^
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## ^

^ — “Power of” operator.

## Description

Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in

a + b * c.

In such cases three rules apply:

1. * and / bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as

a + (b * c)

with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.

2. + and − bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:

a && b - c || d

is taken as

(a && (b - c)) || d

3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:

a - b - c i

is taken as

(a - b) - c

Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.

The operator ^ raises a to the b power. b may not be audio-rate. Use with caution as precedence may not work correctly. See pow. (New in Csound version 3.493.)

## Syntax

    a ^  b  (b not audio-rate)

where the arguments a and b may be further expressions.

## Examples

Here is an example of the ^ operator. It uses the files raises.orc and raises.sco.

Example 19. Example of the ^ operator.

    /* raises.orc */
    ; Initialize the global variables.
    sr = 44100
    kr = 4410
    ksmps = 10
    nchnls = 1

    ; Instrument #1.
    instr 1
      i1 = 2 ^ 12
      print i1
    endin
    /* raises.orc */

    /* raises.sco */
    ; Play Instrument #1 for one second.
    i 1 0 1
    e
    /* raises.sco */

Its output should include a line like this:

    instr 1:  i1 = 4096.000

## See Also

-, +, &&, ||, *, /, %

## Credits

Example written by Kevin Conder.

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