21. Integration With External Systems
Kea provides optional support for a variety of external systems, such as RADIUS, NETCONF, YANG, and GSS-TSIG. The following sections describe how to compile Kea with those additional capabilities and how to configure them.
21.1. YANG/NETCONF
21.1.1. Overview
The Network Configuration Protocol, or NETCONF, is a network management protocol defined
in RFC 4741. It uses the YANG modeling language,
defined in RFC 6020, to provide a uniform way
of handling the configuration syntax of various networking devices. Kea provides optional
support for a YANG/NETCONF interface with the kea-netconf agent.
21.1.2. Installing NETCONF
To get its NETCONF capabilities, Kea requires the v2 versions of libyang and Sysrepo. The specific versions that have been thoroughly tested with Kea are:
libyang v2.1.4
sysrepo v2.2.12
libyang-cpp v1.1.0 (ae7d649ea75da081725c119dd553b2ef3121a6f8)
sysrepo-cpp v1.1.0 (02634174ffc60568301c3d9b9b7cf710cff6a586)
Note
For users who are unable to upgrade to one of the versions of libyang and Sysrepo listed above, these are the oldest versions known to work reliably with current Kea releases:
libyang v2.0.256 (56d4e07ef1cdeab3eb2e6700247f83ec9148edcc)
sysrepo v2.1.84
libyang-cpp v1.1.0 (7824d9a862f2dc1d8ad4f6a90ab6cee9200f7c81)
sysrepo-cpp v1.1.0 (e66b2f0c53a428eeb743d355cf86fb30e8e491f1)
Note
kea-netconf may be compatible with later versions of libyang and
Sysrepo, but only the versions listed above have been thoroughly
tested by ISC.
Installing from packages is recommended, if they are provided by the system. If not, users can build from sources following the directions below, which should work on all popular operating systems.
21.1.2.1. Installing libyang From Sources
$ git clone https://github.com/CESNET/libyang.git
$ cd libyang
$ git checkout v2.1.4
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ cmake ..
$ make
$ make install
21.1.2.2. Installing sysrepo From Sources
$ git clone https://github.com/sysrepo/sysrepo.git
$ cd sysrepo
$ git checkout v2.2.12
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ cmake -DREPO_PATH=/etc/sysrepo ..
$ make
$ make install # without sudo if you're doing development and want to run unit tests
21.1.2.3. Installing libyang-cpp From Sources
$ git clone https://github.com/CESNET/libyang-cpp.git
$ cd libyang-cpp
$ git checkout ae7d649ea75da081725c119dd553b2ef3121a6f8
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ cmake -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF ..
$ make
$ make install
21.1.2.4. Installing sysrepo-cpp From Sources
$ git clone https://github.com/sysrepo/sysrepo-cpp.git
$ cd sysrepo-cpp
$ git checkout 02634174ffc60568301c3d9b9b7cf710cff6a586
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ cmake -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF ..
$ make
$ make install
21.1.3. Compiling With NETCONF
Obtain the Kea sources.
$ git clone gitlab.isc.org/isc-projects/kea.git
$ cd kea
Configure the build.
$ autoreconf -i
$ ./configure --with-libyang --with-libyang-cpp --with-sysrepo --with-sysrepo-cpp
Note
If any of the libraries are installed in a custom location, the
--with flags accept the installations paths as values.
Check
config.reportto verify NETCONF support.
NETCONF:
yes
libyang:
LIBYANG_CPPFLAGS:
LIBYANG_INCLUDEDIR: -I/usr/local/include
LIBYANG_LIBS: -L/usr/local/lib -lyang -Wl,-R/usr/local/lib -lyang
LIBYANG_PREFIX: /usr/local
LIBYANG_VERSION: 2.1.4
libyang-cpp:
LIBYANGCPP_CPPFLAGS:
LIBYANGCPP_INCLUDEDIR: -I/usr/local/include
LIBYANGCPP_LIBS: -L/usr/local/lib -lyang-cpp -Wl,-R/usr/local/lib -lyang-cpp
LIBYANGCPP_PREFIX: /usr/local
LIBYANGCPP_VERSION: 1.1.0
sysrepo:
SYSREPO_CPPFLAGS:
SYSREPO_INCLUDEDIR: -I/usr/local/include
SYSREPO_LIBS: -L/usr/local/lib -lsysrepo -Wl,-R/usr/local/lib -lsysrepo
SYSREPO_PREFIX: /usr/local
SYSREPO_VERSION: 2.2.12
SR_REPO_PATH: /etc/sysrepo
SR_PLUGINS_PATH: /usr/local/lib/sysrepo/plugins
SRPD_PLUGINS_PATH: /usr/local/lib/sysrepo-plugind/plugins
sysrepo-cpp:
SYSREPOCPP_CPPFLAGS:
SYSREPOCPP_INCLUDEDIR: -I/usr/local/include
SYSREPOCPP_LIBS: -L/usr/local/lib -lsysrepo-cpp -Wl,-R/usr/local/lib -lsysrepo-cpp
SYSREPOCPP_PREFIX : /usr/local
SYSREPOCPP_VERSION: 1.1.0
Build as usual.
$ make
21.1.4. Quick Sysrepo Overview
This section offers a brief overview of a subset of available functions in Sysrepo. For more complete information, see the Sysrepo homepage.
In YANG, configurations and state data are described in YANG syntax
in module files named <module-name>[@<revision>].yang
The revision part is optional and follows the YYYY-MM-DD format. An alternate
XML syntax YIN is defined but less user-friendly. Top-level modules are
named in Kea models (a short version of schema models).
There are two major modules that Kea is able to support: kea-dhcp4-server and
kea-dhcp6-server. While there is an active effort in the DHC working group at
IETF to develop a DHCPv6 YANG model, a similar initiative in the past for DHCPv4
failed. Therefore, Kea uses its own dedicated models for DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 but
partially supports the IETF model for DHCPv6.
All of the models have extra modules as dependencies, which are also provided.
All of the modules can be found in src/share/yang/modules in sources and in
share/kea/yang/modules in the installation directory. This directory is
referred to as ${share_directory} in the commands below.
To install modules from sources or upgrade them from older revisions, run the following command. In the case of a revision upgrade, YANG data will be migrated automatically to the new module schema.
$ ${share_directory}/yang/modules/utils/reinstall.sh
However, if there are any issues during the upgrade process, and data can be recreated from a NETCONF client or through other means, Kea modules can be easily uninstalled before installing again via this command:
$ ${share_directory}/yang/modules/utils/reinstall.sh -u
This script should be able to reinstall Sysrepo. However, the -s
flag can also be used to specify a path:
$ ./src/share/yang/modules/utils/reinstall.sh -s /path/to/sysrepo
To individually install all modules:
$ cd ./src/share/yang/modules
$ sysrepoctl -i ./ietf-dhcpv6-server*.yang
$ sysrepoctl -i ./kea-dhcp4-server*.yang
$ sysrepoctl -i ./kea-dhcp6-server*.yang
...
The installation should look similar to the following:
$ ./src/share/yang/modules/utils/reinstall.sh
[INF] Connection 2 created.
[INF] Module "keatest-module" was installed.
[INF] File "keatest-module@2022-11-30.yang" was installed.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 4 created.
[ERR] Module "ietf-interfaces@2018-02-20" already installed.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 7 created.
[ERR] Module "ietf-dhcpv6-client" is already in sysrepo.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 9 created.
[ERR] Module "ietf-dhcpv6-relay" is already in sysrepo.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 11 created.
[ERR] Module "ietf-dhcpv6-server" is already in sysrepo.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 13 created.
[ERR] Write permission "ietf-yang-types" check failed.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 15 created.
[ERR] Module "ietf-dhcpv6-options" is already in sysrepo.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 17 created.
[ERR] Module "ietf-dhcpv6-types" is already in sysrepo.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 21 created.
[INF] Module "kea-types" was installed.
[INF] File "kea-types@2019-08-12.yang" was installed.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 23 created.
[INF] Module "kea-dhcp-types" was installed.
[INF] File "kea-dhcp-types@2022-11-30.yang" was installed.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 25 created.
[INF] Module "kea-dhcp-ddns" was installed.
[INF] File "kea-dhcp-ddns@2022-07-27.yang" was installed.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 27 created.
[INF] Module "kea-ctrl-agent" was installed.
[INF] File "kea-ctrl-agent@2019-08-12.yang" was installed.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 29 created.
[INF] Module "kea-dhcp4-server" was installed.
[INF] File "kea-dhcp4-server@2022-11-30.yang" was installed.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
[INF] Connection 31 created.
[INF] Module "kea-dhcp6-server" was installed.
[INF] File "kea-dhcp6-server@2022-11-30.yang" was installed.
[INF] No datastore changes to apply.
To confirm whether the modules have been imported correctly, check the list of currently installed YANG modules. It should be similar to this:
$ sysrepoctl -l
Sysrepo repository: /etc/sysrepo
Module Name | Revision | Flags | Owner | Startup Perms | Submodules | Features
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ietf-datastores | 2018-02-14 | I | user:user | 444 | |
ietf-dhcpv6-client | 2018-09-04 | I | user:user | 600 | |
ietf-dhcpv6-options | 2018-09-04 | I | user:user | 600 | |
ietf-dhcpv6-relay | 2018-09-04 | I | user:user | 600 | |
ietf-dhcpv6-server | 2018-09-04 | I | user:user | 600 | |
ietf-dhcpv6-types | 2018-09-04 | I | user:user | 600 | |
ietf-inet-types | 2013-07-15 | I | user:user | 444 | |
ietf-interfaces | 2018-02-20 | I | user:user | 600 | |
ietf-netconf | 2013-09-29 | I | user:user | 644 | |
ietf-netconf-acm | 2018-02-14 | I | user:user | 600 | |
ietf-netconf-notifications | 2012-02-06 | I | user:user | 644 | |
ietf-netconf-with-defaults | 2011-06-01 | I | user:user | 444 | |
ietf-origin | 2018-02-14 | I | user:user | 444 | |
ietf-yang-library | 2019-01-04 | I | user:user | 644 | |
ietf-yang-metadata | 2016-08-05 | i | | | |
ietf-yang-schema-mount | 2019-01-14 | I | user:user | 644 | |
ietf-yang-types | 2013-07-15 | I | user:user | 444 | |
kea-ctrl-agent | 2019-08-12 | I | user:user | 600 | |
kea-dhcp-ddns | 2022-07-27 | I | user:user | 600 | |
kea-dhcp-types | 2022-11-30 | I | user:user | 600 | |
kea-dhcp4-server | 2022-11-30 | I | user:user | 600 | |
kea-dhcp6-server | 2022-11-30 | I | user:user | 600 | |
kea-types | 2019-08-12 | I | user:user | 600 | |
keatest-module | 2022-11-30 | I | user:user | 600 | |
sysrepo-monitoring | 2022-04-08 | I | user:user | 600 | |
sysrepo-plugind | 2022-03-10 | I | user:user | 644 | |
yang | 2022-06-16 | I | user:user | 444 | |
Flags meaning: I - Installed/i - Imported; R - Replay support
To reinstall a module, if the revision YANG entry was bumped, simply installing it will update it automatically. Otherwise, it must first be uninstalled:
$ sysrepoctl -u kea-dhcp4-server
If the module is used (i.e. imported) by other modules, it can be uninstalled only after the dependent modules have first been uninstalled. Installation and uninstallation must be done in dependency order and reverse-dependency order, as appropriate.
21.1.5. Supported YANG Models
The currently supported models are kea-dhcp4-server and
kea-dhcp6-server. There is partial support for
ietf-dhcpv6-server, but the primary focus of testing has been on Kea DHCP
servers. Other models (kea-dhcp-ddns and kea-ctrl-agent)
are currently not supported.
21.1.6. Using the NETCONF Agent
The NETCONF agent follows this algorithm:
For each managed server, get the initial configuration from the server through the control socket.
Open a connection with the Sysrepo environment and establish two sessions with the startup and running datastores.
Check that the used (not-essential) and required (essential) modules are installed in the Sysrepo repository at the right revision. If an essential module - that is, a module where the configuration schema for a managed server is defined - is not installed, raise a fatal error.
For each managed server, get the YANG configuration from the startup datastore, translate it to JSON, and load it onto the server being configured.
For each managed server, subscribe a module change callback using its model name.
When a running configuration is changed, try to validate or load the updated configuration via the callback to the managed server.
21.1.7. Configuration
The behavior described in Using the NETCONF Agent is controlled by several configuration flags, which can be set in the global scope or in a specific managed-server scope. If the latter, the value defined in the managed-server scope takes precedence. These flags are:
boot-update- controls the initial configuration phase; whentrue(the default), the initial configuration retrieved from the classic Kea server JSON configuration file is loaded first, and then the startup YANG model is loaded. This setting lets administrators define a control socket in the local JSON file and then download the configuration from YANG. When set tofalse, this phase is skipped.subscribe-changes- controls the module change subscription; whentrue(the default), a module change callback is subscribed, but whenfalsethe phase is skipped and running configuration updates are disabled. When set totrue, the running datastore is used to subscribe for changes.validate-changes- controls how Kea monitors changes in the Sysrepo configuration. Sysrepo offers two stages where Kea can interact: validation and application. At the validation (orSR_EV_CHANGEevent, in the Sysrepo naming convention) stage, Kea retrieves the newly committed configuration and verifies it. If the configuration is incorrect for any reason, the Kea servers reject it and the error is propagated back to the Sysrepo, which then returns an error. This step only takes place ifvalidate-changesis set totrue. In the application (orSR_EV_UPDATEevent in the Sysrepo naming convention) stage, the actual configuration is applied. At this stage Kea can receive the configuration, but it is too late to signal back any errors as the configuration has already been committed.
The idea behind the initial configuration phase is to boot Kea servers with a minimal configuration which includes only a control socket, making them manageable. For instance, for the DHCPv4 server:
{
"Dhcp4": {
"control-socket": {
"socket-name": "/tmp/kea-dhcp4-ctrl.sock",
"socket-type": "unix"
}
}
}
With module change subscriptions enabled, the kea-netconf daemon
monitors any configuration changes as they appear in the Sysrepo. Such
changes can be done using the sysrepocfg tool or remotely using any
NETCONF client. For details, please see the Sysrepo documentation or
A Step-by-Step NETCONF Agent Operation Example.
Those tools can be used to modify YANG configurations in the running
datastore. Note that committed configurations are only updated in the
running datastore; to keep them between server reboots they must be
copied to the startup datastore.
When module changes are tracked (using subscribe-changes set to
true) and the running configuration has changed (e.g. using
sysrepocfg or any NETCONF client), the callback validates the
modified configuration (if validate-changes was not set to false)
and runs a second time to apply the new configuration. If the validation
fails, the callback is still called again but with an SR_EV_ABORT
(vs. SR_EV_DONE) event with rollback changes.
The returned code of the callback on an SR_EV_DONE event is ignored, as it is
too late to refuse a bad configuration.
There are four ways in which a modified YANG configuration might be incorrect:
It could be non-compliant with the schema, e.g. an unknown entry, missing a mandatory entry, a value with a bad type, or not matching a constraint.
It could fail to be translated from YANG to JSON, e.g. an invalid user context.
It could fail Kea server sanity checks, e.g. an out-of-subnet-pool range or an unsupported database type.
The syntax may be correct and pass server sanity checks but the configuration could fail to run, e.g. the configuration specifies database credentials but the database refuses the connection.
The first case is handled by Sysrepo. The second and third cases are
handled by kea-netconf in the validation phase (if not disabled by
setting validate-changes to true). The last case causes the
application phase to fail without a sensible report to Sysrepo.
The managed Kea servers and agents are described in the
managed-servers section. Each sub-section begins with the service
name: dhcp4, dhcp6, d2 (the DHCP-DDNS server does not
support the control-channel feature yet), and ca (the control
agent).
Each managed server entry may contain:
control flags -
boot-update,subscribe-changes, and/orvalidate-changes.model- specifies the YANG model/module name. For each service, the default is the corresponding Kea YANG model, e.g. for"dhcp4"it is"kea-dhcp4-server".control-socket- specifies the control socket for managing the service configuration.
A control socket is specified by:
socket-type- the socket type is eitherstdout,unix, orhttp.stdoutis the default; it is not really a socket, but it allowskea-netconfto run in debugging mode where everything is printed on stdout, and it can also be used to redirect commands easily.unixis the standard direct server control channel, which uses UNIX sockets;httpuses a control agent, which accepts HTTP connections.socket-name- the local socket name for theunixsocket type (default empty string).socket-url- the HTTP URL for thehttpsocket type (defaulthttp://127.0.0.1:8000/).
User contexts can store arbitrary data as long as they are in valid JSON syntax and their top-level element is a map (i.e. the data must be enclosed in curly brackets). They are accepted at the NETCONF entry, i.e. below the top-level, managed-service entry, and control-socket entry scopes.
Hook libraries can be loaded by the NETCONF agent just as with other
servers or agents; however, currently no hook points are defined. The
hooks-libraries list contains the list of hook libraries that
should be loaded by kea-netconf, along with their configuration
information specified with parameters.
Please consult Logging for details on how to configure
logging. The name of the NETCONF agent's main logger is kea-netconf, as
given in the example above.
21.1.8. A kea-netconf Configuration Example
The following example demonstrates the basic NETCONF configuration. More
examples are available in the doc/examples/netconf directory in the
Kea sources.
// This is a simple example of a configuration for the NETCONF agent.
// This server provides a YANG interface for all Kea servers and the agent.
{
"Netconf":
{
// Control flags can be defined in the global scope or
// in a managed server scope. Precedences are:
// - use the default value (true)
// - use the global value
// - use the local value.
// So this overwrites the default value:
"boot-update": false,
// This map specifies how each server is managed. For each server there
// is a name of the YANG model to be used and the control channel.
// Currently three control channel types are supported:
// "stdout" which outputs the configuration on the standard output,
// "unix" which uses the local control channel supported by the
// "dhcp4" and "dhcp6" servers ("d2" support is not yet available),
// and "http" which uses the Control Agent "ca" to manage itself or
// to forward commands to "dhcp4" or "dhcp6".
"managed-servers":
{
// This is how kea-netconf can communicate with the DHCPv4 server.
"dhcp4":
{
"comment": "DHCPv4 server",
"model": "kea-dhcp4-server",
"control-socket":
{
"socket-type": "unix",
"socket-name": "/tmp/kea4-ctrl-socket"
}
},
// DHCPv6 parameters.
"dhcp6":
{
"model": "kea-dhcp6-server",
"control-socket":
{
"socket-type": "unix",
"socket-name": "/tmp/kea6-ctrl-socket"
}
},
// Currently the DHCP-DDNS (nicknamed D2) server does not support
// a command channel.
"d2":
{
"model": "kea-dhcp-ddns",
"control-socket":
{
"socket-type": "stdout",
"user-context": { "in-use": false }
}
},
// Of course the Control Agent (CA) supports HTTP.
"ca":
{
"model": "kea-ctrl-agent",
"control-socket":
{
"socket-type": "http",
"socket-url": "http://127.0.0.1:8000/"
}
}
},
// kea-netconf is able to load hook libraries that augment its operation.
// Currently there are no hook points defined in kea-netconf
// processing.
"hooks-libraries": [
// The hook libraries list may contain more than one library.
{
// The only necessary parameter is the library filename.
"library": "/opt/local/custom_hooks_example.so",
// Some libraries may support parameters. Make sure you
// type this section carefully, as kea-netconf does not
// validate it (because the format is library-specific).
"parameters": {
"param1": "foo"
}
}
],
// Similar to other Kea components, NETCONF also uses logging.
"loggers": [
{
"name": "kea-netconf",
"output-options": [
{
"output": "/var/log/kea-netconf.log",
// Several additional parameters are possible in
// addition to the typical output.
// Flush determines whether logger flushes output
// to a file.
// Maxsize determines maximum filesize before
// the file is rotated.
// Maxver specifies the maximum number of
// rotated files to be kept.
"flush": true,
"maxsize": 204800,
"maxver": 4
}
],
"severity": "INFO",
"debuglevel": 0
}
]
}
}
21.1.9. Starting and Stopping the NETCONF Agent
kea-netconf accepts the following command-line switches:
-c file- specifies the configuration file.-d- specifies whether the agent logging should be switched to debug/verbose mode. In verbose mode, the logging severity and debuglevel specified in the configuration file are ignored and "debug" severity and the maximum debuglevel (99) are assumed. The flag is convenient for temporarily switching the server into maximum verbosity, e.g. when debugging.-t file- specifies the configuration file to be tested.kea-netconfattempts to load it and conducts sanity checks; certain checks are possible only while running the actual server. The actual status is reported with exit code (0 = configuration appears valid, 1 = error encountered). Kea prints out log messages to standard output and error to standard error when testing the configuration.-v- displays the version ofkea-netconfand exits.-V- displays the extended version information forkea-netconfand exits. The listing includes the versions of the libraries dynamically linked to Kea.-W- displays the Kea configuration report and exits. The report is a copy of theconfig.reportfile produced by./configure; it is embedded in the executable binary.The contents of the
config.reportfile may also be accessed by examining certain libraries in the installation tree or in the source tree.# from installation using libkea-process.so $ strings ${prefix}/lib/libkea-process.so | sed -n 's/;;;; //p' # from sources using libkea-process.so $ strings src/lib/process/.libs/libkea-process.so | sed -n 's/;;;; //p' # from sources using libkea-process.a $ strings src/lib/process/.libs/libkea-process.a | sed -n 's/;;;; //p' # from sources using libcfgrpt.a $ strings src/lib/process/cfgrpt/.libs/libcfgrpt.a | sed -n 's/;;;; //p'
21.1.10. A Step-by-Step NETCONF Agent Operation Example
Note
Copies of example configurations presented within this section can be
found in the Kea source code, under
doc/examples/netconf/kea-dhcp6-operations.
21.1.10.1. Setup of NETCONF Agent Operation Example
The test box has an Ethernet interface named eth1. On some systems it is possible to rename interfaces; for instance, on Linux with an ens38 interface:
# ip link set down dev ens38
# ip link set name eth1 dev ens38
# ip link set up dev eth1
The interface must have an address in the test prefix:
# ip -6 addr add 2001:db8::1/64 dev eth1
The Kea DHCPv6 server must be launched with the configuration specifying
a control socket used to receive control commands. The kea-netconf
process uses this socket to communicate with the DHCPv6 server, i.e. it
pushes translated configurations to that server using control commands.
The following is an example control socket specification for the Kea
DHCPv6 server:
{
"Dhcp6": {
"control-socket": {
"socket-name": "/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock",
"socket-type": "unix"
}
}
}
In order to launch the Kea DHCPv6 server using the configuration
contained within the boot.json file, run:
# kea-dhcp6 -d -c boot.json
The current configuration of the server can be fetched via a control socket by running:
# echo '{ "command": "config-get" }' | socat UNIX:/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock '-,ignoreeof'
The following is the example netconf.json configuration for
kea-netconf, to manage the Kea DHCPv6 server:
{
"Netconf": {
"loggers": [
{
"debuglevel": 99,
"name": "kea-netconf",
"output-options": [
{
"output": "stderr"
}
],
"severity": "DEBUG"
}
],
"managed-servers": {
"dhcp6": {
"control-socket": {
"socket-name": "/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock",
"socket-type": "unix"
}
}
}
}
}
Note that in production there should not be a need to log at the DEBUG level.
The Kea NETCONF agent is launched by:
# kea-netconf -d -c netconf.json
Now that both kea-netconf and kea-dhcp6 are running, it is
possible to populate updates to the configuration to the DHCPv6 server.
The following is the configuration extracted from startup.xml:
<config xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:kea-dhcp6-server">
<subnet6>
<id>1</id>
<pool>
<start-address>2001:db8::1:0</start-address>
<end-address>2001:db8::1:ffff</end-address>
<prefix>2001:db8::1:0/112</prefix>
</pool>
<subnet>2001:db8::/64</subnet>
</subnet6>
<interfaces-config>
<interfaces>eth1</interfaces>
</interfaces-config>
<control-socket>
<socket-name>/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock</socket-name>
<socket-type>unix</socket-type>
</control-socket>
</config>
To populate this new configuration:
$ sysrepocfg -d startup -f xml -m kea-dhcp6-server --import=startup.xml
kea-netconf pushes the configuration found in the Sysrepo startup
datastore to all Kea servers during its initialization phase, after it
subscribes to module changes in the Sysrepo running datastore. This
action copies the configuration from the startup datastore to the
running datastore and enables the running datastore, making it
available.
Changes to the running datastore are applied after validation to the Kea servers. Note that they are not by default copied back to the startup datastore, i.e. changes are not permanent.
Note
kea-netconf fetches the entire configuration from any Sysrepo datastore in a
single get-config NETCONF operation. Prior to Kea 2.3.2, a get-config operation
was done for each leaf and leaf-list node. Because of the significant changes,
kea-netconf is considered experimental.
21.1.10.2. Example of Error Handling in NETCONF Operation
There are four classes of issues with configurations applied via NETCONF:
The configuration does not comply with the YANG schema.
The configuration cannot be translated from YANG to the Kea JSON.
The configuration is rejected by the Kea server.
The configuration was validated by the Kea server but cannot be applied.
In the first case, consider the following BAD-schema.xml
configuration file:
<config xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:kea-dhcp6-server">
<subnet4>
<id>1</id>
<pool>
<start-address>2001:db8::1:0</start-address>
<end-address>2001:db8::1:ffff</end-address>
<prefix>2001:db8::1:0/112</prefix>
</pool>
<subnet>2001:db8::/64</subnet>
</subnet6>
<interfaces-config>
<interfaces>eth1</interfaces>
</interfaces-config>
<control-socket>
<socket-name>/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock</socket-name>
<socket-type>unix</socket-type>
</control-socket>
</config>
It is directly rejected by sysrepocfg:
$ sysrepocfg -d running -f xml -m kea-dhcp6-server --import=BAD-schema.xml
In the second case, the configuration is rejected by kea-netconf.
For example, consider this BAD-translator.xml file:
<config xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:kea-dhcp6-server">
<subnet6>
<id>1</id>
<pool>
<start-address>2001:db8::1:0</start-address>
<end-address>2001:db8::1:ffff</end-address>
<prefix>2001:db8::1:0/112</prefix>
</pool>
<subnet>2001:db8::/64</subnet>
</subnet6>
<interfaces-config>
<interfaces>eth1</interfaces>
</interfaces-config>
<control-socket>
<socket-name>/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock</socket-name>
<socket-type>unix</socket-type>
</control-socket>
<user-context>bad</user-context>
</config>
In the third case, the configuration is presented to the Kea DHCPv6
server and fails to validate, as in this BAD-config.xml file:
<config xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:kea-dhcp6-server">
<subnet6>
<id>1</id>
<pool>
<start-address>2001:db8:1::0</start-address>
<end-address>2001:db8:1::ffff</end-address>
<prefix>2001:db8:1::0/112</prefix>
</pool>
<subnet>2001:db8::/64</subnet>
</subnet6>
<interfaces-config>
<interfaces>eth1</interfaces>
</interfaces-config>
<control-socket>
<socket-name>/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock</socket-name>
<socket-type>unix</socket-type>
</control-socket>
</config>
In the last case, the misconfiguration is detected too late and the change must be reverted in Sysrepo, e.g. using the startup datastore as a backup.
21.1.10.3. NETCONF Operation Example with Two Pools
This example adds a second pool to the initial (i.e. startup)
configuration in the twopools.xml file:
<config xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:kea-dhcp6-server">
<subnet6>
<id>1</id>
<pool>
<start-address>2001:db8::1:0</start-address>
<end-address>2001:db8::1:ffff</end-address>
<prefix>2001:db8::1:0/112</prefix>
</pool>
<pool>
<start-address>2001:db8::2:0</start-address>
<end-address>2001:db8::2:ffff</end-address>
<prefix>2001:db8::2:0/112</prefix>
</pool>
<subnet>2001:db8::/64</subnet>
</subnet6>
<interfaces-config>
<interfaces>eth1</interfaces>
</interfaces-config>
<control-socket>
<socket-name>/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock</socket-name>
<socket-type>unix</socket-type>
</control-socket>
</config>
This configuration is installed by:
$ sysrepocfg -d running -f xml -m kea-dhcp6-server --import=twopools.xml
21.1.10.4. NETCONF Operation Example with Two Subnets
This example specifies two subnets in the twosubnets.xml file:
<config xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:kea-dhcp6-server">
<subnet6>
<id>1</id>
<pool>
<start-address>2001:db8:1::</start-address>
<end-address>2001:db8:1::ffff</end-address>
<prefix>2001:db8:1::/112</prefix>
</pool>
<subnet>2001:db8:1::/64</subnet>
</subnet6>
<subnet6>
<id>2</id>
<pool>
<start-address>2001:db8:2::</start-address>
<end-address>2001:db8:2::ffff</end-address>
<prefix>2001:db8:2::/112</prefix>
</pool>
<subnet>2001:db8:2::/64</subnet>
</subnet6>
<interfaces-config>
<interfaces>eth1</interfaces>
</interfaces-config>
<control-socket>
<socket-name>/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock</socket-name>
<socket-type>unix</socket-type>
</control-socket>
</config>
This configuration is installed by:
$ sysrepocfg -d running -f xml -m kea-dhcp6-server --import=twosubnets.xml
21.1.10.5. NETCONF Operation Example With Logging
This example adds a logger entry to the initial (i.e. startup)
configuration in the logging.xml file:
<config xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:kea-dhcp6-server">
<interfaces-config>
<interfaces>eth1</interfaces>
</interfaces-config>
<subnet6>
<id>1</id>
<pool>
<start-address>2001:db8::1:0</start-address>
<end-address>2001:db8::1:ffff</end-address>
<prefix>2001:db8::1:0/112</prefix>
</pool>
<subnet>2001:db8::/64</subnet>
</subnet6>
<control-socket>
<socket-name>/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock</socket-name>
<socket-type>unix</socket-type>
</control-socket>
<logger>
<name>kea-dhcp6</name>
<output-option>
<output>stderr</output>
</output-option>
<debuglevel>99</debuglevel>
<severity>DEBUG</severity>
</logger>
</config>
The corresponding Kea configuration in JSON is:
{
"Dhcp6": {
"control-socket": {
"socket-name": "/tmp/kea-dhcp6-ctrl.sock",
"socket-type": "unix"
},
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1" ]
},
"subnet6": [
{
"id": 1,
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8::1:0/112"
}
],
"subnet": "2001:db8::/64"
}
],
"loggers": [
{
"name": "kea-dhcp6",
"output-options": [
{
"output": "stderr"
}
],
"severity": "DEBUG",
"debuglevel": 99
}
]
}
}
Finally, any of the previous examples can be replayed by using
sysrepocfg in edit mode as follows:
$ sysrepocfg -d running -f xml -m kea-dhcp6-server --edit
or by using a NETCONF client like netopeer2-cli from the
Netopeer2 NETCONF Toolset.
21.1.10.6. Migrating YANG Data From a Prior Sysrepo Version
1. Shut down kea-netconf. This ensures that backups for both datastores
are done at the same configuration state and that no change happens between exporting them.
Make data backups for all YANG modules, with one XML for each datastore.
$ sysrepocfg --datastore running --export=save.xml --format=xml
$ sysrepocfg --datastore startup --export=save.xml --format=xml
Note
Sysrepo v0 does not support import/export of all YANG modules; this capability was added in Sysrepo v1. Users that are migrating from Sysrepo v0 will need to do per-module backups. This has the added benefit of isolating potential failures and preventing them from affecting all modules. The command is the same, except it has the module name added to it at the end.
$ sysrepocfg --datastore running --export=save.xml --format=xml kea-dhcp6-server
$ sysrepocfg --datastore startup --export=save.xml --format=xml kea-dhcp6-server
Upgrade Sysrepo to the newer version and then run:
$ sysrepocfg --datastore running --import=save.xml
$ sysrepocfg --datastore startup --import=save.xml
21.2. GSS-TSIG
21.2.1. GSS-TSIG Overview
Kea provides support for DNS updates, which can be protected using Transaction Signatures (or TSIG). This protection is often adequate. However, some systems, in particular Active Directory (AD) on Microsoft Windows servers, have chosen to adopt a more complex GSS-TSIG approach that offers additional capabilities, such as using negotiated dynamic keys.
Kea supports GSS-TSIG to protect DNS updates sent by
the Kea DHCP-DDNS (D2) server in a premium hook, called libddns_gss_tsig.so.
GSS-TSIG is defined in RFC 3645. The GSS-TSIG protocol itself is an implementation of generic GSS-API v2 services, defined in RFC 2743.
Many protocols are involved in this mechanism:
Kerberos 5 - RFC 4120, which provides the security framework;
GSS-API (Generic Security Services Application Program Interface) - RFC 2743 for the API, RFC 2744 for the C bindings, and RFC 4121 for the application to Kerberos 5;
SPNEGO (Simple and Protected GSS-API Negotiation Mechanism) - RFC 4178 for the negotiation;
DNS update RFC 2136;
TSIG (Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS) - RFC 8945, which protects DNS exchanges;
Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update - RFC 3007, which is the application of TSIG to DNS update protection;
TKEY (Secret Key Establishment for DNS) - RFC 2930, which establishes secret keys for TSIG by transmitting crypto payloads between DNS parties; and
GSS-TSIG - RFC 3645, which is the application of GSS-API to TSIG.
To summarize, GSS-API for Kerberos 5 with SPNEGO and TKEY are used to negotiate a security context between the Kea D2 server and a DNS server:
The security context is then used by GSS-TSIG to protect updates:
The Kea implementation of GSS-TSIG uses a GSS-API for Kerberos 5 with the SPNEGO library. Two implementations meet this criteria: MIT Kerberos 5 and Heimdal.
21.2.2. GSS-TSIG Compilation
The following procedure was tested on Ubuntu 20.10 and 21.04. A similar approach can be applied to other systems.
Obtain the Kea sources and premium packages, extract the Kea sources, and then extract the premium packages into the
premium/directory within the Kea source tree.Run autoreconf:
autoreconf -i
Make sure
./configure --helpshows the--with-gssapioption.Install either the MIT (
libkrb5-dev) or the Heimdal (heimdal-dev) library, for instance:
sudo apt install libkrb5-dev
Run
configurewith the--with-gssapioption:
./configure --with-gssapi
The --with-gssapi parameter requires the krb5-config tool to be present. This
tool is provided by both MIT Kerberos 5 and Heimdal; however, on some systems
where both Kerberos 5 and Heimdal are installed, it is a symbolic link
to one of them. If the tool is not in the standard location, it can be specified
with --with-gssapi=/path/to/krb5-config. It is strongly recommended
to use the default installation locations provided by the packages.
The ./configure script should complete with a successful GSS-API
detection, similar to this:
GSS-API support:
GSSAPI_CFLAGS: -isystem /usr/include/mit-krb5
GSSAPI_LIBS: -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mit-krb5 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro -lgssapi_krb5 -lkrb5 -lk5crypto -lcom_err
Compile
make -jX, where X is the number of CPU cores available.After compilation,
libddns_gss_tsig.sois available in thepremium/src/hooks/d2/gss_tsigdirectory. It can be loaded bykea-dhcp-ddns.
libddns_gss_tsig.so was developed using the MIT Kerberos 5 implementation, but
Heimdal is also supported. Note that Heimdal is picky about
security-sensitive file permissions and is known to emit an unclear error message.
It is a good idea to keep these files plain, with one link and no
access for the group or other users.
The krb5-config script should provide an --all option which
identifies the implementation.
21.2.3. GSS-TSIG Deployment
Before using GSS-TSIG, a GSS-TSIG capable DNS server, such as BIND 9 or Microsoft Active Directory (AD), must be deployed. Other GSS-TSIG capable implementations may work, but have not been tested.
21.2.3.1. Kerberos 5 Setup
There are two kinds of key tables (keytab files): the system one used by servers, and client tables used by clients. For Kerberos 5, Kea is a client.
Install the Kerberos 5 client library and kadmin tool:
sudo apt install krb5-kdc krb5-admin-server
The following examples use the EXAMPLE.ORG realm to demonstrate required
configuration steps and settings.
The Kerberos 5 client library must be configured to accept incoming requests
for the realm EXAMPLE.ORG by updating the krb5.conf file
(e.g. on Linux: /etc/krb5.conf):
[libdefaults]
default_realm = EXAMPLE.ORG
kdc_timesync = 1
ccache_type = 4
forwardable = true
proxiable = true
[realms]
EXAMPLE.ORG = {
kdc = kdc.example.org
admin_server = kdc.example.org
}
In addition to the krb5.conf file, the kdc.conf file can be used
(e.g. on Linux: /etc/krb5kdc/kdc.conf):
[kdcdefaults]
kdc_ports = 750,88
[realms]
EXAMPLE.ORG = {
database_name = /var/lib/krb5kdc/principal
admin_keytab = FILE:/etc/krb5kdc/kadm5.keytab
acl_file = /etc/krb5kdc/kadm5.acl
key_stash_file = /etc/krb5kdc/stash
kdc_ports = 750,88
max_life = 10h 0m 0s
max_renewable_life = 7d 0h 0m 0s
master_key_type = des3-hmac-sha1
#supported_enctypes = aes256-cts:normal aes128-cts:normal
default_principal_flags = +preauth
}
The kadmind daemon Access Control List (ACL) must be configured to give
permissions to the DNS client principal to access the Kerberos 5 database
(e.g. on Linux: /etc/krb5kdc/kadm5.acl):
DHCP/admin.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG *
The administrator password for the default realm must be set:
krb5_newrealm
After the following message is displayed, enter the password for the default realm:
This script should be run on the master KDC/admin server to initialize
a Kerberos realm. It will ask you to type in a master key password.
This password will be used to generate a key that is stored in
/etc/krb5kdc/stash. You should try to remember this password, but it
is much more important that it be a strong password than that it be
remembered. However, if you lose the password and /etc/krb5kdc/stash,
you cannot decrypt your Kerberos database.
Loading random data
Initializing database '/var/lib/krb5kdc/principal' for realm 'EXAMPLE.ORG',
master key name 'K/M@EXAMPLE.ORG'
You will be prompted for the database Master Password.
It is important that you NOT FORGET this password.
Enter KDC database master key:
Then retype the password:
Re-enter KDC database master key to verify:
If successfully applied, the following message is displayed:
Now that your realm is set up you may wish to create an administrative
principal using the addprinc subcommand of the kadmin.local program.
Then, this principal can be added to /etc/krb5kdc/kadm5.acl so that
you can use the kadmin program on other computers. Kerberos admin
principals usually belong to a single user and end in /admin. For
example, if jruser is a Kerberos administrator, then in addition to
the normal jruser principal, a jruser/admin principal should be
created.
Don't forget to set up DNS information so your clients can find your
KDC and admin servers. Doing so is documented in the administration
guide.
The next step is to create the principals for the BIND 9 DNS server (the service protected by the GSS-TSIG TKEY) and for the DNS client (the Kea DHCP-DDNS server).
The BIND 9 DNS server principal (used for authentication) is created the following way:
kadmin.local -q "addprinc -randkey DNS/server.example.org"
If successfully created, the following message is displayed:
No policy specified for DNS/server.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG; defaulting to no policy
Authenticating as principal root/admin@EXAMPLE.ORG with password.
Principal "DNS/server.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG" created.
The DNS server principal must be exported so that it can be used by the BIND 9
DNS server. Only this principal is required, and it is exported to the keytab
file with the name dns.keytab.
kadmin.local -q "ktadd -k /tmp/dns.keytab DNS/server.example.org"
If successfully exported, the following message is displayed:
Authenticating as principal root/admin@EXAMPLE.ORG with password.
Entry for principal DNS/server.example.org with kvno 2, encryption type aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab WRFILE:/tmp/dns.keytab.
Entry for principal DNS/server.example.org with kvno 2, encryption type aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab WRFILE:/tmp/dns.keytab.
The DHCP client principal (used by the Kea DHCP-DDNS server) is created the following way:
kadmin.local -q "addprinc -randkey DHCP/admin.example.org"
If successfully created, the following message is displayed:
No policy specified for DHCP/admin.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG; defaulting to no policy
Authenticating as principal root/admin@EXAMPLE.ORG with password.
Principal "DHCP/admin.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG" created.
The DHCP client principal must be exported so that it can be used by the
Kea DHCP-DDNS server and the GSS-TSIG hook library. It is exported to the client
keytab file with the name dhcp.keytab.
kadmin.local -q "ktadd -k /tmp/dhcp.keytab DHCP/admin.example.org"
Finally, the krb5-admin-server must be restarted:
systemctl restart krb5-admin-server.service
21.2.3.2. BIND 9 with GSS-TSIG Configuration
The BIND 9 DNS server must be configured to use GSS-TSIG, and to use the
previously exported DNS server principal from the keytab file dns.keytab.
Updating the named.conf file is required:
options {
...
directory "/var/cache/bind";
dnssec-validation auto;
listen-on-v6 { any; };
tkey-gssapi-keytab "/etc/bind/dns.keytab";
};
zone "example.org" {
type master;
file "/var/lib/bind/db.example.org";
update-policy {
grant "DHCP/admin.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG" zonesub any;
};
};
zone "84.102.10.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "/etc/bind/db.10";
};
The zone files should have an entry for the server principal FQDN
server.example.org.
The /etc/bind/db.10 file needs to be created or updated:
;
; BIND reverse data file for local loopback interface
;
$TTL 604800 ; 1 week
@ IN SOA server.example.org. root.example.org. (
2 ; Serial
604800 ; Refresh
86400 ; Retry
2419200 ; Expire
604800 ; Negative Cache TTL
)
;
@ IN NS ns.
40 IN PTR ns.example.org.
The /var/lib/bind/db.example.org file needs to be created or updated:
$ORIGIN .
$TTL 604800 ; 1 week
example.org IN SOA server.example.org. root.example.org. (
8 ; serial
604800 ; refresh (1 week)
86400 ; retry (1 day)
2419200 ; expire (4 weeks)
604800 ; minimum (1 week)
)
NS example.org.
A ${BIND9_IP_ADDR}
AAAA ::1
$ORIGIN example.org.
kdc A ${KDC_IP_ADDR}
server A ${BIND9_IP_ADDR}
After any configuration change the server must be reloaded or restarted:
systemctl restart named.service
It is possible to get the status or restart the logs:
systemctl status named.service
journalctl -u named | tail -n 30
21.2.3.3. Windows Active Directory Configuration
This sub-section is based on an Amazon AWS provided Microsoft Windows Server 2016 with Active Directory pre-installed, so it describes only the steps used for GSS-TSIG deployment. (For the complete configuration process, please refer to Microsoft's documentation or other external resources. We found this tutorial very useful during configuration of our internal QA testing systems.)
- Two Active Directory (AD) user accounts are needed:
the first account is used to download AD information, such as the client key table of Kea
the second account is mapped to the Kea DHCP client principal
- Kea needs to know:
the server IP address
the domain/realm name: the domain is in lower case, the realm in upper case, both without a final dot
the server name
The second account (named kea below) is used to create a Service
Principal Name (SPN):
setspn -S DHCP/kea.<domain> kea
After a shared secret key is generated and put in a key table file:
ktpass -princ DHCP/kea.<domain>@<REALM> -mapuser kea +rndpass -mapop set -ptype KRB5_NT_PRINCIPAL -out dhcp.keytab
The dhcp.keytab takes the same usage as for UNIX Kerberos.
21.2.3.4. GSS-TSIG Troubleshooting
While testing GSS-TSIG integration with Active Directory we came across one very cryptic error:
INFO [kea-dhcp-ddns.gss-tsig-hooks/4678.139690935890624] GSS_TSIG_VERIFY_FAILED GSS-TSIG verify failed: gss_verify_mic failed with GSSAPI error:
Major = 'A token had an invalid Message Integrity Check (MIC)' (393216), Minor = 'Packet was replayed in wrong direction' (100002).
In our case, the problem was that the Kea D2 server was trying to perform an update of a reverse DNS zone while it was not configured. An easy solution is to add a reverse DNS zone similar to the one configured in Kea. To do that, open the "DNS Manager" and choose "DNS" from the list; from the dropdown list, choose "Reverse Lookup Zones"; then click "Action" and "New Zone"; finally, follow the New Zone Wizard to add a new zone.
The standard requires both anti-replay and sequence services. Experiences with the BIND 9 nsupdate showed the sequence service led to problems so it is disabled by default in the hook. It seems the anti-replay service can also lead to problems with Microsoft DNS servers so it is now configurable. Note that these security services are useless for DNS dynamic update which was designed to run over UDP so with out of order and duplicated messages.
21.2.4. Using GSS-TSIG
There are a number of steps required to enable the GSS-TSIG mechanism:
libddns_gss_tsig.somust be loaded bykea-dhcp-ddns.The GSS-TSIG-capable DNS servers must be specified with their parameters.
An excerpt from a D2 server configuration is provided below; more examples are available in the
doc/examples/ddns directory in the Kea sources.
1 {
2 "DhcpDdns": {
3 // The following parameters are used to receive NCRs (NameChangeRequests)
4 // from the local Kea DHCP server. Make sure your kea-dhcp4 and kea-dhcp6
5 // matches this.
6 "ip-address": "127.0.0.1",
7 "port": 53001,
8 "dns-server-timeout" : 1000,
9
10 // Forward zone: secure.example.org. It uses GSS-TSIG. It is served
11 // by two DNS servers, which listen for DDNS requests at 192.0.2.1
12 // and 192.0.2.2.
13 "forward-ddns":
14 {
15 "ddns-domains":
16 [
17 // DdnsDomain for zone "secure.example.org."
18 {
19 "name": "secure.example.org.",
20 "comment": "DdnsDomain example",
21 "dns-servers":
22 [
23 { // This server has an entry in gss/servers and
24 // thus will use GSS-TSIG.
25 "ip-address": "192.0.2.1"
26 },
27 { // This server also has an entry there, so will
28 // use GSS-TSIG, too.
29 "ip-address": "192.0.2.2",
30 "port": 5300
31 }
32 ]
33 }
34 ]
35 },
36
37 // Reverse zone: we want to update the reverse zone "2.0.192.in-addr.arpa".
38 "reverse-ddns":
39 {
40 "ddns-domains":
41 [
42 {
43 "name": "2.0.192.in-addr.arpa.",
44 "dns-servers":
45 [
46 {
47 // There is a GSS-TSIG definition for this server (see
48 // DhcpDdns/gss-tsig/servers), so it will use
49 // Krb/GSS-TSIG.
50 "ip-address": "192.0.2.1"
51 }
52 ]
53 }
54 ]
55 },
56
57 // The GSS-TSIG hook is loaded and its configuration is specified here.
58 "hooks-libraries": [
59 {
60 "library": "/opt/lib/libddns_gss_tsig.so",
61 "parameters": {
62 // This section governs the GSS-TSIG integration. Each server
63 // mentioned in forward-ddns and/or reverse-ddns needs to have
64 // an entry here to be able to use GSS-TSIG defaults (optional,
65 // if specified they apply to all the GSS-TSIG servers, unless
66 // overwritten on specific server level).
67
68 "server-principal": "DNS/server.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG",
69 "client-principal": "DHCP/admin.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG",
70
71 // client-keytab and credentials-cache can both be used to
72 // store client keys. As credentials cache is more flexible,
73 // it is recommended to use it. Typically, using both at the
74 // same time may cause problems.
75 // "client-keytab": "FILE:/etc/dhcp.keytab", // toplevel only
76 "credentials-cache": "FILE:/etc/ccache", // toplevel only
77 "gss-replay-flag": true, // GSS anti replay service
78 "gss-sequence-flag": false, // no GSS sequence service
79 "tkey-lifetime": 3600, // 1 hour
80 "rekey-interval": 2700, // 45 minutes
81 "retry-interval": 120, // 2 minutes
82 "tkey-protocol": "TCP",
83 "fallback": false,
84
85 // The list of GSS-TSIG capable servers
86 "servers": [
87 {
88 // First server (identification is required)
89 "id": "server1",
90 "domain-names": [ ], // if not specified or empty, will
91 // match all domains that want to
92 // use this IP+port pair
93 "ip-address": "192.0.2.1",
94 "port": 53,
95 "server-principal": "DNS/server1.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG",
96 "client-principal": "DHCP/admin1.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG",
97 "gss-replay-flag": false, // no GSS anti replay service
98 "gss-sequence-flag": false, // no GSS sequence service
99 "tkey-lifetime": 7200, // 2 hours
100 "rekey-interval": 5400, // 90 minutes
101 "retry-interval": 240, // 4 minutes
102 "tkey-protocol": "TCP",
103 "fallback": true // if no key is available fallback to the
104 // standard behavior (vs skip this server)
105 },
106 {
107 // The second server (it has most of the parameters missing
108 // as those are using the defaults specified above)
109 "id": "server2",
110 "ip-address": "192.0.2.2",
111 "port": 5300
112 }
113 ]
114 }
115 }
116 ]
117
118 // Additional parameters, such as logging, control socket and
119 // others omitted for clarity.
120 }
121
122 }
This configuration file contains a number of extra elements.
First, a list of forward and/or reverse domains with related DNS servers identified by their IP+port pairs is defined. If the port is not specified, the default of 53 is assumed. This is similar to basic mode, with no authentication done using TSIG keys, with the exception that static TSIG keys are not referenced by name.
Second, libddns_gss_tsig.so must be specified on the
hooks-libraries list. This hook takes many parameters. The most important
one is servers, which is a list of GSS-TSIG-capable servers. If there are
several servers and they share some characteristics, the values can be specified
in the parameters scope as defaults. In the example above, the defaults that apply
to all servers, unless otherwise specified on a per-server scope, are defined in
lines 63 through 68. The defaults can be skipped if there is only one server
defined, or if all servers have different values.
Name |
Scope |
Type |
Default value |
Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
client-keytab |
global / server |
string |
empty |
the Kerberos client key table |
credentials-cache |
global / server |
string |
empty |
the Kerberos credentials cache |
server-principal |
global / server |
string |
empty |
the Kerberos principal name of the DNS server that will receive updates |
client-principal |
global / server |
string |
empty |
the Kerberos principal name of the Kea D2 service |
gss-replay-flag |
global / server |
true / false |
true |
require the GSS anti replay service (GSS_C_REPLAY_FLAG) |
gss-sequence-flag |
global / server |
true / false |
false |
require the GSS sequence service (GSS_C_SEQUENCE_FLAG) |
tkey-protocol |
global / server |
string "TCP" / "UDP" |
"TCP" |
the protocol used to establish the security context with the DNS servers |
tkey-lifetime |
global / server |
uint32 |
3600 seconds
( 1 hour )
|
the lifetime of GSS-TSIG keys |
rekey-interval |
global / server |
uint32 |
2700 seconds
( 45 minutes )
|
the time interval the keys are checked for rekeying |
retry-interval |
global / server |
uint32 |
120 seconds
( 2 minutes )
|
the time interval to retry to create a key if any error occurred previously |
fallback |
global / server |
true / false |
false |
the behavior to fallback to non-GSS-TSIG when GSS-TSIG should be used but no GSS-TSIG key is available. |
exchange-timeout |
global / server |
uint32 |
3000 milliseconds
( 3 seconds )
|
the time used to wait for the GSS-TSIG TKEY exchange to finish before it timeouts |
user-context |
global / server |
string |
empty |
the user-provided data in JSON format (not used by the GSS-TSIG hook) |
comment |
global / server |
string |
empty |
ignored |
id |
server |
string |
empty |
identifier to a DNS server (required) |
domain-names |
server |
list of strings |
empty |
the many-to-one relationship between D2 DNS servers and GSS-TSIG DNS servers |
ip-address |
server |
IPv4 / IPv6 address |
empty |
the IP address at which the GSS-TSIG DNS server listens for DDNS and TKEY requests (required) |
port |
server |
uint16 |
53 |
the DNS transport port at which the GSS-TSIG DNS server listens for DDNS and TKEY requests |
The global parameters are described below:
client-keytabspecifies the Kerberos client key table. For instance,FILE:<filename>can be used to point to a specific file. This parameter can be specified only once, in the parameters scope, and is the equivalent of setting theKRB5_CLIENT_KTNAMEenvironment variable. An empty value is silently ignored.credentials-cachespecifies the Kerberos credentials cache. For instance,FILE:<filename>can be used to point to a file or, if using a directory which supports more than one principal,DIR:<directory-path>. This parameter can be specified only once, in the parameters scope, and is the equivalent of setting theKRB5CCNAMEenvironment variable. An empty value is silently ignored.server-principalis the Kerberos principal name of the DNS server that receives updates. In other words, this is the DNS server's name in the Kerberos system. This parameter is mandatory, and uses the typical Kerberos notation:<SERVICE-NAME>/<server-domain-name>@<REALM>.client-principalis the Kerberos principal name of the Kea D2 service. It is optional, and uses the typical Kerberos notation:<SERVICE-NAME>/<server-domain-name>@<REALM>.gss-replay-flagdetermines if the GSS anti replay service is required. It is by default but this can be disabled.gss-sequence-flagdetermines if the GSS sequence service is required. It is not by default but is required by the standard so it can be enabled.tkey-protocoldetermines which protocol is used to establish the security context with the DNS servers. Currently, the only supported values are TCP (the default) and UDP.tkey-lifetimedetermines the lifetime of GSS-TSIG keys in the TKEY protocol. The value must be greater than therekey-intervalvalue. It is expressed in seconds and defaults to 3600 (one hour).rekey-intervalgoverns the time interval at which the keys for each configured server are checked for rekeying, i.e. when a new key is created to replace the current usable one if its age is greater than therekey-intervalvalue. The value must be smaller than thetkey-lifetimevalue (it is recommended to be set between 50% and 80% of thetkey-lifetimevalue). It is expressed in seconds and defaults to 2700 (45 minutes, or 75% of one hour).retry-intervalgoverns the time interval at which to retry to create a key if any error occurred previously for any configured server. The value must be smaller than therekey-intervalvalue, and should be at most 1/3 of the difference betweentkey-lifetimeandrekey-interval. It is expressed in seconds and defaults to 120 (2 minutes).fallbackgoverns the behavior when GSS-TSIG should be used (a matching DNS server is configured) but no GSS-TSIG key is available. If set tofalse(the default), this server is skipped; if set totrue, the DNS server is ignored and the DNS update is sent with the configured DHCP-DDNS protection (e.g. TSIG key), or without any protection when none was configured.exchange-timeoutgoverns the amount of time to wait for the GSS-TSIG TKEY exchange to finish before the process times out. It is expressed in milliseconds and defaults to 3000 (3 seconds).user-contextis an optional parameter (see Comments and User Context for a general description of user contexts in Kea).commentis allowed but currently ignored.serversspecifies the list of DNS servers where GSS-TSIG is enabled.
The server map parameters are described below:
idassigns an identifier to a DNS server. It is used for statistics and commands. It is required, and must be both not empty and unique.domain-namesgoverns the many-to-one relationship between D2 DNS servers and GSS-TSIG DNS servers: for each domain name on this list, Kea looks for a D2 DNS server for this domain with the specified IP address and port. An empty list (the default) means that all domains match.ip-addressspecifies the IP address at which the GSS-TSIG DNS server listens for DDNS and TKEY requests. It is a mandatory parameter.portspecifies the DNS transport port on which the GSS-TSIG DNS server listens for DDNS and TKEY requests. It defaults to 53.server-principalis the Kerberos principal name of the DNS server that receives updates. Theserver-principalparameter set at the per-server level takes precedence over one set at the global level. It is a mandatory parameter which must be specified at either the global or the server level.client-principalis the Kerberos principal name of the Kea D2 service for this DNS server. Theclient-principalparameter set at the per-server level takes precedence over one set at the global level. It is an optional parameter.gss-replay-flagdetermines if the GSS anti replay service is required. Thegss-replay-flagparameter set at the per-server level takes precedence over one set at the global level. It is an optional parameter which defaults to true.gss-sequence-flagdetermines if the GSS sequence service is required. Thegss-sequence-flagparameter set at the per-server level takes precedence over one set at the global level. It is an optional parameter which defaults to false.tkey-protocoldetermines which protocol is used to establish the security context with the DNS server. Thetkey-protocolparameter set at the per-server level takes precedence over one set at the global level. The default and supported values for the per-server level parameter are the same as for the global-level parameter.tkey-lifetimedetermines the lifetime of GSS-TSIG keys in the TKEY protocol for the DNS server. Thetkey-lifetimeparameter set at the per-server level takes precedence over one set at the global level. The default and supported values for the per-server level parameter are the same as for the global-level parameter.rekey-intervalgoverns the time interval at which the keys for this particular server are checked for rekeying, i.e. when a new key is created to replace the current usable one if its age is greater than therekey-intervalvalue. The value must be smaller than thetkey-lifetimevalue (it is recommended to be set between 50% and 80% of thetkey-lifetimevalue). Therekey-intervalparameter set at the per-server level takes precedence over one set at the global level. The default and supported values for the per-server level parameter are the same as for the global-level parameter.retry-intervalgoverns the time interval at which to retry to create a key if any error occurred previously for this particular server. The value must be smaller than therekey-intervalvalue, and should be at most 1/3 of the difference betweentkey-lifetimeandrekey-interval. Theretry-intervalparameter set at the per-server level takes precedence over one set at the global level. The default and supported values for the per-server level parameter are the same as for the global-level parameter.fallbackgoverns the behavior when GSS-TSIG should be used (a matching DNS server is configured) but no GSS-TSIG key is available. Thefallbackparameter set at the per-server level takes precedence over one set at the global level. The default and supported values for the per-server level parameter are the same as for the global-level parameter..exchange-timeoutgoverns the amount of time to wait for the GSS-TSIG TKEY exchange to finish before the process times out. Theexchange-timeoutparameter set at the per-server level takes precedence over one set at the global level. The default and supported values for the per-server level parameter are the same as for the global-level parameter.user-contextis an optional parameter (see Comments and User Context for a general description of user contexts in Kea).commentis allowed but currently ignored.
Note
Generally it is not recommended to specify both the client keytab (client-keytab)
and the credentials cache (credentials-cache), although this may
differ between Kerberos implementations. The client keytab is just for
the client key and is typically used to specify the key explicitly in more
static manner, while the credentials cache can be used to store multiple
credentials and can be dynamically updated by the Kerberos library. As such,
the credentials-cache is more flexible and thus the recommended alternative.
Also note that only the read access right is needed to use the cache. Fetching credentials and updating the cache requires the write access right.
21.2.4.1. GSS-TSIG Automatic Key Removal
The server periodically deletes keys after they have been expired more than three times the
length of the maximum key lifetime (the tkey-lifetime parameter).
The user has the option to purge keys on demand by using the gss-tsig-purge-all
command or the gss-tsig-purge command.
21.2.4.2. GSS-TSIG Configuration for Deployment
When using Kerberos 5 and BIND 9 as described in GSS-TSIG Deployment,
the local resolver must point to the BIND 9 named server address. The
local Kerberos must also be configured by putting the following text into the krb5.conf file:
[libdefaults]
default_realm = EXAMPLE.ORG
kdc_timesync = 1
ccache_type = 4
forwardable = true
proxiable = true
[realms]
EXAMPLE.ORG = {
kdc = kdc.example.org
admin_server = kdc.example.org
}
With Windows AD, the DNS service is provided by AD, which also provides
the Kerberos service. The required text in the krb5.conf file becomes:
[libdefaults]
default_realm = <REALM>
kdc_timesync = 1
ccache_type = 4
forwardable = true
proxiable = true
[realms]
${REALM} = {
kdc = <AD_IP_ADDR>
admin_server = <AD_IP_ADDR>
}
Even when the GSS-API library can use the secret from the client key table, it is far better for performance to get and cache credentials.
This can be done manually via the command:
kinit -k -t /tmp/dhcp.keytab DHCP/admin.example.org
or, when using AD:
kinit -k -t /tmp/dhcp.keytab DHCP/kea.<domain>
The credential cache can be displayed using klist.
In production, it is better to rely on a Kerberos Credential Manager as
the System Security Services Daemon (sssd).
When using BIND 9, the server principal is in the form "DNS/server.example.org@EXAMPLE.ORG¨; with AD, the format is "DNS/<server>.<domain>@<REALM>".
21.2.5. GSS-TSIG Statistics
The GSS-TSIG hook library introduces new statistics at global and per-DNS-server levels:
gss-tsig-key-created- the number of created GSS-TSIG keystkey-sent- the number of sent TKEY exchange initial requeststkey-success- the number of TKEY exchanges which completed with a successtkey-timeout- the number of TKEY exchanges which completed on timeouttkey-error- the number of TKEY exchanges which completed with an error other than a timeout
The relationship between keys and DNS servers is very different between the D2 code and static TSIG keys, and GSS-TSIG keys and DNS servers:
a static TSIG key can be shared between many DNS servers;
a GSS-TSIG key is only used by one DNS server inside a dedicated set of keys.
21.2.6. GSS-TSIG Commands
The GSS-TSIG hook library supports some commands, which are described below.
21.2.6.1. The gss-tsig-get-all Command
This command lists all the GSS-TSIG servers and keys.
An example command invocation looks like this:
{
"command": "gss-tsig-get-all"
}
Here is an example of a response returning one GSS-TSIG server and one key:
{
"result": 0,
"text": "1 GSS-TSIG servers and 1 keys",
"arguments": {
"gss-tsig-servers": [
{
"id": "foo",
"ip-address": "192.1.2.3",
"port": 53,
"server-principal": "DNS/foo.com@FOO.COM",
"key-name-suffix": "foo.com.",
"tkey-lifetime": 3600,
"tkey-protocol": "TCP",
"keys": [
{
"name": "1234.sig-foo.com.",
"inception-date": "2021-09-05 12:23:36.281176",
"server-id": "foo",
"expire-date": "2021-09-05 13:23:36.281176",
"status": "not yet ready",
"tkey-exchange": true
}
]
},
{
"id": "bar",
"ip-address": "192.1.2.4",
"port": 53,
"server-principal": "DNS/bar.com@FOO.COM",
"key-name-suffix": "bar.com.",
"tkey-lifetime": 7200,
"tkey-protocol": "UDP",
"keys": [ ]
}
]
}
}
21.2.6.2. The gss-tsig-get Command
This command retrieves information about the specified GSS-TSIG server.
An example command invocation looks like this:
{
"command": "gss-tsig-get",
"arguments": {
"server-id": "foo"
}
}
Here is an example of a response returning information about the server "foo":
{
"result": 0,
"text": "GSS-TSIG server[foo] found",
"arguments": {
"id": "foo",
"ip-address": "192.1.2.3",
"port": 53,
"server-principal": "DNS/foo.com@FOO.COM",
"key-name-suffix": "foo.com.",
"tkey-lifetime": 3600,
"tkey-protocol": "TCP",
"keys": [
{
"name": "1234.sig-foo.com.",
"server-id": "foo",
"inception-date": "2021-09-05 12:23:36.281176",
"expire-date": "2021-09-05 13:23:36.281176",
"status": "not yet ready",
"tkey-exchange": true
}
]
}
}
21.2.6.3. The gss-tsig-list Command
This command generates a list of GSS-TSIG server IDs and key names.
An example command invocation looks like this:
{
"command": "gss-tsig-list"
}
Here is an example of a response returning two GSS-TSIG servers and three keys:
{
"result": 0,
"text": "2 GSS-TSIG servers and 3 keys",
"arguments": {
"gss-tsig-servers": [
"foo",
"bar"
],
"gss-tsig-keys": [
"1234.example.com.",
"5678.example.com.",
"43888.example.org."
]
}
}
21.2.6.4. The gss-tsig-key-get Command
This command retrieves information about the specified GSS-TSIG key.
An example command invocation looks like this:
{
"command": "gss-tsig-key-get",
"arguments": {
"key-name": "1234.sig-foo.com."
}
}
Here is an example of a response returning information about GSS-TSIG key "1234.sig-foo.com.":
{
"result": 0,
"text": "GSS-TSIG key '1234.sig-foo.com.' found",
"arguments": {
"name": "1234.sig-foo.com.",
"server-id": "foo",
"inception-date": "2021-09-05 12:23:36.281176",
"expire-date": "2021-09-05 13:23:36.281176",
"status": "not yet ready",
"tkey-exchange": true
}
}
21.2.6.5. The gss-tsig-key-expire Command
This command expires the specified GSS-TSIG key.
An example command invocation looks like this:
{
"command": "gss-tsig-key-expire",
"arguments": {
"key-name": "1234.sig-foo.com."
}
}
Here is an example of a response indicating that GSS-TSIG key "1234.sig-foo.com." has been expired:
{
"result": 0,
"text": "GSS-TSIG key '1234.sig-foo.com.' expired"
}
21.2.6.6. The gss-tsig-key-del Command
This command deletes the specified GSS-TSIG key.
An example command invocation looks like this:
{
"command": "gss-tsig-key-del",
"arguments": {
"key-name": "1234.sig-foo.com."
}
}
Here is an example of a response indicating that GSS-TSIG key "1234.sig-foo.com." has been deleted:
{
"result": 0,
"text": "GSS-TSIG key '1234.sig-foo.com.' deleted"
}
21.2.6.7. The gss-tsig-purge-all Command
This command removes all unusable GSS-TSIG keys.
An example command invocation looks like this:
{
"command": "gss-tsig-purge-all"
}
Here is an example of a response indicating that two GSS-TSIG keys have been purged:
{
"result": 0,
"text": "2 purged GSS-TSIG keys"
}
21.2.6.8. The gss-tsig-purge Command
This command removes unusable GSS-TSIG keys for the specified server.
An example command invocation looks like this:
{
"command": "gss-tsig-purge",
"arguments": {
"server-id": "foo"
}
}
Here is an example of a response indicating that two GSS-TSIG keys for server "foo" have been purged:
{
"result": 0,
"text": "2 purged keys for GSS-TSIG server[foo]"
}
21.2.6.9. The gss-tsig-rekey-all Command
This command unconditionally creates new GSS-TSIG keys (rekeys) for all DNS servers.
An example command invocation looks like this:
{
"command": "gss-tsig-rekey-all"
}
Here is an example of a response indicating that a rekey was performed:
{
"result": 0,
"text": "rekeyed"
}
This command is useful when, for instance, the DHCP-DDNS server is reconnected to the network.
21.2.6.10. The gss-tsig-rekey Command
This command unconditionally creates new GSS-TSIG keys (rekeys) for a specified DNS server.
An example command invocation looks like this:
{
"command": "gss-tsig-rekey",
"arguments": {
"server-id": "foo"
}
}
Here is an example of a response indicating that a rekey was performed:
{
"result": 0,
"text": "GSS-TSIG server[foo] rekeyed"
}
This command is typically used when a DNS server has been rebooted, so that existing GSS-TSIG keys shared with this server can no longer be used.
21.3. RADIUS
21.3.1. RADIUS Overview
This hook library allows Kea to interact with two types of RADIUS services: access and accounting. The most common DHCP and RADIUS integration is done on the DHCP relay-agent level: DHCP clients send DHCP packets to DHCP relays; those relays contact the RADIUS server and either send the packet to the DHCP server or drop it, depending on the response. It does require DHCP relay hardware to support RADIUS communication, though, and even if the relay has the necessary support, it is often not flexible enough to send and receive additional RADIUS attributes. There is a more appealing alternative: to extend the DHCP server to talk to RADIUS directly. That is the goal of this library.
The major feature of this hook library is the ability to use RADIUS authorization. When a DHCP packet is received, the Kea server sends an Access-Request to the RADIUS server and waits for a response. The server then sends back either an Access-Accept with specific client attributes, or an Access-Reject. There are two cases supported here: first, the Access-Accept includes a Framed-IP-Address attribute (for DHCPv4) or a Framed-IPv6-Address attribute/Delegated-IPv6-Prefix (for DHCPv6), which are interpreted by Kea as instructions to assign the specified IPv4 or IPv6 address/IPv6 prefix. This effectively means RADIUS can act as an address-reservation database.
The second supported case is the ability to assign clients to specific pools based on a RADIUS response. In this case, the RADIUS server sends back an Access-Accept with a Framed-Pool attribute. For both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6, Kea interprets this attribute as a client class. With the addition of the ability to limit access to pools to specific classes (see Configuring Pools With Class Information), RADIUS can be used to force the client to be assigned a dynamic address or prefix from a specific pool. Furthermore, the same mechanism can be used to control what kind of options the client gets if there are DHCP options specified for a particular class.
21.3.2. RADIUS Hook Library Configuration
The RADIUS hook is a library that must be loaded by either kea-dhcp4 or
kea-dhcp6 servers. Unlike some other available hook libraries, this one
takes many parameters. For example, this configuration can be used:
{
"Dhcp4": {
// Your regular DHCPv4 configuration parameters go here.
"hooks-libraries": [
{
// Note that the RADIUS access service requires host-cache for
// proper operation, so this library is loaded as well.
"library": "/usr/local/lib/kea/hooks/libdhcp_host_cache.so"
},
{
"library": "/usr/local/lib/kea/hooks/libdhcp_radius.so",
"parameters": {
// Specify where the dictionary is located.
"dictionary": "/etc/kea/radius/dictionary",
// Specify which address to use to communicate with RADIUS servers
"bindaddr": "*"
// More RADIUS parameters go here.
}
}
]
}
}
RADIUS is a complicated environment. As such, it is not feasible
to provide a default configuration that works for everyone.
However, we do have an example that showcases some of the more common
features; please see doc/examples/kea4/hooks-radius.json in the Kea
sources.
The RADIUS hook library supports the following global configuration flags:
bindaddr(default"*") - specifies the address to be used by the hook library in communication with the RADIUS servers. The"*"special value tells the kernel to choose the address at hook library load time.canonical-mac-address(defaultfalse) - specifies whether MAC addresses in attributes follow the canonical RADIUS format (lowercase pairs of hexadecimal digits separated by-).client-id-pop0(defaultfalse) - is used withlibdhcp_flex_id.so; it removes the leading zero (or pair of zeroes in DHCPv6) type in the client ID (DUID in DHCPv6). Seeclient-id-printablefor any value implications when used in conjunction with it.client-id-printable(defaultfalse) - checks whether theclient-id/duidcontent is printable and uses it as is instead of in hexadecimal. It implies thatclient-id-pop0andextract-duidas 0 and 255 are not printable.deadtime(default0) - is a mechanism that helps in sorting the servers so those that have proved responsive so far are contacted first, and the servers that have proved unresponsive are left to try later. The deadtime value specifies the number of seconds after which a server is considered unresponsive. 0 disables the mechanism.dictionary(default"/etc/kea/radius/dictionary") - is the attribute and value dictionary; note that it is a critical parameter. A dictionary is provided by Kea and is set by default.extract-duid(defaulttrue) - extracts the embedded DUID from an RFC 4361-compliant DHCPv4 client ID. Seeclient-id-printablefor any value implications when used in conjunction with it.identifier-type4(default"client-id") - specifies the identifier type to build the User-Name attribute for DHCPv4; it should be the same as the host identifier. Whenlibdhcp_flex_id.sois used, thenreplace-client-idmust be set totrueandclient-idmust be used withclient-id-pop0enabled.identifier-type6(default"duid") - specifies the identifier type to build the User-Name attribute for DHCPv6; it should be the same as the host identifier. Whenlibdhcp_flex_id.sois used, thenreplace-client-idmust be set totrueandduidmust be used withclient-id-pop0enabled.nas-ports(default[]), specifies the NAS port to use in place of a subnet ID (default behavior). It is an array of maps, each map having two elements at most: the mandatory NAS port value, and optionally, a selector consisting of either a subnet ID, a subnet prefix, or a shared-network name. If the selector is applied to the packet, the NAS port is used instead of the subnet ID. When the subnet ID is 0 or missing, the specified NAS port acts as a default. The substitution happens for all packets that did not match a selector.realm(default"") - is the default realm.reselect-subnet-address(defaultfalse) - enables subnet reselection according to the value of the Framed-IP-Address or, respectively, the Framed-IPv6-Address attribute from the RADIUS access response. With this flag enabled, if the IP address is not in the range of the currently selected subnet, but is in the range of another subnet that is selectable with regards to other criteria, the latter subnet is selected and used further in the lease assignment process.reselect-subnet-pool(defaultfalse) - enables subnet reselection according to the value of the Framed-Pool attribute from the RADIUS access response. With this flag enabled, if the currently selected subnet is not guarded by the client class represented by the attribute value, but there is another selectable subnet that is guarded by it, the latter subnet is selected and used further in the lease assignment process. This reselection is attempted first, and if successful, it prevents the function ofreselect-subnet-addressfrom coming into effect.retries(default3) - is the number of retries before trying the next server.session-history(default"") - is the name of the file providing persistent storage for accounting session history.
thread-pool-size(default0) indicates the number of threads that are used for sending RADIUS requests and processing RADIUS responses for both access and accounting services before passing them to the core thread pool. A value of0instructs the RADIUS hook library to use the same number of threads used for core DHCP processing. This value is only relevant if the Kea core is configured as multi-threaded; a single-threaded Kea core results in single-threaded RADIUS processing.
timeout(default10) - is the number of seconds during which a response is awaited.
Two services are supported:
access- the authorization service.accounting- the accounting service.
At the service level, three sections can be configured:
Servers that define RADIUS services that the library is expected to contact. Each server may have the following items specified:
name- specifies the IP address of the server. A domain name may be used and will be resolved at hook library load time.port- specifies the UDP port of the server. By default, it is 1812 for access and 1813 for accounting.secret- authenticates messages.
When no server is specified, the service is disabled.
Attributes which define additional information that the Kea server sends to a RADIUS server. The parameter must be identified either by a name or type. Its value can be specified in one of three possible ways:
data(which defines a plain text value),raw(which defines the value in hex), orexpr(which defines an expression that is evaluated for each incoming packet independently).name- is the name of the attribute.type- is the type of the attribute. Either the type or the name must be provided, and the attribute must be defined in the dictionary.data- is the first of three ways to specify the attribute content. It specifies the textual representation of the attribute content.raw- is the second of three ways to specify the attribute content. It specifies the content in hexadecimal.expr- is the last of the three ways to specify the attribute content. It specifies an evaluation expression on the DHCP query packet.
Attributes are supported only for the access service.
The
peer-updatesboolean flag (defaulttrue) controls whether lease updates coming from an active High-Availability (HA) partner should result in an accounting request. This may be desirable to remove duplicates if HA partners are configured to send requests to the same RADIUS server. The flag is only supported by the accounting service. The lease synchronization process at the startup of an HA node does not trigger a RADIUS accounting request, regardless of the value of this flag.The
max-pending-requestspositive integer (default0) limits the number of pending RADIUS requests. It is supported only by the access service. The value0means no limit;64is a recommended setting.
For example, to specify a single access server available on localhost
that uses "xyz123" as a secret, and tell Kea to send three additional
attributes (User-Password, Connect-Info, and Configuration-Token),
the following snippet could be used:
{
"parameters": {
// Other RADIUS parameters here
"access": {
// This starts the list of access servers.
"servers": [
{
// These are parameters for the first (and only) access server
"name": "127.0.0.1",
"port": 1812,
"secret": "xyz123"
}
// Additional access servers could be specified here.
],
// This defines a list of additional attributes Kea will send to each
// access server in Access-Request.
"attributes": [
{
// This attribute is identified by name (must be present in the
// dictionary) and has static value (i.e. the same value will be
// sent to every server for every packet).
"name": "User-Password",
"data": "mysecretpassword"
},
{
// It is also possible to specify an attribute using its type,
// rather than a name. 77 is Connect-Info. The value is specified
// using hex. Again, this is a static value. It will be sent the
// same for every packet and to every server.
"type": 77,
"raw": "65666a6a71"
},
{
// This example shows how an expression can be used to send dynamic value.
// The expression (see Using Expressions in Classification) may take any
// value from the incoming packet or even its metadata e.g. the
// interface it was received over from.
"name": "Configuration-Token",
"expr": "hexstring(pkt4.mac,':')"
}
] // End of attributes
}, // End of access
// Accounting parameters.
"accounting": {
// This starts the list of accounting servers.
"servers": [
{
// These are parameters for the first (and only) accounting server
"name": "127.0.0.1",
"port": 1813,
"secret": "sekret"
}
// Additional accounting servers could be specified here.
]
}
}
}
Customization is sometimes required for certain attributes by devices belonging
to various vendors. This is a great way to leverage the expression evaluation
mechanism. For example, MAC addresses which might be used as a convenience
value for the User-Password attribute are most likely to appear in colon-hexadecimal
notation (de:ad:be:ef:ca:fe), but they might need to be expressed in
hyphen-hexadecimal notation (de-ad-be-ef-ca-fe). Here's how to specify that:
{
"parameters": {
"access": {
"attributes": [
{
"name": "User-Password",
"expr": "hexstring(pkt4.mac, '-')"
}
]
}
}
}
And here's how to specify period-separated hexadecimal notation (dead.beef.cafe), preferred by Cisco devices:
{
"parameters": {
"access": {
"attributes": [
{
"name": "User-Password",
"expr": "substring(hexstring(pkt4.mac, ''), 0, 4) + '.' + substring(hexstring(pkt4.mac, ''), 4, 4) + '.' + substring(hexstring(pkt4.mac, ''), 8, 4)"
}
]
}
}
}
For the access service of libdhcp_radius.so to operate properly,
libdhcp_host_cache.so must also be loaded. The reason for this
is somewhat complex. In a typical deployment, DHCP clients send
their packets via DHCP relay, which inserts certain Relay Agent
Information options, such as circuit-id or remote-id. The values of
those options are then used by the Kea DHCP server to formulate the
necessary attributes in the Access-Request message sent to the RADIUS
server. However, once the DHCP client gets its address, it then renews
by sending packets directly to the DHCP server. The relays cannot
insert their RAI options at that point, and the DHCP server cannot send
the Access-Request queries to the RADIUS server by using just the
information from incoming packets. Kea needs to keep the information
received during the initial Discover/Offer exchanges and use it again
later when sending accounting messages.
This mechanism is implemented based on user context in host
reservations. (See Comments and User Context and User Contexts in Hooks for
details.) The host-cache mechanism allows the information retrieved by
RADIUS to be stored and used later instead of doing another authorization
round-trip to the RADIUS server. In other words, the host-cache mechanism
is mandatory for the access service. The Kea configuration is rejected if
libdhcp_host_cache.so is not loaded alongside libdhcp_radius.so.
Note
Currently the RADIUS hook library is incompatible with the
early-global-reservations-lookup global parameter, i.e.
setting the parameter to true raises an error when the
hook library is loaded.
Note
Currently the RADIUS hook library is incompatible with the multi-subnet shared networks that have host reservations other than global. Loading the RADIUS hook library in a Kea DHCP server that has this configuration raises an error.
Note
Currently the reselect-subnet-address and reselect-subnet-pool
parameters are incompatible with the hub-and-spoke configuration of the
libdhcp_ha.so. This hook library uses an originally
selected subnet for choosing an HA relationship to process a packet.
The subnet reselection may interfere with this choice. See the
Hub and Spoke Configuration for details.
21.3.3. RADIUS Server Setup Example
The RADIUS hook library requires at least one RADIUS server to function. One popular open source implementation is FreeRADIUS; here's how to set it up to enable basic functionality in Kea.
Install FreeRADIUS through the package manager or from the tarballs available on [the freeradius.org download page](https://freeradius.org/releases/).
Establish the FreeRADIUS configuration directory. It's commonly
/etc/freeradius, but it may be/etc/raddb.Generate certificates. Go to
/etc/freeradius/certs. Run./bootstrapormake. Wait until finished. It should take a few seconds.Check that the server is able to start. Running with the
-Xflag is a good way to display potential errors. Runradiusd -Xorfreeradius -X, whichever is available. It should displayReady to process requestson the final line.If the Kea DHCP server and the RADIUS server are on different machines, edit
/etc/freeradius/clients.confwith the proper address underipadddr. This file is also where the secret is set; it needs to match the one set in the hook library's configuration.If RADIUS is used to authorize DHCP clients, each DHCP client needs to have an entry in the authorize file, which can be commonly found at:
/etc/raddb/mods-config/files/authorize/etc/freeradius/3.0/mods-config/files/authorize/etc/freeradius/users(for RADIUS 2.x series)
The passwords for entries must match the passwords in the configuration of the RADIUS hook library under the
User-Passwordattribute. Each entry can have zero or more attributes.In the following example, there are six entries with the password set to the client ID, which needs to be dynamically set in the hook library's configuration. Here's how the entries might look:
01:00:0c:01:02:03:04 Cleartext-password := "00:0c:01:02:03:04" 01:00:0c:01:02:03:05 Cleartext-password := "00:0c:01:02:03:05" Framed-IP-Address = "192.0.2.5" 01:00:0c:01:02:03:06 Cleartext-password := "00:0c:01:02:03:06" Framed-IP-Address = "192.0.2.6", Framed-Pool = "classical" 00:03:00:01:00:0c:01:02:03:07 Cleartext-password := "00:0c:01:02:03:07" 00:03:00:01:00:0c:01:02:03:08 Cleartext-password := "00:0c:01:02:03:08" Framed-IPv6-Address = "2001:db8::8" 00:03:00:01:00:0c:01:02:03:09 Cleartext-password := "00:0c:01:02:03:09" Framed-IPv6-Address = "2001:db8::9", Framed-Pool = "classroom"
Accounting does not need to be modified to work with Kea, but customizations are possible in the accounting file, which can commonly be found at:
/etc/radius-config/mods-config/files/accounting/etc/freeradius/3.0/mods-config/files/accounting
21.3.4. RADIUS Workflows for Lease Allocation
The following diagrams show a high-level view of how RADIUS assists with the
lease allocation process in kea-dhcp4 and kea-dhcp6.
Somewhat tangential to lease allocation, and not shown in the diagrams above,
is the command_processed callout, which sends Accounting-Request messages
when a lease command is received.
21.3.4.1. Parked-Packet Limit
Refer to Parked-Packet Limit for a basic introduction to packet parking.
The RADIUS hook library uses this mechanism. To allow for asynchronous communication between Kea and the RADIUS server and concurrent processing of DHCP packets by the Kea server, the DHCP request is parked, before the access request is sent on the subnet select callout. When the access response becomes available to the Kea DHCP server, the request is unparked, and the server continues processing it.
21.3.5. Differences Between RADIUS Hook Libraries Prior To Kea 2.4.0 and As Of 2.6.0
The RADIUS hook library in 2.4.0 and prior versions relied on the FreeRADIUS client library to function. Starting with 2.6.0 and onward, the RADIUS hook library is standalone, with its own RADIUS client implementation and its own RADIUS dictionary. There are differences:
Feature |
Old |
New |
|---|---|---|
Support for Attribute Data Types |
string, ipaddr, ipv4prefix, integer, integer64, date, ifid, ipv6addr, ipv6prefix, tlv, abinary, byte, ether, short, signed, octets |
string (can simulate any other unsupported data type too), ipaddr, integer, date (interpreted as integer), ipv6addr, ipv6prefix |
Names of Standard Attributes |
Taken from the FreeRADIUS dictionary. |
Taken from the Kea RADIUS dictionary and the IANA registry. There is an aliasing mechanism built into the library that ensures backward compatibility, e.g. |
Resolution of RADIUS Server Domain Names |
At run time. |
At hook library load time. |
Automatic Deduction of Source Address for Reaching RADIUS Servers (configured with |
At run time. |
At hook library load time. |
RADIUS Server Limit per Service |
8 |
Unlimited |
Support for Including Dictionaries Inside Dictionaries |
Yes |
No |
Support for Vendor Attributes |
Yes |
No |
Attribute Names and Attribute Values |
Case-insensitive |
Case-sensitive |
Integer Values |
Do not require an attribute definition. |
Must have an associated attribute definition in the dictionary. |
Reply-Message Presence in the Kea Logs |
Only as part of the aggregated list of attributes in |
Also has a dedicated |
Behavior of Multiple Attributes of the Same Type (except Reply-Message) |
Experimentally, only the first attribute on the wire from an Access-Accept message is considered. |
Experimentally, only the last attribute on the wire from an Access-Accept message is considered. |