaily along form an attractive part of Honolulu’s street life. Here they enjoy a social liberty undreamed of in their native land, and the taste of it may be said to have gone to their heads. Few young women even of the economically independent families are held to the rigid regime which Japanese custom prescribes; and while here and there a girl comes through her school course with the same ideals of freedom which the American girl has come to accept as a matter of course, on the majority of Japanese girls it has had a much more violent reaction.

They are the fighters among the women wage-earners of the city, as are the men among those of their own sex, although ably seconded in this respect by the Spanish. The latter, however, are present in such small numbers that they do not play an important part in the life of the city. The Japanese who come to Hawaii are almost entirely peasants and speak a patois. As wage-earners they have bettered themselves immeasurably. Those with whom I have spoken are enthusiastic about the opportunity here. They are slowly drawing away from the plantations and are concentrating in the pineapple fields and small truck farms near the city. A number of them told me that the discrepancy between the cost of living and wages in Japan was rapidly bringing about an acute condition of affairs—that women and girls were being ground up like chaff in the industrial enterprises of their native land.

One finds few Japanese families in the tenements, the majority of small shopkeepers living in the cottages back of their 45stores. The tenements have their quota of Japanese, of course, but this is almost entirely made up of single men or of couples newly married.

The generation which has been educated in the public schools—as well as in their own Japanese schools for the children attend both—is highly spoken of by both instructors and employers. Their privilege to vote will make their dual citizenship a matter which will soon require final adjustment.

The women who are entering now come as picture brides; and whereas a generation ago few Japanese children were born in Hawaii, abortionists abounded among them, the past five years has brought a change and families of at least moderate size are now the rule and are found in every part of the community, characteristically assimilating everything educational and commercial.

In the Japanese, as in the Chinese home, one fails to find the supposed rice and tea diet of the Oriental family. Unlike the Chinese wage-earners’ families who eat no vegetables but rice and the dried mushrooms from the Orient, the Japanese are very fond of cabbage, turnips, and all kinds of beans, and eat a great deal of all, as well as of rice. Fish, fresh or dried, is also a favorite article of food.

The women are not strong physically, but perform hard and exhausting work, keeping up through sheer force of spirit—the national philosophy: Bushido.

CHINESE.

Only since the breaking up of the old dynasty and the establishment of the republic—with its votes for women—have Chinese girls and women become wage-earners outside of the home. Their entrance into the occupations has been effected by a phalanx of women and girls of all ages, from the grandmother of fifty or more down to seven and eight year old children.

The wives and daughters of the merchant class are still at home, many of them being “shut in” on reaching their fourteenth 46year until their marriage to an unknown man—the eminently practical Chinese way of dealing with the “silly age.” Even these shut-in girls, however, are coming to sewing classes at the Mission schools to learn English and sewing. But why teach them to make Irish crochet bags and embroidered linen center pieces when their own beautiful Chinese embroideries are so much asked for in the Chinese shops by tourists?

The wives and daughters of the skilled and unskilled working men are finding their way into every sort of occupation, and everywhere they are making enviable records for themselves for ability, intelligence and reliability. Within the next five years the Japanese woman will have a strong competitor—one who by her training and inheritance will perhaps bring about a higher standard of stability as well as habits of work.

The Chinese employer finds it more economical to pay his men $20 a month and to feed them well himself, rather than pay him a somewhat more advanced wage and take the risk of his being sufficiently well fed at home to maintain his working efficiency. Clerks in the smaller Chinese shops, carpenters employed by Chinese builders, painters, etc., are therefore paid in this manner, and their families must bear the resulting hardships. Four or five children mean that the wife must also be a wage-earner, and the children too as soon as they are old enough—often before. But although a rice and tea diet is popularly supposed to prevail among the Chinese of this class, the only family I found subsisting on such a diet was doing so because the father had had a long illness and was paying off a debt he had contracted.

A trip through the tenements at dinner time revealed nothing more simple than a bowl of rice crowned by a plump portion of fish, which was being absorbed by a group of children in one of the alleys. Other kitchens showed pots of stewed mushrooms, soy, green salad, or fish; but always accompanied by a bowl of rice, and of course, a pot of tea.

The tenement rooms of the Chinese families are the most attractive 47of any seen. The furnishings are simple, and there are always pots of flowers and ferns at the door. The women are friendly, and chat freely of their affairs so far as vocabulary will permit. Next door, however, one may find a bare room occupied by two or three men who have no families; and two or three hours later they will be there gambling and opium-smoking, breaking up the cheerful homelike aspect of the place.

In the cottages, which were often occupied by two families, the women were watering their garden patches, complaining the while that their “men too much long work, no home.” These are the wives of the clerks in the larger shops, or of merchants. Women from the adjoining cottages came to their doors and nodded a smiling greeting. All of them are much interested in the suffrage movement which under the leadership of prominent Hawaiian women is agitating Honolulu, and all vehemently say that they “laik work.”

The girls and women for the most part still wear their comfortable, becoming native costume of blue or lavender cotton; and the former especially are exceedingly attractive, with their bright faces, slender bodies and long thick braids of black hair.

Prostitution and sex immorality is almost unknown and even the polygamous household is falling into disfavor, especially with the second wives.

It will be interesting to note what their emancipation will bring to the coming generation.

PORTUGUESE.

The Portuguese form quite a distinct element in the community. It is curious, in discussing races in Hawaii, to hear “Portuguese and White” written and spoken of. The fact that there are a number of families of the Cape Verde or black Portuguese type in Hawaii has tended to differentiate the Portuguese as a whole.

Their presence here is wholly artificial, brought about by the assisted immigration program of the Sugar Planters’ Association; 48and they are the favorite workers on the best plantations. Once a Portuguese decides to remain in the country he loses no time in acquiring literally his own “vine and fig tree.”

This nationality shows the strongest contrasts of any in Honolulu, being at once the most thrifty, the largest alms-asking, the most efficient working and most hopelessly offending child laboring and school evading element in the population. A logical explanation is offered by their Consul who lays the blame for the mendicancy on the Portuguese nabobs who became millionaires by exploiting the natives in Brazil, and then returned to their own country and made their peace with God by endowing Portugal with every sort of eleemosynary institution possible to create.

Their thrift is the result of the habit of work centuries old, while the ingrained habit which fathers of all civilized nations have of raising large families and retiring from work to live on their children’s earnings at the earliest feasible time is one of the principal factors everywhere in making child labor laws a necessity. Not until there are sufficient school accommodations in Honolulu will the truant officer have an adequate basis for enforcing the compulsory school attendance law.

The girls and women are well liked by employers. They are reserved and have a hint of melancholy in their temperament which is quite foreign to other workers in Honolulu.

Portuguese families are almost a rarity in the tenement houses. The meanest sort of cottage is preferred by them, where they may cultivate their own vegetables and raise their own chickens.

While the majority of the immigrants came from the same social class, many nice distinctions have sprung up with the passing of years and the acquiring of new standards, and it is therefore impossible to characterize the Portuguese population or even the Portuguese wage-earners in Honolulu as a whole, with anything like the definiteness distinguishing the workers of other races.

Honolulu’s teaching force, like its population, includes representatives of the four corners of the earth:

These are all first-grade certificate teachers, earning salaries of from $600 to $1,000 a year. Teachers are on duty five days in the week, from 9 a. m. until 2 p. m., and the school year is nine months, with a total of three months’ vacation. The salary schedule is substantially the same as in other communities of this size, but the school day is shorter by two hours than it is on the mainland. The community is paying its teachers for their eighth year of service $75 a month—about the same pay a stenographer receives at the end of her first year’s work, with an even greater scarcity in supply, and a far more urgent need. Teachers here, as indeed they do everywhere, complain of the small pay, and those spoken with expressed a preference for longer hours and more pay.

A number of teachers were spoken to with reference to the wide discrepancy between the social and community aspect of the public and private school work in Honolulu. It was suggested that a teacher’s institute would do much to stimulate such activity, by giving opportunity for the interchange of thought among the teachers in Honolulu and those from other sections of the Islands who have a considerable amount of social activity with their school work.

This would seem to be an admirable plan, and the steamship 50companies might be induced to grant special rates for such an occasion so that attendance would not be an unduly heavy financial burden. Reduced transportation is usually obtained for teachers’ conferences.

A number of the teachers were interested in the question of getting into closer touch with the children in their homes, and are planning to meet the parents at an early date.

There are only six teachers on the waiting list at present while on the other hand groups of children of school age continue to be seen on every block during school hours. Either the required accommodations are not yet provided, or else the compulsory law is not being enforced.

In the private schools there are forty women teachers receiving salaries ranging from $450 to $1,500 a year, and living expenses. In several instances salaries are not paid for the summer vacation; but teachers have the privilege of living at the school without expense.

While the maximum salary is greater than in the public schools, the private school work includes a comprehensive social program noted in the chapter on “Public Amusements,” which calls for much service outside of school hours.

The Territorial Teachers’ Association could do much if it would interest itself in the social problems of the city. Sociologists are coming to agree that in last analysis the teacher and the policeman are the forces which may be regarded as capable of becoming the strongest bulwarks of social betterment. Some place the policeman’s opportunity first; but in considering Honolulu’s problems I should say that the teacher might at any rate be entitled to equal consideration.

NURSES.

There is a wide divergence of opinion in the community concerning the question of nurses and where the supply ought to come from. At present there are about thirty-five private nurses officially registered at the Sanitorium, who earn $25 and $30 a 51week. This number, I am told, fairly supplies the normal demand in Honolulu; but the nurses come and go, and not half a dozen have ties which make them an integral part of the community.

Queen’s Hospital employs regularly sixteen nurses at $50 a month and living expenses, and a head nurse at $75 a month and living expenses. This means an expense of $875 a month. A hospital of this size located in a community of the type of Honolulu should be able at an expense of $250 a month and living expenses for a superintendent of nurses and an assistant, to train a class of fifteen girls at no cost to the community other than their living expenses and about $150 a month of an allowance for their uniforms, books, etc.

Native girls who have taken hospital training on the mainland are not only giving the best of satisfaction but are earning salaries far higher than it would be possible for them to secure in any other way.

The corps of district nurses, who receive salaries of $90 a month and have continuous work, is constantly receiving additions, and the demand for this class of help in various institutions is constantly increasing.

As at present organized the three separate hospitals, Queen’s, the Children’s and the Maternity Home represent an outlay for plant and running expenses which might easily be materially lessened. A consolidation of the Maternity Home and the Children’s Hospital would not only be an economy, but would give both institutions an opportunity to give thorough training to a corps of children’s nurses, as well as to give maternity and children’s diseases practice to nurses taking training at Queen’s Hospital. Such a course is customary in other cities.

If the consolidation could be effected and a resident physician placed in charge, it would not only place both institutions on a higher basis, but would leave the supervising nurse free to train the proposed nursing classes. This would mean to subscribers to both institutions an opportunity for truly efficient giving—which in turn means the consideration of community needs first, 52last and always; and making a dollar perform 100 per cent of its work.

Only recently while visiting a family in Camp 2, a young baby fell from the second story porch and struck its head in falling. Owing to the necessity for immediate medical attendance it was impossible to take it to the Children’s Hospital, and the child had to be rushed down to Queen’s Hospital.

I know of nothing that is better worth doing in the community than making these changes in the hospital regime, and instituting a course of training for nurses. If the matter were given newspaper publicity young women of the city would undoubtedly furnish good material for the classes.

STENOGRAPHERS.

A circular letter sent to eighty-eight representative employers of stenographers in Honolulu, supplemented by further personal inquiry, indicates that there are about 100 women stenographers employed in the city at present, at salaries from the $40 or $60 a month usually paid to beginners, up to $100 and $150 paid those having experience from a year to eight, ten and twelve years. Over 50 per cent of the salaries range between $100 and $135 a month, and the average for all is $90 a month. As compared with mainland salaries this average is unusually high, but on the other hand the average of ability is higher and reports indicate that the stenographers in Honolulu have a generally higher level of school training than is reached in communities where numerous commercial schools, accepting pupils of any grade of intelligence who can be persuaded to take their course, have flooded the market with a supply of incompetents willing to work for any wage.

There are only three complaints of incapability, two of them being on account of lack of English, and one for lack of concentration. The others reported not capable or expert have not yet had a year’s experience, and could not reasonably be expected to have reached their full efficiency.

Vacations with pay range from one week to a month, and a 53number of firms allow two or three months every three years, presumably for the trip to the mainland to tone up, which is a general custom in the islands.

There is no public stenographic office in Honolulu. Transients and others who have occasional work are dependent on securing an unemployed stenographer haphazard, or having work done in the evening or on Sunday. This works to the disadvantage of both employer and employe, for while the latter may and in some cases does double her regular salary by overtime work, yet the strain on her physique, and especially on her eyes inevitably brings bad results.

Successful stenographers elsewhere make the largest earnings in this field of work, and veritable fortunes have been piled up by some of the large offices who make a specialty of reporting conventions, legislative inquiries, meetings, etc.

A capable stenographer should have High School training or its equivalent; unless exceptionally equipped with English. Even then High School English is desirable and a fund of general information is a valuable asset to those qualifying for secretarial positions. Of the thirty-four stenographers reported as trained in Honolulu, all but eight have such training, which undoubtedly has much to do with the high average of ability.

Seventeen of the entire number reported are Hawaiian or Hawaiian with mixed blood. Nine of the seventeen Hawaiian stenographers are receiving from $900 to $1,600 a year, and have from one to eleven years’ experience. In general their wages average as high or a little higher than those paid other nationalities. The only salaries departing from a normal scale as compared with salaries paid in Honolulu are $10 a week paid a Japanese stenographer in a law office, which is below the average paid for the same length of experience in this class of work; and the salary paid a stenographer in the office of an engineering firm, which is low both for the field of work and for the amount of experience shown. Both stenographers are pronounced capable by their employers.

American, Hawaiian, British or Canadian, Portuguese, Portuguese-German, Half-White, (Hawaiian and white), Norwegian-American, Hawaiian-Chinese, Hawaiian-French, Japanese.

It is perhaps too much to expect private teachers to confine their instruction to pupils whose English will qualify them to become efficient stenographers, but if English is found deficient additional instruction should at any rate be suggested. If a stenographer is hopelessly incompetent in English it has often been found possible to persuade her of the inconvenience her incompetence is causing her employer, and of the ill-effect on herself of wasting effort that in another field might make her services valuable. Employers can themselves do much by speaking frankly with a girl in this respect.

Here, too, a vocational bureau would be exceptionally valuable, and would tend to maintain the present satisfactory condition of the stenographic field from the standpoint both of ability of the workers and the pay they receive.

In view of the training required, and of the nature of the work performed, the salaries paid in Honolulu are not high; but they are high when compared with those paid in mainland cities where the field is overcrowded with girls unequipped with the proper qualifications but eager to make for themselves a position which is considered practically at the top of the wage-earners’ scale from a social point of view.

The five dry-goods shops employ an aggregate of about seventy-five saleswomen, made up of an equal number of Americans and Portuguese, with a sprinkling of Hawaiians and Germans.

The rooms are large, no artificial light is used, and there are no basement salesrooms.

The working day commences at 7:45 in the morning and closes at 5 o’clock in the afternoon. There is an hour’s allowance for lunch.

Three of the shops close at noon on Saturday for four months of the year, and two at 1 o’clock during June, July and August. One shop has reopened from 7 to 9 o’clock Saturday evenings, but the proprietor says it has not paid and that he intends discontinuing the practice the first of the year. There are no fines or penalties except censure or dismissal for incompetence. There are rules, however, to insure courtesy to customers and systematic methods of salesmanship. The lowest salary paid beginners is $2.50. They are advanced with reasonable rapidity, one shop raising wages from $2.50 to $5.00 for a year’s service in one instance; and from $3.50 to $7.50 in seven months in another. One manager employs none but experienced help and has no saleswoman earning less than $9.00. Another has a minimum wage of $5.00, raising it to $6.00 after a month’s trial. He says if a girl does not earn a $6.00 rate within a month he does not wish to employ her.

A list of sixty-nine salaries verified as correct by employers and employes is as follows:

Two weeks’ vacation with pay is given by three shops; and a week with pay by the other two.

A number of the saleswomen are married. One who left her position when she married went back to it after a long illness of her husband left them in straitened circumstances, and she has remained at work ever since. She has no children and says she “feels safer for her old age.” Most of the girls say simply they are working to earn a living, and they “like this way of doing it.”

The best paid employes are from “the coast”—some from New York—those earning $15.00 or less a week being Honolulans.

All the managers agree that native girls are desirable saleswomen, but that they lack energy. One manager said he would like to employ more native girls if he could secure efficient ones, because of their amiability.

There are a fair number of openings for new employes in the shops each year—from fifteen to twenty in all—and each manager has a waiting list.

WEEKLY.

1 at	$ 3.50
1 at	4.00
5 at	5.00
2 at	6.00
5 at	7.00
1 at	7.50
10 at	8.00
2 at	9.00
8 at	10.00
1 at	11.00
5 at	12.00
3 at	12.50
569 at	15.00
4 at	20.00
1 at	25.00
1 at	40.00

MONTHLY.

2 at	$ 75.00
1 at	85.00
3 at	100.00
3 at	125.00

The requirements are: a fair knowledge of arithmetic, a good appearance and good English. The saleswomen are not required to wear black because of the heat; but there is little extreme dressing, and the general tone of the shops is exceedingly good. Perhaps it will not be out of place to say a word in regard to the surprisingly quick time in which new styles 57reach Honolulu shops. All the buying is done in New York, and in general an excellent stock of goods is carried.

In the book, florist, jewelry, curio and art shops, and in the various stores, there are about 100 young women employed, some of whom combine office duties, bookkeeping or stenography with selling in the shop. The wages vary from $5.00 a week—paid the small Chinese beginner of fifteen—who has here clothed herself in American garb—to $85.00 a month for years of experience and a multiplicity of duties. The average wage is from $10.00 to $12.00 a week, and the majority of the saleswomen are Spanish, Portuguese and Irish. The restaurants employ girls as cashiers, but there are no waitresses.

These clerkships afford excellent employment for untrained girls with good manners, a good appearance and average intelligence, and during the winter season an extra force is maintained in practically all the shops.

The seamstress investigation developed two interesting facts: i. e., that the supply of workers is not keeping pace with the demand; and that the seamstresses at present available are for the most part self-trained.

A circular sent to 250 women who have households in Honolulu brought 110 replies, of which 8 stated that no seamstress was employed because of scarcity or inefficiency; 78 employed a seamstress regularly in periods varying from one week to eleven months, but for the most part from three to six weeks in the year. Of these more than half complained either of incompetence or slowness. Seamstresses who had served with dressmakers were the best paid and most satisfactory; but they formed a small group of only eleven. The majority were found satisfactory for plain sewing, but incapable of planning work, or incompetent in execution.

“I have been able to get only one girl, who is entirely untrained, though willing.”

“I do not employ any at present, as I have found all I have tried incapable or unreliable.”

Forty-eight report paying from $2.00 to $3.00 a day, which always includes lunch, and often breakfast and carfare. The remainder paying $1.00, $1.50 and $1.75 a day. There is an opportunity in this field for a number—perhaps fifty—competent workers.

The day is as a rule eight and a half hours long, beginning at eight in the morning and ending at five in the afternoon. 59No one nationality can be said to give more satisfactory service than another, although the Portuguese are by far the most numerous. The reports cover:

Five dressmakers employ about 30 girls, whom they pay from $3.00 to $15.00 a week, the lower amount stated in each case as being paid to apprentices. The dressmakers report eight and one-half hours a day, and one states that she gives a half holiday on Saturday and extra pay for overtime. The majority of the dressmakers’ assistants are Portuguese, and these are considered the most efficient workers. A Japanese girl in one shop is also giving satisfaction, but Hawaiians and half-Chinese are not reported on favorably.

Japanese maids are in some instances being trained by their mistresses as seamstresses, and several Japanese women are now going out by the day, but none were reported in the investigation and no definite information could be secured concerning them.

Girls working in other establishments, however, report ten and eleven hours’ work, at low wages; and a shop manager who employs girls for alterations states he has had complaints from dressmakers’ employes that they did not receive their pay. In other instances they complained of not being paid promptly.

This charge is a common one in the dressmaking business, the proprietors of certain New York establishments saying their bills were neglected for so long a period—some customers, usually women of wealth, paying their bills only once in six months—that their own capital became exhausted.

60Each of the department stores employs from one to three alteration hands, who are paid from $10 to $15 a week, the former being the amount paid two Hawaiian girls, who were considered by their employers to be slower and less energetic than the Portuguese woman who received $15 a week.

In the millinery shops the girls in the work rooms would be considerably benefitted by a preliminary course in sewing. They now begin their apprenticeship with no salary at all in two shops; a salary of from $1.00 to $2.00 is paid where the apprentice also delivers parcels and runs errands.

There are only a dozen or fifteen workers in the millinery shops, and it does not seem worth while in this community to give a millinery course for trade purposes.

There is a large demand for needlework, and the shops taking orders for it and also having articles on sale, report a thriving business. The workers earn very little, however, the average among a dozen women talked with being from fifty to sixty cents a day, while some earn only thirty cents. This is the usual state of affairs among the makers of hand work, as indeed in most home industries. The shopkeepers say they are handicapped by the fact that the same women who work for them also work for private customers, and underbid them. One shop maintains that it earns only a 10% commission and its stamping charges. Another shop employs Portuguese women on plantations and says it not only pays their fare into town when they come for work, but that work is often taken out to the plantations at the shop’s expense. It was not possible to visit any of these plantation workers and learn what they earn.

The work offered for sale in most of the shops indicates that training in the designing and selecting of patterns would be desirable; and none of the shops show the pillow laces, so well made as by the girls of the Industrial School.

The makers of leis—the beautiful garlands of carnations, ilima, ginger or hydrangea interwoven with maile, forming the hat and neck-encircling masses of fragrance and color which speed departing friends, or bedeck luau and poi luncheon guests—enliven the street corners of the shopping district at all times, sitting in the shade of nearby buildings with their ti-leaf covered baskets by their sides, busily making the more durable leis of paper, shell or seeds, and almost invariably discussing suffrage. On steamer days the downtown districts and piers are alive with men and women vendors of this most characteristic native ornament.

Usually the women of the family make the leis, the men cultivating the flowers for their manufacture in the home garden patches. There are perhaps two dozen of these women in Honolulu, each of whom has her regular stand on one street corner or another. But the leis themselves are made everywhere. A trip through a tenement block at eleven o’clock at night disclosed an entire family, men, women, half-grown girls and children,—eight in all,—asleep on the floor, while an older woman, an aunt, sat on the floor in the farthest corner making yellow paper leis for a suffrage meeting, by the light of an oil lamp. It is the most general home occupation of the Hawaiian woman, and the lei itself in one form or another, usually of red or yellow paper, decorate picture frames and mantels at least in every other home one enters. It was found even on the occasion of a visit to the high-perched cottage of a Black Forest German iron-worker, married to a French woman from the Pyranees, who owns a homestead at the head of one of the beautiful valleys, with an outlook sweeping from the crest of one hill to the next, the sound of a nearby waterfall always accompanying the soughing of the trade wind. The crescent moon, accompanied by Venus, topped one of the hills as our host settled himself back in his veranda chair and grunted comfortably: 62“I think I don’t know any better place as Honolulu for a working man.—No?”

Lei making is evidently a profitable occupation. The vendors say that the usual receipts are $9.00 a day on steamer days, and from $2.00 to $3.00 or $4.00 on other days. It is taught by the older Hawaiian women to the next generation, and I fancy any newcomer to the ranks would have much the same sort of fight for place as would a newsboy on a rival’s route.

The garlands sell at twenty-five cents each, and the blossoms are either gathered up in the hills or are raised at home. Only one lei-maker talked with purchased any of her flowers. She said she bought about half her supply from a Japanese gardener.

Lauhala weaving is a passing native industry, and while mats, fans and pillow-covers are found in the curio shops, dealers and some of the older Hawaiians say that the rush to turn land into pineapple and sugar cultivation has eradicated the lauhala until it is not now obtainable in any quantity sufficient for commercial uses, from every island but Molokai.

The mats, of a soft, light tan color, are the ideal covering for bungalow floors. They are woven in inch or two-inch squares, and have a dull, satiny finish that is very attractive. They are scrubbed with soap and water, and the lauhala fiber may be preserved indefinitely for mending purposes, if moistened with water occasionally.

There is undoubtedly a good local market for these mats, and their beauty and durability ought to make them popular elsewhere if a sufficient supply of raw material were guaranteed. Most of those in use here are made to order, although a few of the shops have a small stock for sale.

The training of a corps of workers in this industry and an organized plan for marketing the product in the furniture and dry-goods shops might convince property owners that here is an additional opportunity for industry.

The Federal Bureau of Forestry and Agriculture says that lauhala will grow on almost any sort of rocky land that would 63be available for no other agricultural purpose; and that it requires very little moisture, growing down almost to the sea in some places.

The weaving process is not laborious and can be carried on in the open air. Patience and care are required, however, in selecting and moistening the dried leaves for weaving.

If this industry could be placed on a sound basis it would not only give continuous employment to a corps of workers, but would serve the interesting purpose of keeping alive a characteristic folk-occupation.

Also, as Miss Addams has so often pointed out, in speaking of the national museum of occupations in Hull House, the stimulation of the workers’ respect for their own national occupations is always healthy.

Coffee sorting and packing employs between 60 and 70 women workers, the former occupation lasting from October to June, and the latter all the year round.

A number of the cannery employes find work here after the close of the pineapple canning season.

The work is sorting coffee beans of two grades, the better grade paying forty cents, the poorer grade fifty cents a hundred pounds.

Some of the experienced workers earn as high as $7.00 a week, but the majority of credits on the time book are between $2.50 and $4.50 a week.

The hours are from 7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., and the workroom is in a light, airy, first-story room. Both the sorting and packing operations are carried on seated, the workers being arranged in groups of two or three.

Here, as in the canneries, the majority of workers are Hawaiian, with Japanese and Portuguese second and third in number. There are also Porto Ricans and Filipinos, but the highest wages are earned by the Japanese.

The Hawaiian foreman is a great favorite, and he knows the intimate personal history of all the workers—the Japanese girl who wishes to learn English; the Hawaiian woman who was closely related to the victim of the last white slave trial; the stout, but asthmatic and idle husband of one of the women, who “always shows up on pay day.”

Coffee packing pays $3.00 to $5.00 a week, according to length of service, the latter amount being paid after three years. I asked the foreman if anyone was earning $5.00 now, and he said: “No, not since my daughter left to be married.”

Few of the employes understand or speak any English, and it was therefore not possible to converse with them.

The 150 workers normally employed in Honolulu’s three steam laundries are exempt from all the minor and some of the major ills which commonly beset this class of wage-earners.

The greatest gain is perhaps in the all-year-round opening of doors and windows, entirely obviating the collection of steam, gas fumes and other impurities. Then, too, the fact that two laundries conduct their work entirely on one floor removes the discomfort which ascending steam and heat brings when the wash-room is in a basement or lower floor. The only two-story laundry in the city has its wash-room on the second floor.

A test of all the power-driven machinery demonstrates that no more effort than stepping down is required to operate any one of them:—a great and welcome contrast with the exhausting work described in Miss Butler’s “Women and the Trades” as performed by the Pittsburgh operators of laundry machinery. To cite only one instance:

“Cuff, neckband and yoke presses, and the wing point tipper for collars, operate in the same way as the body ironers. The cuff is placed over the saddle-shaped padded head; pressure of a treadle raises the head against a steam chest and the pressure of another treadle causes the head to drop back as the cuff is finished. Only by violent exertion can hot metal and padded head be forced together. By sheer physical effort, therefore, the operator presses each cuff four times, twice on a side, and the whole body of the girl is shaken by the force she is obliged to use. In one laundry the manager said: ‘No American girl can stand this. We have to use Hungarians or other foreigners. It seems to be unhealthful, but I don’t know——’ Yet American girls do stand it. I have seen them ironing at the rate of three cuffs a minute. 66The motion required for operating the tipper is as violent as that of the old-style cuff press, the pressure of either treadle requiring the utmost physical effort, but in each case where I saw the machine in use the operator was a young girl not over fifteen years of age, and she was white with the strain.”

Another favorable feature characterizing the work in laundries here is the shifting of occupation made possible in small establishments. While one machine, a body-ironer for example,—on which 600 shirts may be turned out in one day, each shirt requiring ten motions, making a total of 6,000 motions of the arms and of the foot in operating the treadle,—is operated by the right foot, the collar-presser is a left-footed machine, and the girls are shifted from one machine to another, so that the strain on one part of the body exclusively is regulated. I asked one manager why this was not done in all laundries, and he said the difficulty lay in the fact that union wage scales were made for certain kinds of work; whereas he paid his employes by the month, raising wages according to ability and length of service.

The fact that all the steam laundries are comparatively new has perhaps been the reason why the newer machine models, obviating the strains mentioned by Miss Butler, have been installed.

There is, however, the same tendency to exact long hours of work in times of stress which is found everywhere in this business, one laundry reporting 87 hours of overwork in one month during the tourist season, making a thirteen-hour day, and as all work must be performed in a standing posture, this strain is unduly severe. The customary overtime is two evenings a week until nine or nine-thirty o’clock.

Work commences in all the laundries at seven or seven-thirty in the morning and continues until five or five-thirty in the evening. Saturday is usually a half holiday.

Processes are uniform in all the laundries. The bundle of laundry first goes to the marker, who gives it its distinguishing 67family or personal mark. It is then separated into white, colored and woolen articles, after which it goes to the washer, and is boiled in the large vats occupying one corner of the room. The washing is done by men—mostly Chinese—with the exception of the woolens and fine pieces, which are washed in another part of the room by the starch girls. The floors were wet about the washing machines, but there was no standing water, the drainage being good in all the laundries.

After the clothes are washed they are put into the drying machines, huge metal vats with perforated inner baskets revolving rapidly and throwing out the water by centrifugal force. Accidents have been reported in other places caused by the uneven distribution of clothing in these inner baskets, which breaks them under the great force with which they revolve. They in turn cause the outer metal covering to break loose and whirl into the workroom. There is no record of such an accident, however, in Honolulu.

The clothes are next shaken out ready for the mangling or starching, and on the shaking out process and mangling the beginners are started, earning $3.50 to $5.00 a week, in one laundry; $3.00 to $4.50, in another; and $17.00 a month in a third. In all the laundries an upright board about six inches high is used to protect the hands of the operators from being crushed between the rollers of the mangling machines. These machines are near the corner where the washing is done, and are constructed of framework supporting steam-heated metal rolls, placed horizontally and covered with wool and canvas. Between these rolls sheets, towels, napkins and other flat work receive their final drying and pressing. Two operators work at either side of the roll on sheets, table-cloths and other large pieces; but the smaller ones are fed into the roller by one worker.

Here, as in all other processes, the motor is gauged to a low rate of speed, for managers all agree that the girls cannot work as hard here as they do on the mainland.

68The starched pieces go from the drying machines to the starchers. The starching is done by hand in two laundries and by machine in one. The starch girls have a corner to themselves as a rule, with a sink for washing fine pieces and flannels. The starching process, even when done by machinery, is very simple, and the girls earn even less than the mangle operators. They are paid from $3.00 to $4.50 a week, according to length of service, in one laundry the head starcher receiving $20.00 a month, after three years of service.

The drying-room, where the starched pieces are sent before being ironed, is partitioned off from the main workroom, and in one case the process is entirely automatic, the articles being suspended from the hooks of a traveling chain and carried through the closed drying-room, which is heated to a high degree, from which they are automatically dropped into a basket for ironing. In the other two laundries the pieces are suspended from a chain, drawn by the starch-girl into the drying-room, in which they are left for a certain period of time and are then taken out in the same manner.

The ironing is done by the most experienced workers, this being the last stage of promotion, and the wages paid are from $1.00 a day to $35.00 a month and overtime. It is possible with overtime to earn $10.00 a week, about a dozen women in all reaching this figure, but the most common rate of pay for the normal day is $1.00, with an unpaid-for half-day on Saturday, averaging $5.50 a week for a ten-hour day. One laundry pays $35.00 a month to its most experienced workers for a ten-hour day. All overtime is paid for at regular day rates. The rate is rather under that paid on the mainland, where ironers earn $15.00 and $18.00 a week when working long hours.

Shirts, collars and cuffs are ironed on machines driven by gas, steam or electricity, the other pieces being ironed by hand, with electric or gas-heated irons. The ironing machines and boards are all placed at the windows on the mauka side of the 69room, so that the breeze blowing almost continuously from the hills may be taken advantage of.

In one laundry all the latest appliances in electric and steam-driven machines especially are in use; but the other two use gas and some electricity for their machines and irons. As the workrooms of these two laundries are open to the air on all four sides, however, the fumes do not accumulate, though they are in evidence to a slight degree near the machines when they are in operation.

Finally such pieces as require mending or darning go to a woman—usually an elderly person—who is regularly employed for this purpose, and who receives $4.50 a week in all the laundries.

The visits were made at the time of year when the laundries were least busy, and the race proportion among the women workers was as follows:—

The one Japanese had been adopted when a baby by a white family, and had been “raised white.” No Japanese are employed in any of the laundries, because of the fear of cut prices if processes are learned; but, on the other hand, there are innumerable Chinese and Japanese laundries throughout the city, the Bureau of Licenses having a record of 232 which are being operated without the license showing inspection by the Board of Health, required from the other laundries. Most of these are said to be conducted by Japanese women, who collect laundry from individual customers, hiring other Japanese women to do the work. But although there is a record of their existence, 70numerous trips through the tenement blocks failed to disclose any of them in operation.

Laundry managers say they find efficient workers among all nationalities, and that the grade of help is slowly improving. One manager says there is a great deal of jealousy between the different races on the score of advancement.

It was difficult to find any prevailing characteristics among the workers. Several worked because their husbands earned insufficient salaries to provide a “good home.” Three worked because they said it improved their health! The majority of Portuguese, however, either said they were helping to buy homes, or were members of large families, in eight instances having no support from their father, either through illness or death. The Filipinos and Porto Ricans spoke no English and it was impossible to talk with them. One Portuguese lady thought I was collecting for a church and immediately took out her pocket-book, searching through many petticoats to find it.

Here, as in the canneries, there was general good spirit among the employes, even the girls shaking out the sheets and table-cloths for the mangles—the most tiring work of all—doing it with much chattering and gossip. It must be because so much of the work is done in the fresh air that one sees little of the strained, tired expression of the mainland industrial worker. Several of the women stated that they had varicose ulcers on their legs, but none of these had been working in the laundry for a sufficiently long period to make this work the cause of the trouble.

The laundries are all prosperous and growing, their managers say, most of the work coming from the steamers and transports constantly touching at Honolulu.

No previous training is required or wished, each laundry having its own way of doing its work and preferring to teach its own employes. There should be employment for from twenty-five to thirty girls in this work within the next year; but a ten-hour day rigid law and better wages are needed here.

The Fourth Report of the Department of Commerce and Labor on Hawaii (Bulletin No. 94, May, 1911) sums up the possibilities of industry in the islands as a whole as follows—(1) page 674:

“The Territory possesses no mineral or fuel deposits, and this, together with the remoteness from markets, prevents diversified industries. A small amount of subsistence farming, followed principally by natives and orientals, and the production of staple export crops, like sugar, have hitherto been the principal occupations of the people.”

To this should also be added the product of the pineapple canneries, which, strangely enough, is omitted entirely from the report, although increasing in value and importance by leaps and bounds. This omission may perhaps be accounted for by the fact that the bulletin issued in May was compiled before the canning season commenced, which is not usually until June 1st, lasting this year until October 5th. In the past ten years the value of the pineapple exports increased from $3,948 to $1,229,647, almost 400%,^[4] and the growth of this year’s business over last may be gauged from the fact that while one establishment employed a maximum of 215 women and girls last year, this year they report 450 employed during their heaviest time.

4. Bulletin of the Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910; page 11.

Then, too, while last year 60% of the entire “pack” was reported as being taken care of in three weeks, this year there were only six or seven half-day shut downs during the four months of the season.

72The manufacturers’ problem in Honolulu is uncomplicated by the variety of processes and products of the mainland cannery. The only product with which they have to deal is the pineapple, as against spinach, berries of all varieties, cherries, peas, wax beans, tomatoes, pears, peaches, apples, beets and finally oysters in Maryland; asparagus, strawberries, peas, gooseberries, cherries, currants, beans, blackberries, apricots, greengages, plums, peaches, pears, tomatoes, grapes and quinces in California; while Pittsburgh, Pa., cans berries, fruits, beans, corn, peas and tomatoes, as well as pickles and molasses.

After the overripe fruit is eliminated there is little or no waste in canning pineapple. As the boxes are taken from the freight cars into the factory, the “pines,” as they are usually termed, are stripped of their green ends by the trimmers, and these ends are planted for the rattoon crop. The pineapple yields two crops, requiring, like sugar, eighteen months to mature the first crop, the second, or rattoon, crop being ready for harvest in twelve months. Sometimes the trimming is done before the fruit is shipped from the plantations, in which case it is ready when received at the cannery for the coring and peeling machine. This machine is operated by men, and calls for considerable sureness of eye to secure the largest number of perfect pineapples for slicing. If the fruit is at all soft, however, it is split into two and sometimes three parts in this process, and is then used for grated pineapple, which is also made of the slices too imperfect for canning, the odds and ends from the slicing machine, and the fruit which still adheres to the peeling. These are accumulated in tubs, taken to the screening machine, which reduces it to the consistency of the grated pineapple, used principally at soda fountains. The grated pulp is received in a wooden vat running the length of the screen, and is conducted automatically from this vat into tubs. From these tubs the pulp is poured in bulk into cooking vats, where it is mixed with the sweetening syrup. From the cooking vats it is automatically fed into large cans, gallon or half-gallon, these cans in turn being automatically sealed and 73put into a cooling bath, after which they are sent to the labeling room.

After the pineapples are peeled and cored they go through a second trimming process with a pruning knife, by means of which all the “eyes” and small pieces of peeling are removed.

They are then placed in the slicing machine, from which the slices are automatically deposited onto a traveling web band about ten inches wide, moving at a medium rate of speed along the centre of the packing tables, which are about thirty feet long. On each side of the moving web are wooden shelves, the one immediately in front of the packer being used as a sorting tray. On the shelf back of the web are arranged the trays of empty cans, each tray stamped with the grade of fruit it is to hold. Above this shelf is a second one, on which are empty trays to receive the cans of fruit as they are packed. As soon as a tray is filled with a dozen cans, it is taken away by a man to be filled with syrup and cooked.

As the sliced pineapple is deposited onto the traveling web, the girl next to the slicing machine, usually an experienced and efficient worker, selects the most perfect slices—those having no flaws or imperfect edges, and whitest in color. The next worker selects the next grade, and so on down the table, the residue, unsuitable for canning, going into the pulp tub. When she has a sufficient number of slices of the proper grade, she makes a mound of them, turns an empty can down over the mound, slips it off the sorting tray and places it right side up on the tray for filled cans.

After the cans have been filled with the sliced pineapple and syrup, they are taken to another machine which automatically places the cover on the can and seals it.

The sealed cans are then taken on a tray to the cooking vat, where they are lowered in boiling water onto a slowly moving platform, which carries them, submerged, through the water for just a sufficient length of time, gauged automatically, to cook the fruit. The tray of cans is then raised, again automatically, 74onto a continuation of the moving platform, which immerses them in a cold bath, in which they are kept for a sufficient length of time to cool them. The cans are then sent to the labeling room, where they receive their various brands, according to grade and to the customers for whom they are intended.

All machinery is geared at a low rate of speed; the only process which holds any menace is the peeling and coring machine, which must have the careful attention of the operator to keep his fingers from the knives.

The cores, which formerly were thrown out with the waste, are now also sliced into inch lengths, cooked, canned and sold to confectioners, who coat them with chocolate and sell them as pineapple candies. As these cores have about as much taste as juicy wood, it is at least a question how much of pineapple the ultimate consumer is favored with.

The women workers in the canneries are divided into four classes: trimmers, packers, labelers and miscellaneous, the latter doing duty at the slicing machine, the pulp troughs and in packing the cores.

The new workers are usually started at trimming and at packing cores, the youngest ones performing the latter work or tending the slicing machines. All of this work is done in a sitting position in one of the canneries; but the other two establishments have no seats for any of their employes.

At the packing table, however, the workers stand shoulder to shoulder, sometimes in the height of the season as closely packed as they can work: ordinarily, however, there is ample room for each individual. At one cannery there are seats back of the packers, but they are so arranged that it is impossible to do more than lean back against them for a moment or two, and even this throws an additional strain on the workers’ feet, which it is necessary to brace against the floor or the framework of the fruit table.

Work commences at seven o’clock in the morning, and on days when the cannery runs full time the official closing time 75is half-past five; but in only one cannery did the employes state that there was an earlier closing time than six o’clock. Half an hour is allowed for lunch, this being divided between two shifts from noon until one o’clock. The normal working day is therefore eleven or eleven and one-half hours long, as in the factory world it is the custom to close half an hour earlier when the lunch hour is shortened to half an hour.^[5]

5. Butler, Elizabeth Beardsley; Women and the Trades, page 311.

No skill is required by any of the processes; but the packers must exercise good judgment in selecting slices of the proper grade, else cans marked to contain the best fruit may receive inferior contents and vice versa. The forewomen, of whom there is one at each table in two of the canneries, are responsible for the “pack,” as it is called. If the manager, in inspecting the cans, which he does haphazard, finds careless packing coming frequently from any table, the forewoman is deposed; but there are no fines and no penalties, for the reason that it is impossible to locate the packer responsible for the work. Sometimes two or three are engaged in packing the same grade of slices at the same table.

One cannery reports employing no forewoman because of the unwillingness on the part of any of the women workers to assume this responsibility.

The wages paid as reported by employers vary from five and six cents an hour, paid workers under sixteen years of age, to fifteen cents an hour paid to forewomen. As a result, girls who commence working at twelve years of age and are experienced and efficient workers, receive less wages than an older girl in her first season. The highest rate per hour paid to any but forewomen is ten cents, and the lowest paid to workers over sixteen years of age is seven and one-half cents an hour. One cannery reports paying for eleven hours if the employes work ten hours. Overtime is paid for at the regular 76rate of pay per hour; and in the case of night work until eight or half-past, the workers interviewed say they either go without supper until they return home or else their supper costs them the greater part of what they earn in the three extra hours. One employer says he pays time and a half for overtime, “when he has to,” and one gives the employes coffee and sandwiches for supper when they work later than 7 o’clock. As coffee and bread is the almost invariable breakfast and lunch—if, indeed, any lunch at all is eaten—the effect on the workers’ health of this overtime, without food, or with the kind of food available, cannot but be injurious.

The cannery owners state that during the heavy season it is necessary to work overtime to take care of the fruit, which deteriorates rapidly and which cannot be packed in cold storage; that the Federal Experiment Station had found no way to prevent waste, once the pineapple is ripe, if it is not canned immediately.

Sunday work, of which only five days are reported by the three canneries, is, however, devoted to labeling, this being done after the fruit is cooked, canned and ready for shipment, so there could be no question of deterioration here. A similar state of affairs, in regard to overtime work, was found in California canneries.

At seven and a half cents an hour—a trifle over the average paid all workers (omitting forewomen)—it is necessary for a girl working sixty hours a week (and being paid for sixty-six according to the one-hour bonus plan) to earn $4.95. Contrasted with the average wage earned by employes in the city and country canneries of California, this shows a much lower rate in Honolulu, the California average being $7.92 a week for 63.8 hours’ work in the country canneries and $7.21 a week for 57.8 hours’ work in the city establishments. (This average also omitted forewomen.)^[6]

6. Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, No. 96, September, 1911; page 397.

77The owner of one of the canneries stated that last year the average wage was $3.50 to $4.00, and that some of the employes who had been with them longest earned as high as $10.50 during the heavy season. This year the rate of pay was raised in all the canneries, due, I was told by several of the girls, to “kicks by the Jap women.”

The only menace to the health of the workers in the pineapple canneries which might arise from the occupation itself, is the effect of the pineapple juice on the skin. Chemical analysis shows that the acid is so strong, it digests the skin as secretions of the alimentary canal digest food.

By order of the Health Department, rubber gloves are supplied by the companies to the workers handling the fruit; but most of them work barefooted, standing in the drippings from the tables, and their feet were badly eaten by the juice.

On taking this up with the authorities, I was told that the reason the rubber gloves were ordered was not because of the probable injury to the workers, but in order to protect the product from possible contamination.

It would be possible to slat the floors where the workers stand, and flush them well with water several times a day.

The work of screening, operating the syrup machines, cooking, sealing the cans, as well as peeling and coring, is done by men in all the canneries.

Inquiry into the cost at which it is possible for a woman or girl to live independently in Honolulu was based on two propositions:

78
Table Showing Length of Season, Time Shut Down During Season; Overtime Run, in Honolulu Canneries in 1912:

Lgth of Season.	Time Shut Down.	Overtime Run.
1-4 months	7 half days.	28 hours Sunday, 24 hours night.
2-3½ months	1 whole, 4 hfdays	30 hours Sunday, 60 hours night.
3-3½ months	5 whole, 1 hf day	10 hours Sunday, 53 hours night.

Table Showing Wages paid per hour, Season of 1912, in Honolulu Canneries (As of October 1st.)

	Forewomen	Trimmers	Packers	Labelers	Over 16.	Under 16.
	No.	Wages.	No.	Wages
1	$0.09 .15	$0.08	$0.08	$0.08	250		100
2	.15	.10	.07½ .10	.07½ .08½	85		40
3					47	$0.07½	12	0.06

First.—That she live in the home family of a friend or relative, and pay her quota of expense.

I have given first consideration to the proposition that she live in a family because experience has proven that to be the most desirable place for the average working girl.

The Children’s Aid Society of Boston has set its face against the philanthropic home or hotel for working girls because it fails to give them a background for their future life as wives and mothers. The Clara de Hirsch Home in New York City,—a most successful institution,—cares for immigrant girls without family ties until they may safely become members of the community. As soon as a girl is considered to be earning a sufficient wage and acquainted with the customs of her new environment, she is placed in a private family, these families being carefully selected by the authorities of the Home.

Girls who have been committed to Orphan Asylums in their youth are also “bridged over” by residence in this Home, to membership in the normal community.

Training in various trades is given. There is a gymnasium, and a varied social program.

In Honolulu I should say such a home would be valuable for girls who, as in New York, have been brought up in Orphan Asylums; for those who are taken away from improper home surroundings by the Courts; and for any other girls without family ties who may not be sufficiently well grounded in 80character to live safely in the community. I do not consider, however, that the normal wage-earning girl should be provided for in this way.

I am told that native girls who earn fair wages and live in families other than their own, pay $2.50 a week, usually in fish, or poi, or canned goods, rather than in money. I was unable to find any specific girl who is now doing this; but was told of the practice by women who had known of instances at other times, and whose knowledge of conditions is unquestionably accurate. This does not represent the actual value of accommodations, however, as will be shown.

The working girls I talked with who were not living in their own families were, with the exception of those living in the Kaiulani Home, either with relatives or adopted parents, and were paying no board. Two women occupied tenement rooms, but both were married, and had come to Honolulu from the country for the canning season.

Girls who do all their own sewing say their clothing costs them at least $1.25 a week to maintain a sufficiently good appearance to take any part in the social activities of their associates. This is distributed as follows in a yearly allowance:

The fact that the same wardrobe does duty in Hawaii the year round is a very great saving. The girl who has not been taught to sew (and this girl is in the majority) must allow at least 25c a week additional for clothing.

Board, lodging and clothing can therefore be had at $3.75 or $4.00 a week; carfare is 60c; the cheapest lunch, 5c for coffee and rolls, is another 30c, which brings the total cost to $4.65 or $4.90, without any allowance for incidental carfares or amusements.

On the other hand living expenses in the community, when reduced to their lowest rate, bring the total expense to $2.00 a week each, provided two girls share a room.

I have followed up numerous advertisements in the daily papers, investigated “Furnished room” signs, etc., and found in the first place that no furnished room house will permit cooking to be done in the rooms, and secondly that the lowest rate for a furnished room for two girls was $2.00 a week. If two girls together rented a tenement room at $2.00 a month they would need to buy a bed, dishes and cooking utensils, costing at least $15.00. The cost per week of maintaining such a room would then be for each:

After a girl has worked ten or eleven hours, however, I fear the temptation would be either to eat in a cheap restaurant or 82to neglect cooking a substantial evening meal, especially in the case of the Hawaiian girls, who are prone to omit meals when fatigued unless food is placed before them. In the eating place provided by the Libby, McNeill and Libby Cannery, which serves wholesome, nourishing meals at ten cents each, the girls eat everything placed before them. The sea air blowing through the workroom constantly undoubtedly has its share in creating this appetite.

If two girls were to occupy a furnished room and have their meals in restaurant the minimum weekly rate for each would be:

The cheapest rate at which I could find boarding accommodations for two girls in a room was $10.00, for a close, hot room in a house which did not seem at all desirable from any point of view.

Altogether the best plan which presents itself for providing accommodations is a rooming house making provision for two girls in a room, and having a cafeteria dining room. I should not advise making this a philanthropic venture. It should be not only absolutely self-sustaining, but should be conducted with a view to its making a return of at least 3% on money invested. This is the return made by the Mills Hotels in New York. Emphasis should be laid first on developing enterprises by which self-supporting girls may earn an adequate living, and, secondly, on obtaining a living wage for those engaged in occupations already established, rather than on providing them with a living place at philanthropic rates.

Before a girl is encouraged to leave her family and live in any other home it would be well to give a thorough consideration to her home problem and determine whether surroundings which at first may seem undesirable cannot in some way be changed so that family ties need not be broken. Family responsibility 83needs to be strengthened in every way possible among the natives, and if Hawaiian women who have had educational advantages would undertake the home improvement work which has had such beneficial results in the Southern States, much might be accomplished in raising standards of sanitation as well as morals. Whole families still occupy one room for sleeping purposes, and matters of this kind can only be remedied by constant personal effort. Congresses of physicians and other bodies assembled to discuss questions of sex morality all agree that little can be accomplished so long as habits of decent privacy are not inculcated.

The Territory of Hawaii has as yet no labor laws, and therefore the hours during which men, women and children work are governed entirely by the will of employers, the workers’ own wishes or economic necessities, and in the case of children by the act providing that they shall attend school during ten months in the year until they are fifteen, when they may be released to go to work.

Employment in the canneries is by the hour, each employe being given a time card which is punched on coming to work in the morning, on resuming work at noon, and on leaving at night.

While the cannery season is short, it is also exacting. In addition to a regular eleven-hour day for four months in the year, a maximum of sixty hours overtime night work and thirty hours of Sunday work was reported by one cannery. Two others report less amounts. One employer said he worked his employes all they would stand for. Weekly pay envelopes show from seventy to eighty hours of work per week, in some cases running as high as eighty-four hours. In California, where the season extended over fourteen weeks, averaging sixty-three hours each, two cannery officials, each in a different cannery, are reported by the investigator of the Department of Commerce and Labor as volunteering the opinion that “cannery work was so much of a strain that workers were unfit to do other work when the cannery season was over.”^[7]

7. Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor No. 96. p. 403.

Perhaps the women employes in the small Chinese and Japanese shops have the longest hours continuously, as these shops open at seven o’clock in the morning and do not close until nine o’clock or later in the evening.

The workers in the laundries, who have a regular ten-hour day, perform overtime work until eight or nine o’clock at least 85twice a week, and during the winter season, when the tourists are most numerous, one laundry manager reported eighty-seven hours overtime in one month. Saturday is a half holiday unless there is a special rush of work.

Household servants, here as elsewhere, are among the least considered sufferers from the long day, and although Honolulu mistresses of households call to one’s attention the fact that no servants are on duty in the evening, that may be regarded rather as a mitigation of one of the greatest hardships borne by domestic servants, rather than as having a bearing on the general question of a normal working day.

Honolulu is an early riser, and servants come on duty at half-past six. Dinner is not over at the earliest until seven o’clock, which means that the work of the maid who waits on the table continues for at least twelve and one-half hours, and longer if she has any duties after dinner.

There are few women cooks, the domestic servants being almost exclusively housemaids, waitresses and nursemaids. Where several maids are employed, each of them has an hour or two of leisure through the day; but in the case of the cook-and-one-maid menage, which is by far the most common, Sunday afternoon, and occasionally,—but by no means universally,—an afternoon during the week is given. The long day is a potent factor in the servant problem; and yet the Japanese women, like their sisters in other communities, prefer to go to work at the machines in the little shops. I have talked with as many of them as could understand English, and none would consider going back to housework. On having their attention called to the fact that they were working just as long in the shops they smiled and nodded, saying: “Bimeby not work so long,” which may forecast a similar situation to that brought about by certain of the Chinese huis, who have, notably among the tailors, succeeded in securing an eleven-hour day. It is an undoubted fact that rather than become a household servant at a minimum wage of $4.00 a week and her food,—in 86many cases all her living expense,—the women work twelve and fourteen hours in the shop for from $2.00 to $5.00.

Clerks and stenographers have an eight-hour day. Shop girls are on duty from seven-forty-five until five o’clock, with an hour at noon and a Saturday half holiday three months in the year. One shop closes on Saturday at one o’clock four months in the year.

The shop girls have two weeks’ vacation with pay, and all the stores provide seats.

Stenographers also have two weeks’ vacation with pay, in a great many cases being allowed a three months’ vacation every three years.

Teachers are on duty from eight-forty-five in the morning until two-fifteen in the afternoon—almost an hour and a half less than the regulation time for this work. They have a somewhat longer vacation, too, than elsewhere.

In her consideration of hours of work, in “Women and the Trades,”^[8] Miss Butler questions the length of the working day which may be considered “long.” “At present (even) ten hours as the limit of the working day is far from universal,” she says. “Should ten hours, however, be set as a permissive standard? Or should we seek rather to work out, on the basis of health, a lower maximum beyond which no employe may go, and below this maximum set others corresponding to the degree of strain in different industries?... Hours are ‘long,’ whether the day is eight hours or ten, if the work is continued so long that it causes ill health or interferes with the employes’ capacity for recreation.”

This latter statement is especially interesting in the light of a conversation with the manager of one of the Honolulu canneries. He was asked his opinion of the degree of danger to the cannery women employes from being obliged to go through Iwilei, especially on their way from work in the evening. He said: “After the girls have worked ten or twelve 87hours a day there is not much danger that they will skylark. They are only too glad to get home and to bed.”

But even though they are too tired to “skylark” they do not go to bed. Here as elsewhere the large majority of women workers have household tasks—cooking, washing and ironing—to perform both before and after working hours; and many have children to care for. This is especially true of the Hawaiian, Chinese and Japanese, and I have seen the women standing on first one foot and then the other to relieve the strain as early as nine o’clock in the morning, after a stretch of long hours.

Managers of the canneries say that the workers are at liberty to stop work at any hour of the day they wish, as the pay is by the hour. In common practice, however, it is made as difficult as possible to secure an accounting for time excepting at regular periods; and when work is pressing permission to leave before closing time is refused.

Managers themselves say that the habit of going home before closing time or at noon is more common among the younger girls who are working during their school vacation,—which occurs almost identically with the canning season,—than among the regular workers.

The Hawaiian enjoys her work, as she enjoys most of the things she does, and she is as yet too new to industry to show superficially any ill effects of labor. It was not possible, in the three and one-half months of the investigation, to make any study of the effects of work on her health.

The experience of the world, however, is more than likely to be the experience of Hawaii.

Hours of work and the resulting fatigue strains have been made the subject of a close, scientific investigation, covering a period of five years, by Miss Josephine Goldmark, publication secretary of the National Consumers’ League, which has now been published in book form under the title of “Fatigue and Efficiency,” and gives the results of the experience of both Europe and America concerning the effects of long hours, 88night work and occupational strains on women workers. Miss Goldmark also gives the substance of four briefs prepared by her under the direction of Mr. Louis D. Brandeis in his successful defense of various State laws limiting women’s hours of labor.

Her investigation shows that long hours of work by women, especially if performed in a standing position, mean to the community heightened infant mortality, a falling birth rate, and race degeneration, while to the workers themselves they mean every sort of disorder. In speaking of general injuries to health, Miss Goldmark says: “The fatigue which follows excessive working hours becomes chronic, and results in general deterioration of health. While it may not result in immediate disease, it undermines the whole system by weakness and anaemia.”

On the other hand the good effect of short hours is shown by the growth of temperance, and “wherever sufficient time has elapsed since the establishment of the shorter working day, the succeeding generation has shown extraordinary improvement in physique and morals.”^[9]

9. “Fatigue and Efficiency,” Part II, p. 290.

Several pages of testimony from all over the world are submitted in support of the statement that “even the lightest work becomes totally exhausting when carried on for an excessive length of time.” She quotes from Dr. Ludwig Hirt’s “The Disease of Working People”: “No attitude of the body is harmful in itself; only in prolonging it until it produces harmful results; all the well-known disturbances, such as varicose veins, etc., etc., arise not through sitting or standing, but through excessively prolonged sitting or standing.”^[10]

10. “Fatigue and Efficiency,” Part II, p. 321.

For the protection of their women workers more than thirty American States have enacted laws limiting the hours of employment for women; but only three States,—Massachusetts, Indiana and Nebraska,—have passed a law in such form as 89to make it enforcible. Miss Goldmark defines “the rigid law, which prohibits overtime and night work,” as “one which provides fixed boundaries for working hours. It protects women from working after a specified hour at night, and more than a given number of hours by the day or week. The best exemplar of this kind of law in the United States is the Massachusetts statute which prohibits the employment of women in textile mills more than ten hours in one day, or more than fifty-four hours in one week, or before six o’clock in the morning or after six o’clock in the evening.... The law is final. Its provisions are clear cut. Employers, employes and inspectors know without disagreement or argument what constitutes a violation. Work continued after the specified closing hour is conclusive evidence of violation.”

As showing the beneficial effect of shorter hours on output, Miss Goldmark quotes at length from the testimony of various Massachusetts employers of labor. The Treasurer of the Atlantic Mills, in Lawrence, stated: “We saw an improvement in the operatives directly after adopting ten hours.... We have had more continuous and uninterrupted work throughout the year than before.” The Report of the Massachusetts District Police states: “One manufacturer stated to me a short time ago that he had run his mill sixty-six hours per week, supposing that by so doing he increased the production nearly one-eleventh, but was persuaded ... to reduce his running time to sixty hours per week, and at the end of six months found that the production of his mill had increased nearly ten per cent, while the quality of work done was more perfect.”

The entire question of the long day is as yet in its incipiency in Hawaii, and the closing paragraph of Miss Goldmark’s preface is peculiarly pertinent. She says:

“In the main opposition to laws protecting working women and children has come from the unenlightened employer, who has been blind to his own larger interests and who has always seen in every attempt to protect the workers an interference with business and dividends. To this day it is the short-sighted 90and narrow-minded spirit of money-making that is the most persistent enemy of measures designed to save the workers from exhaustion and to conserve their working capacities. Regular, continuous labor and exertion is as necessary for the worker’s health as it is for subsistence, and if legislation regulating the workday had sought to invade legitimate work, it would long ago have defeated its own end....

“First the new industry, then exploitation, then the demand for some measure of protection—such is the universal story. Nor is this a chance sequence. It is the relentless record of history, the more impressive for its unconscious testimony to a waste of human effort and experience, in retrospect scarcely credible among a thinking people, yet in our very midst persisting steadily to this day.”

Hawaiian employers, most of whom are kamaainas, sincerely interested in the welfare of the Hawaiian girls and women, have not given adequate thought to the broader social problems of their employes. Kind treatment, good air and light do much to mitigate matters, but no woman or girl can work standing continuously for ten or more hours a day and retain her health. Nor will she in this way become a homemaker, and an intelligent mother and member of the community.

AN ACT

Restricting the Hours of Labor of Women and Children Under the Age of Sixteen Years.

Section 1. The term “establishment” where used in this Act shall mean any place within this Territory other than where domestic or agricultural labor is employed; where men, women or children are engaged and paid a salary or wages by any person, firm or corporation, and where such men, women or children are employes in the general acceptance of that term.

Section 2. No minor under the age of sixteen years, and no female shall be employed in any establishment for a longer 91period than sixty (60) hours in any one week nor for a longer period than ten (10) hours in any one day.

Section 3. No minor under sixteen years and no female shall be employed or suffered to work in any establishment before the hour of six in the morning, or after the hour of six in the evening.

Section 4. Retail mercantile establishments shall be exempt from the provisions of Sections 2 and 3 hereof during a period of ten days beginning with the fifteenth day of December and ending with the twenty-fourth day of the same month.

Section 5. Any person, firm or corporation violating any provision of this Act shall, upon conviction, be fined in a sum not less than One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) or more than Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00) for each day any person is employed, permitted or suffered to work in violation of this Act.

Section 6. This Act shall be in force and effect from and after the date of its approval.

As stated in the report of the Massachusetts Commission on Minimum Wage Boards (page 8): “To obtain an accurate view of the condition of labor, so far as women and minors are concerned, it is especially of service to obtain, if possible, not only the wage schedules, but the actual weekly and annual variation of these earnings, with ages and experience, irregularity of employment, the economic status of the workers in so far as they are aided by other members of a family group, or by charity, or are themselves called on to support others.”

For many reasons it was not possible to exactly work out all these details in Honolulu. Information was, as a rule, to be had from the workers only during the lunch hour and after work was finished, and as many of them did not know their street and number, a knowledge of conditions was obtained by visiting in the homes in various parts of the city, both during the day and at night, rather than by following up individual workers. Only five girls could remember what amounts their pay envelopes contained for three consecutive weeks. Then, too, the great majority of women of all nationalities spoke no English.

Employers were interested and helpful, and I am indebted to them for much definite information, which was in practically all instances corroborated by the statements of the workers themselves; and it is mainly on employers’ information that I have based my statements of wages paid. The workers appear on the pay-roll by number, names not being known as a rule, and here again it was impossible to follow up individuals.

In general, unskilled wage-earners are almost without exception aided by other members of a family group or by charity, the latter group including those called on to assist others, and those who low wages force to accept shelter or food, or both, 93either from friends or relatives, or from homes philanthropically provided.

As shown in the Cost of Living Schedule, the minimum subsistence cost in Honolulu is $5.00 a week; whereas the wages earned by beginners vary from $2.50 to $3.50 in occupations offering employment to only a few workers, to a minimum of $4.80 in the canneries; while the majority of laundry workers, with several years’ experience, earn only $20.00 a month.

The fixing of minimum wages for women and minors otherwise than by the law of supply and demand, or the sense of social responsibility of employers, has been in force in Australia since 1896, through the operation of a Minimum Wage Board, while England and Massachusetts created such Boards in 1910 and 1912, respectively.

The thought of such a Board in Hawaii at the present time may be quite as amusing as the action of the International Association for Labor Legislation (called by the Swiss Federal Council and participated in by official representatives of fourteen European powers) prohibiting night work for women in Uganda, Ceylon, Fiji Islands, Leeward Islands and Trinidad; yet, as Miss Goldmark says, in commenting on this action: “Experience has taught the wisdom of legislating before industry is present.”

Industry is, however, present in Hawaii, and its growth has been so rapid that, as stated before, employers have not considered seriously the questions involved in women’s work.

An employer who was genuinely anxious to do his best for his employes asked me seriously: “What would the girls do with any more money if they had it?” He was quite willing to consider a living wage, and also spoke of profit-sharing with employes.

The majority of employers, when spoken to concerning the insufficiency of wages paid, point out that their employes have homes in which there are other bread-winners; and that with 94few exceptions they are not entirely dependent on their own efforts.

One special group of seven women was analyzed. Each received a flat wage of $3.00 a week in an occupation requiring no skill, and in which no advance in wages could be received until two years’ service had been rendered, when $4.00 was paid. Even here one girl—a Japanese—who had been employed over two years, had received no advance.

Of this group three women were married, one was widowed and three were young girls. One of the married women, whose husband was in jail and who had a three-year-old child—the victim of infantile paralysis—was receiving her rent from a church society. The woman who was widowed also had her rent paid by a church society. Two of the girls received help from their respective fathers in addition to their living expenses, and one woman supported herself and invalid husband on her earnings in this position and in the canneries where she worked during the season with her grandchild, the two earning about $8.00 a week. She was a wiry, industrious Hawaiian woman of about sixty, and it took much persuasion to get her story from her. The Hawaiians are not beggars and few of the old stock have been known to seek alms.

The proprietor, on having these facts called to his attention, said that he could hire Chinese boys at $3.00 a week and have the work done more efficiently. Yet even Chinese boys dependent on their own efforts cannot subsist decently on $3.00 a week.

In her address before the National Conference of Charities and Corrections in Cleveland, held in June, 1912, Mrs. Florence Kelly, the dean and veritably the mother of industrial investigation, said:

“We cannot longer escape the knowledge that there is no more efficient cause of wholesale destitution in the United States than industry. It can be said with truth that poverty is the regular and inevitable byproduct of our present industry, as wealth is its normal 95product. We carry on our industry to produce wealth, and incidentally we produce wholesale poverty.

“Insufficient wages underlie a vast proportion of the need for correctional and reformatory work. They entail upon the community child labor, tuberculosis, underfeeding, lack of refreshing sleep and consequent nervous breakdown.

“They underlie industrial employment of mothers, whose neglected children fail in health and morals. The children in turn crowd the juvenile courts and custodial institutions....

“It behooves us all to put in practice as rapidly as we may some standard of payment for the working people having due relation to the expenditure of life itself, in the service of all, that is made by those who work for wages.”

A typical example of the spirit being developed among employers by a better knowledge of conditions is cited by Mrs. Kelley:

“A leading store in Boston—Filene’s—has for several months maintained a minimum wage of $8.00 a week. For many years this store had employed no one who had not finished the work of the eighth grade of the public schools. It has thus set for the whole country an example of retail trade as a field in which industry can be carried on under all the difficulties entailed by unlimited competition, with profit and success, and without producing poverty as its byproduct.”

In Honolulu working people can live comfortably on low wages,—in a greater degree of comfort than in any other community of which I have knowledge,—but in practically every family there is more than one wage-earner—the wife and children contributing their quota, however small.

96Only the tenements, the best of which afford no decent privacy to families, are open to the man with a family who earns $1.00 or even $1.50 a day, if he is the sole wage-earner.

Your Oriental population is demonstrating its wish for better standards of living by the avidity with which it is building itself homes and sending its children to school.

Its morals will no doubt improve when, as a group of Chinese young people said to a Mission class leader, they “have a better example set them by representative white citizens.”

I believe that a Commission appointed by the Governor to look into wage conditions in Hawaii, and their relation to the cost of living, would clarify the whole Hawaiian labor situation, both at home and abroad.

Such a commission for the study of the wages of women and minors, was created in Massachusetts in 1911, as follows:

“Resolved, That the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Council, shall appoint a Commission of five persons, citizens of the Commonwealth, of whom at least one shall be a woman, one shall be a representative of labor, and one shall be a representative of employers, to study the matter of wages.”

Its report recommended an Act not only establishing a Minimum Wage Board, but also providing for the determination of minimum wages for women and minors.

“Section 3. It shall be the duty of the commission to inquire into the wages paid to the female employes in any occupation in the Commonwealth if the commission has reason to believe that the wages paid to a substantial number of such employes are inadequate to supply the necessary cost of living and to maintain the worker in health.

“Section 4. If after such investigation the commission is of the opinion that in the occupation in question the wages paid to a substantial number of 97female employes are inadequate to supply the necessary cost of living and to maintain the worker in health, the commission shall establish a wage board, consisting of not less than six representatives of employers in the occupation in question and of an equal number of representatives of the female employes in said occupation and of one or more disinterested persons appointed by the commission to represent the public, but the representatives of the public shall not exceed one-half of the number of representatives of either of the other parties. The commission shall designate the chairman from among the representatives of the public, and shall make rules and regulations governing the selection of members and the modes of procedure of the boards, and shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over all questions arising with reference to the validity of the procedure and of the determination of the boards. The members of wage boards shall be compensated at the same rate as jurors; they shall be allowed the performance of their duties, these payments to be made from the appropriation for the expenses of the commission.”

Mrs. Kelly says, concerning it,—and I can think of no more fitting close to a report on industrial conditions:—

“We have never before brought to bear the experience of the people most closely concerned. These are the employers, the workers, the consumers, not the bondholders and stockholders. The employers know, better than any other persons can possibly know, the meaning of the pay-roll in relation to their particular branch of industry. The workers know, as no one else can, what it costs to bring up a family in a particular place in a given year, and what; if anything, can be put away for the future out of a weekly wage. When, therefore, these two participants, and representatives of the consuming public, pool their knowledge 98and correlate the wages with the cost of living in their community, in the full light of publicity, all the available, intimate knowledge and practical experience is brought to bear upon the wage scale thus established.

“This is a new extension of democracy into a field of industrial bargaining. It gives the moral and legal support of the State to its weakest economic elements, to the women and children. By thus turning on the light, it makes real, for the first time, that which has by the economists and the courts been assumed to exist, but has not yet existed: equality of the two contracting parties. It gives effect to the will of those who have in the past been mere pawns in the hands of masters who have played the game on terms laid down by themselves alone. It gives votes to women in a field in which women most sorely need them, in the determination of their wages. It tends, for the first time, to substitute justice through self-government in industry, for charity.”

11. Clerks in the Chinese and Japanese small shops.

13. Largest number employed in winter season.

(Note)—It was not possible to give seasonal or even weekly earnings in the canneries, because of the irregularity both of the hours during which the canneries were open, and the variation in the hours worked by different employees.

Tapa—A stencilled material made by the pounded fibre of a native tree; and formerly used for making the chief article of dress by the natives.

Lauhala—A native shrub, growing ten to fifteen feet in height, with lance-like leaves which when dried are used for mats, baskets, etc.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.

Vol. I.	Industrial Condition of Women and Girls	Frances Blascoer
Vol. II.	Dependent Children	Frances Blascoer
Vol. III.	The Social Evil	James A. Rath
Vol. IV.	Housing Conditions	James A. Rath
Vol. V.	Family Budgets	James A. Rath

Executive Committee.

Mrs. Frances M. Swanzey	Chairman Committee on Industrial Conditions
Mrs. Walter F. Dillingham	Committee on Dependent Children
Mr. John R. Galt	The Social Evil
Mr. George R. Carter	Housing Conditions
Miss Louise Gulick	Family Budgets

Total largest number of women employed	651
Total smallest number women employed	142
Total Hawaiians and Part-Hawaiians employed	242 in 2 canneries
Total Japanese employed	104 in 2 canneries
Total Chinese employed	40 in 2 canneries
Total Portuguese employed	28 in 2 canneries

3	Hats:—
	2 for Business, at $2.00 each	$4.00
	1 for Good wear	4.00
			$ 8.00
4	Dresses for Business, at $2.00		8.00
2	Dresses for Good wear, at $5.00		10.00
4	Pair Shoes, at $3.00		12.00
	Underwear		8.00
3	Pairs Silk Gloves for good wear		3.00
1	Dark Skirt for bad weather		2.00
2	Shirt Waists, at 75c		1.50
1	Coat		5.00
1	Umbrella		1.00
812	Pairs Rubbers		1.50
	Incidentals, handkerchiefs, collars, sewing materials, etc.		5.00

			$65.00

Rent	$ .25
Fuel and light	.25
Food (fruit, poi, coffee, rice, fish, etc.)	1.50

	$2.00

The Industrial Condition
OF
WOMEN AND GIRLS
IN HONOLULU

A Social Study

PREFACE

FOREWORD

TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF KAIULANI HOME FOR GIRLS

GENERAL STATEMENT

CONSTRUCTIVE SUGGESTIONS

MUSLIN UNDERWEAR FACTORY.

AN HAWAIIAN SHOP

PROPOSED TRADE SCHOOL

VOCATIONAL AND EMPLOYMENT BUREAU

PUBLIC AMUSEMENTS

IWILEI AND THE WORKERS

THE WORKERS

HAWAIIAN.

JAPANESE.

CHINESE.

PORTUGUESE.

TEACHERS.

NURSES.

STENOGRAPHERS.

SHOPS AND STORES

SEAMSTRESSES AND NEEDLEWOMEN

LEI MAKING AND LAUHALA WEAVING

COFFEE SORTING AND PACKING

LAUNDRIES

THE CANNERIES

COST OF LIVING

HOURS

AN ACT

WAGES

GLOSSARY OF HAWAIIAN TERMS

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

American	100
Hawaiian or Part Hawaiian	32
British	10
Chinese	7
Portuguese	6
German	1
Japanese	1
Other Foreigners	6

	163

57	Portuguese
15	Hawaiians or part Hawaiians
2	Negresses
2	Norwegians
1	Russian
1	American

78

Portuguese	90
Hawaiians	25
Filipinos	10
Chinese	2
Porto Rican	1
Japanese	1

	129

SUMMARY OF EMPLOYMENT FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS.
99

OCCUPATION	Number Employed	Season	Hours Per Day	WAGES				QUALIFICATIONS:
OCCUPATION	Number Employed	Season	Hours Per Day	Hour	Day	Week	Month	QUALIFICATIONS:
Teachers Public School Private School	163 40	All year 10 mos.	5½				$50.00 to $83.33 37.50 to 125.00	Teachers Certificate.

Nurses	75	All year				$25.00 to $30.00		Hospital Diploma.

Stenographers	100	All year	7-8				35.00 to 150.00	English, Stenography and Typewriting.

Saleswomen and Clerks ^[11]	175	All yr ^[13]	8-14			$2.50 to $45.00		English, good appearance, good manners.

Seamstresses and Needle Women ^[12]	100	All year	8½-9		$1.00 to 2.50 .30 to 1.00

Laundry Employees	150	All yr^[13]	10-13		$3.50 to $6.00

Cannery Employees	651 ^[14] 142	4 mos. All year	10½ to 14	.05 to .15

Coffee Sorting and Packing	70	8 mos.	9			$3.00 to $7.00

The Industrial Condition OF WOMEN AND GIRLS IN HONOLULU A Social Study

PREFACE

FOREWORD

TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF KAIULANI HOME FOR GIRLS

GENERAL STATEMENT

CONSTRUCTIVE SUGGESTIONS

MUSLIN UNDERWEAR FACTORY.

AN HAWAIIAN SHOP

PROPOSED TRADE SCHOOL

VOCATIONAL AND EMPLOYMENT BUREAU

PUBLIC AMUSEMENTS

IWILEI AND THE WORKERS

THE WORKERS

HAWAIIAN.

JAPANESE.

CHINESE.

PORTUGUESE.

TEACHERS.

NURSES.

STENOGRAPHERS.

SHOPS AND STORES

SEAMSTRESSES AND NEEDLEWOMEN

LEI MAKING AND LAUHALA WEAVING

COFFEE SORTING AND PACKING

LAUNDRIES

THE CANNERIES

COST OF LIVING

HOURS

AN ACT

WAGES

GLOSSARY OF HAWAIIAN TERMS

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

The Industrial Condition
OF
WOMEN AND GIRLS
IN HONOLULU

A Social Study