This is uucp.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from
/usr/src/gnu/libexec/uucp/doc/uucp.texi.

START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* UUCP: (uucp).                 Transfer mail and news across phone lines.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents Taylor UUCP, version 1.06.

   Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Ian Lance Taylor

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the section entitled "Copying" are included exactly as in the
original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is
distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
one.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the section entitled "Copying" may be included in
a translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.


File: uucp.info,  Node: The Initial Handshake,  Next: UUCP Protocol Commands,  Prev: UUCP Protocol,  Up: UUCP Protocol

The Initial Handshake
---------------------

   Before the initial handshake, the caller will usually have logged in
the called machine and somehow started the UUCP package there.  On Unix
this is normally done by setting the shell of the login name used to
`/usr/lib/uucp/uucico'.

   All messages in the initial handshake begin with a `^P' (a byte with
the octal value `\020') and end with a null byte (`\000').  A few
systems end these messages with a line feed character (`\012') instead
of a null byte; the examples below assume a null byte is being used.

   Some options below are supported by QFT, which stands for Queued File
Transfer, and is (or was) an internal Bell Labs version of UUCP.

   Taylor UUCP size negotiation was introduced by Taylor UUCP, and is
also supported by DOS based UUPlus and Amiga based wUUCP and UUCP-1.17.

   The initial handshake goes as follows.  It is begun by the called
machine.

called: `\020Shere=hostname\000'
     The hostname is the UUCP name of the called machine.  Older UUCP
     packages do not output it, and simply send `\020Shere\000'.

caller: `\020Shostname options\000'
     The hostname is the UUCP name of the calling machine.  The
     following options may appear (or there may be none):

    `-QSEQ'
          Report sequence number for this conversation.  The sequence
          number is stored at both sites, and incremented after each
          call.  If there is a sequence number mismatch, something has
          gone wrong (somebody may have broken security by pretending
          to be one of the machines) and the call is denied.  If the
          sequence number changes on one of the machines, perhaps
          because of an attempted breakin or because a disk backup was
          restored, the sequence numbers on the two machines must be
          reconciled manually.

    `-xLEVEL'
          Requests the called system to set its debugging level to the
          specified value.  This is not supported by all systems.

    `-pGRADE'
    `-vgrade=GRADE'
          Requests the called system to only transfer files of the
          specified grade or higher.  This is not supported by all
          systems.  Some systems support `-p', some support `-vgrade='.
          UUPlus allows either `-p' or `-v' to be specified on a
          per-system basis in the `SYSTEMS' file (`gradechar' option).

    `-R'
          Indicates that the calling UUCP understands how to restart
          failed file transmissions.  Supported only by System V
          Release 4 UUCP, QFT, and Taylor UUCP.

    `-ULIMIT'
          Reports the ulimit value of the calling UUCP.  The limit is
          specified as a base 16 number in C notation (e.g.,
          `-U0x1000000').  This number is the number of 512 byte blocks
          in the largest file which the calling UUCP can create.  The
          called UUCP may not transfer a file larger than this.
          Supported only by System V Release 4 UUCP, QFT and UUPlus.
          UUPlus reports the lesser of the available disk space on the
          spool directory drive and the ulimit variable in
          `UUPLUS.CFG'.  Taylor UUCP understands this option, but does
          not generate it.

    `-N[NUMBER]'
          Indicates that the calling UUCP understands the Taylor UUCP
          size negotiation extension.  Not supported by traditional
          UUCP packages.  Supported by UUPlus.  The optional number is
          a bitmask of features supported by the calling UUCP, and is
          described below.

called: `\020ROK\000'
     There are actually several possible responses.
    `ROK'
          The calling UUCP is acceptable, and the handshake proceeds to
          the protocol negotiation.  Some options may also appear; see
          below.

    `ROKN[NUMBER]'
          The calling UUCP is acceptable, it specified `-N', and the
          called UUCP also understands the Taylor UUCP size limiting
          extensions.  The optional number is a bitmask of features
          supported by the called UUCP, and is described below.

    `RLCK'
          The called UUCP already has a lock for the calling UUCP,
          which normally indicates the two machines are already
          communicating.

    `RCB'
          The called UUCP will call back.  This may be used to avoid
          impostors (but only one machine out of each pair should call
          back, or no conversation will ever begin).

    `RBADSEQ'
          The call sequence number is wrong (see the `-Q' discussion
          above).

    `RLOGIN'
          The calling UUCP is using the wrong login name.

    `RYou are unknown to me'
          The calling UUCP is not known to the called UUCP, and the
          called UUCP does not permit connections from unknown systems.
          Some versions of UUCP just drop the line rather than sending
          this message.

     If the response is `ROK', the following options are supported by
     System V Release 4 UUCP and QFT.
    `-R'
          The called UUCP knows how to restart failed file
          transmissions.

    `-ULIMIT'
          Reports the ulimit value of the called UUCP.  The limit is
          specified as a base 16 number in C notation.  This number is
          the number of 512 byte blocks in the largest file which the
          called UUCP can create.  The calling UUCP may not send a file
          larger than this.  Also supported by UUPlus.  Taylor UUCP
          understands this option, but does not generate it.

    `-xLEVEL'
          I'm not sure just what this means.  It may request the
          calling UUCP to set its debugging level to the specified
          value.

     If the response is not `ROK' (or `ROKN') both sides hang up the
     phone, abandoning the call.

called: `\020Pprotocols\000'
     Note that the called UUCP outputs two strings in a row.  The
     protocols string is a list of UUCP protocols supported by the
     caller.  Each UUCP protocol has a single character name.  These
     protocols are discussed in more detail later in this document.
     For example, the called UUCP might send `\020Pgf\000'.

caller: `\020Uprotocol\000'
     The calling UUCP selects which protocol to use out of the protocols
     offered by the called UUCP.  If there are no mutually supported
     protocols, the calling UUCP sends `\020UN\000' and both sides hang
     up the phone.  Otherwise the calling UUCP sends something like
     `\020Ug\000'.

   Most UUCP packages will consider each locally supported protocol in
turn and select the first one supported by the called UUCP.  With some
versions of HDB UUCP, this can be modified by giving a list of protocols
after the device name in the `Devices' file or the `Systems' file.  For
example, to select the `e' protocol in `Systems',
         airs Any ACU,e ...
   or in Devices,
         ACU,e ttyXX ...
   Taylor UUCP provides the `protocol' command which may be used either
for a system (*note Protocol Selection::) or a port (*note port File::).
UUPlus allows specification of the protocol string on a per-system basis
in the `SYSTEMS' file.

   The optional number following a `-N' sent by the calling system, or
an `ROKN' sent by the called system, is a bitmask of features supported
by the UUCP package.  The optional number was introduced in Taylor UUCP
version 1.04.  The number is sent as an octal number with a leading
zero.  The following bits are currently defined.  A missing number
should be taken as `011'.

`01'
     UUCP supports size negotiation.

`02'
     UUCP supports file restart.

`04'
     UUCP supports the `E' command.

`010'
     UUCP requires the file size in the `S' and `R' commands to be in
     base 10.  This bit is used by default if no number appears, but
     should not be explicitly sent.

`020'
     UUCP expects a dummy string between the notify field and the size
     field in an `S' command.  This is true of SVR4 UUCP.  This bit
     should not be used.

   After the protocol has been selected and the initial handshake has
been completed, both sides turn on the selected protocol.  For some
protocols (notably `g') a further handshake is done at this point.


File: uucp.info,  Node: UUCP Protocol Commands,  Next: The Final Handshake,  Prev: The Initial Handshake,  Up: UUCP Protocol

UUCP Protocol Commands
----------------------

   Each protocol supports a method for sending a command to the remote
system.  This method is used to transmit a series of commands between
the two UUCP packages.  At all times, one package is the master and the
other is the slave.  Initially, the calling UUCP is the master.

   If a protocol error occurs during the exchange of commands, both
sides move immediately to the final handshake.

   The master will send one of five commands: `S', `R', `X', `E', or
`H'.

   Any file name referred to below is either an absolute file name
beginning with `/', a public directory file name beginning with `~/', a
file name relative to a user's home directory beginning with `~USER/',
or a spool directory file name.  File names in the spool directory are
not absolute, but instead are converted to file names within the spool
directory by UUCP.  They always begin with `C.' (for a command file
created by `uucp' or `uux'), `D.' (for a data file created by `uucp',
`uux' or by an execution, or received from another system for an
execution), or `X.' (for an execution file created by `uux' or received
from another system).

* Menu:

* The S Command::               The S Command
* The R Command::               The R Command
* The X Command::               The X Command
* The E Command::               The E Command
* The H Command::               The H Command


File: uucp.info,  Node: The S Command,  Next: The R Command,  Prev: UUCP Protocol Commands,  Up: UUCP Protocol Commands

The S Command
.............

master: `S FROM TO USER -OPTIONS TEMP MODE NOTIFY SIZE'
     The `S' and the `-' are literal characters.  This is a request by
     the master to send a file to the slave.

    FROM
          The name of the file to send.  If the `C' option does not
          appear in OPTIONS, the master will actually open and send
          this file.  Otherwise the file has been copied to the spool
          directory, where it is named TEMP.  The slave ignores this
          field unless TO is a directory, in which case the basename of
          FROM will be used as the file name.  If FROM is a spool
          directory filename, it must be a data file created for or by
          an execution, and must begin with `D.'.

    TO
          The name to give the file on the slave.  If this field names
          a directory the file is placed within that directory with the
          basename of FROM.  A name ending in `/' is taken to be a
          directory even if one does not already exist with that name.
          If TO begins with `X.', an execution file will be created on
          the slave.  Otherwise, if TO begins with `D.' it names a data
          file to be used by some execution file.  Otherwise, TO should
          not be in the spool directory.

    USER
          The name of the user who requested the transfer.

    OPTIONS
          A list of options to control the transfer.  The following
          options are defined (all options are single characters):
         `C'
               The file has been copied to the spool directory (the
               master should use TEMP rather than FROM).

         `c'
               The file has not been copied to the spool directory
               (this is the default).

         `d'
               The slave should create directories as necessary (this
               is the default).

         `f'
               The slave should not create directories if necessary,
               but should fail the transfer instead.

         `m'
               The master should send mail to USER when the transfer is
               complete.

         `n'
               The slave should send mail to NOTIFY when the transfer is
               complete.

    TEMP
          If the `C' option appears in OPTIONS, this names the file to
          be sent.  Otherwise if FROM is in the spool directory, TEMP
          is the same as FROM.  Otherwise TEMP may be a dummy string,
          such as `D.0'.  After the transfer has been succesfully
          completed, the master will delete the file TEMP.

    MODE
          This is an octal number giving the mode of the file on the
          master.  If the file is not in the spool directory, the slave
          will always create it with mode 0666, except that if (MODE &
          0111) is not zero (the file is executable), the slave will
          create the file with mode 0777.  If the file is in the spool
          directory, some UUCP packages will use the algorithm above
          and some will always create the file with mode 0600.  This
          field is ignored by UUPlus, since it is meaningless on DOS;
          UUPlus uses 0666 for outgoing files.

    NOTIFY
          This field may not be present, and in any case is only
          meaningful if the `n' option appears in OPTIONS.  If the `n'
          option appears, then, when the transfer is successfully
          completed, the slave will send mail to NOTIFY, which must be
          a legal mailing address on the slave.  If a SIZE field will
          appear but the `n' option does not appear, NOTIFY will always
          be present, typically as the string `dummy' or simply a pair
          of double quotes.

    SIZE
          This field is only present when doing Taylor UUCP or SVR4
          UUCP size negotiation.  It is the size of the file in bytes.
          Taylor UUCP version 1.03 sends the size as a decimal integer,
          while versions 1.04 and up, and all other UUCP packages that
          support size negotiation, send the size in base 16 with a
          leading 0x.

     The slave then responds with an `S' command response.

    `SY START'
          The slave is willing to accept the file, and file transfer
          begins.  The START field will only be present when using file
          restart.  It specifies the byte offset into the file at which
          to start sending.  If this is a new file, START will be 0x0.

    `SN2'
          The slave denies permission to transfer the file.  This can
          mean that the destination directory may not be accessed, or
          that no requests are permitted.  It implies that the file
          transfer will never succeed.

    `SN4'
          The slave is unable to create the necessary temporary file.
          This implies that the file transfer might succeed later.

    `SN6'
          This is only used by Taylor UUCP size negotiation.  It means
          that the slave considers the file too large to transfer at
          the moment, but it may be possible to transfer it at some
          other time.

    `SN7'
          This is only used by Taylor UUCP size negotiation.  It means
          that the slave considers the file too large to ever transfer.

    `SN8'
          This is only used by Taylor UUCP.  It means that the file was
          already received in a previous conversation.  This can happen
          if the receive acknowledgement was lost after it was sent by
          the receiver but before it was received by the sender.

    `SN9'
          This is only used by Taylor UUCP (versions 1.05 and up) and
          UUPlus (versions 2.0 and up).  It means that the remote
          system was unable to open another channel (see the discussion
          of the `i' protocol for more information about channels).
          This implies that the file transfer might succeed later.

    `SN10'
          This is reportedly used by SVR4 UUCP to mean that the file
          size is too large.

     If the slave responds with `SY', a file transfer begins.  When the
     file transfer is complete, the slave sends a `C' command response.

    `CY'
          The file transfer was successful.

    `CYM'
          The file transfer was successful, and the slave wishes to
          become the master; the master should send an `H' command,
          described below.

    `CN5'
          The temporary file could not be moved into the final
          location.  This implies that the file transfer will never
          succeed.

   After the `C' command response has been received (in the `SY' case)
or immediately (in an `SN' case) the master will send another command.


File: uucp.info,  Node: The R Command,  Next: The X Command,  Prev: The S Command,  Up: UUCP Protocol Commands

The R Command
.............

master: `R FROM TO USER -OPTIONS SIZE'
     The `R' and the `-' are literal characters.  This is a request by
     the master to receive a file from the slave.  I do not know how
     SVR4 UUCP or QFT implement file transfer restart in this case.

    FROM
          This is the name of the file on the slave which the master
          wishes to receive.  It must not be in the spool directory,
          and it may not contain any wildcards.

    TO
          This is the name of the file to create on the master.  I do
          not believe that it can be a directory.  It may only be in
          the spool directory if this file is being requested to
          support an execution either on the master or on some system
          other than the slave.

    USER
          The name of the user who requested the transfer.

    OPTIONS
          A list of options to control the transfer.  The following
          options are defined (all options are single characters):
         `d'
               The master should create directories as necessary (this
               is the default).

         `f'
               The master should not create directories if necessary,
               but should fail the transfer instead.

         `m'
               The master should send mail to USER when the transfer is
               complete.

    SIZE
          This only appears if Taylor UUCP size negotiation is being
          used.  It specifies the largest file which the master is
          prepared to accept (when using SVR4 UUCP or QFT, this was
          specified in the `-U' option during the initial handshake).

     The slave then responds with an `R' command response.  UUPlus does
     not support `R' requests, and always responds with `RN2'.

    `RY MODE [SIZE]'
          The slave is willing to send the file, and file transfer
          begins.  The MODE argument is the octal mode of the file on
          the slave.  The master treats this just as the slave does the
          MODE argument in the send command, q.v.  I am told that SVR4
          UUCP sends a trailing SIZE argument.  For some versions of
          BSD UUCP, the MODE argument may have a trailing `M' character
          (e.g., `RY 0666M').  This means that the slave wishes to
          become the master.

    `RN2'
          The slave is not willing to send the file, either because it
          is not permitted or because the file does not exist.  This
          implies that the file request will never succeed.

    `RN6'
          This is only used by Taylor UUCP size negotiation.  It means
          that the file is too large to send, either because of the
          size limit specifies by the master or because the slave
          considers it too large.  The file transfer might succeed
          later, or it might not (this may be cleared up in a later
          release of Taylor UUCP).

    `RN9'
          This is only used by Taylor UUCP (versions 1.05 and up) and
          FSUUCP (versions 1.5 and up).  It means that the remote
          system was unable to open another channel (see the discussion
          of the `i' protocol for more information about channels).
          This implies that the file transfer might succeed later.

     If the slave responds with `RY', a file transfer begins.  When the
     file transfer is complete, the master sends a `C' command.  The
     slave pretty much ignores this, although it may log it.

    `CY'
          The file transfer was successful.

    `CN5'
          The temporary file could not be moved into the final location.

     After the `C' command response has been sent (in the `RY' case) or
     immediately (in an `RN' case) the master will send another command.


File: uucp.info,  Node: The X Command,  Next: The E Command,  Prev: The R Command,  Up: UUCP Protocol Commands

The X Command
.............

master: `X FROM TO USER -OPTIONS'
     The `X' and the `-' are literal characters.  This is a request by
     the master to, in essence, execute uucp on the slave.  The slave
     should execute `uucp FROM TO'.

    FROM
          This is the name of the file or files on the slave which the
          master wishes to transfer.  Any wildcards are expanded on the
          slave.  If the master is requesting that the files be
          transferred to itself, the request would normally contain
          wildcard characters, since otherwise an `R' command would
          suffice.  The master can also use this command to request
          that the slave transfer files to a third system.

    TO
          This is the name of the file or directory to which the files
          should be transferred.  This will normally use a UUCP name.
          For example, if the master wishes to receive the files
          itself, it would use `master!path'.

    USER
          The name of the user who requested the transfer.

    OPTIONS
          A list of options to control the transfer.  It is not clear
          which, if any, options are supported by most UUCP packages.

     The slave then responds with an `X' command response.  FSUUCP does
     not support `X' requests, and always responds with `XN'.

    `XY'
          The request was accepted, and the appropriate file transfer
          commands have been queued up for later processing.

    `XN'
          The request was denied.  No particular reason is given.

     In either case, the master will then send another command.


File: uucp.info,  Node: The E Command,  Next: The H Command,  Prev: The X Command,  Up: UUCP Protocol Commands

The E Command
.............

master: `E FROM TO USER -OPTIONS TEMP MODE NOTIFY SIZE COMMAND'
     The `E' command is only supported by Taylor UUCP 1.04 and up.  It
     is used to make an execution request without requiring a separate
     `X.*' file.  *Note Execution File Format::.  It is only used when
     the command to be executed requires a single input file which is
     passed to it as standard input.

     All the fields have the same meaning as they do for an `S' command,
     except for OPTIONS and COMMAND.

    OPTIONS
          A list of options to control the transfer.  The following
          options are defined (all options are single characters):
         `C'
               The file has been copied to the spool directory (the
               master should use TEMP rather than FROM).

         `c'
               The file has not been copied to the spool directory
               (this is the default).

         `N'
               No mail message should be sent, even if the command
               fails.  This is the equivalent of the `N' command in an
               `X.*' file.

         `Z'
               A mail message should be sent if the command fails (this
               is generally the default in any case).  This is the
               equivalent of the `Z' command in an `X.*' file.

         `R'
               Mail messages about the execution should be sent to the
               address in the NOTIFY field.  This is the equivalent of
               the `R' command in an `X.*' file.

         `e'
               The execution should be done with `/bin/sh'.  This is the
               equivalent of the `e' command in an `X.*' file.

    COMMAND
          The command which should be executed.  This is the equivalent
          of the `C' command in an `X.*' file.

     The slave then responds with an `E' command response.  These are
     the same as the `S' command responses, but the initial character is
     `E' rather than `S'.

     If the slave responds with `EY', the file transfer begins.  When
     the file transfer is complete, the slave sends a `C' command
     response, just as for the `S' command.  After a successful file
     transfer, the slave is responsible for arranging for the command
     to be executed.  The transferred file is passed as standard input,
     as though it were named in the `I' and `F' commands of an `X.*'
     file.

     After the `C' command response has been received (in the `EY'
     case) or immediately (in an `EN' case) the master will send another
     command.


File: uucp.info,  Node: The H Command,  Prev: The E Command,  Up: UUCP Protocol Commands

The H Command
.............

master: `H'
     This is used by the master to hang up the connection.  The slave
     will respond with an `H' command response.

    `HY'
          The slave agrees to hang up the connection.  In this case the
          master sends another `HY' command.  In some UUCP packages the
          slave will then send a third `HY' command.  At this point the
          protocol is shut down, and the final handshake is begun.

    `HN'
          The slave does not agree to hang up.  In this case the master
          and the slave exchange roles.  The next command will be sent
          by the former slave, which is the new master.  The roles may
          be reversed several times during a single connection.


File: uucp.info,  Node: The Final Handshake,  Prev: UUCP Protocol Commands,  Up: UUCP Protocol

The Final Handshake
-------------------

   After the protocol has been shut down, the final handshake is
performed.  This handshake has no real purpose, and some UUCP packages
simply drop the connection rather than do it (in fact, some will drop
the connection immediately after both sides agree to hangup, without
even closing down the protocol).

caller: `\020OOOOOO\000'

called: `\020OOOOOOO\000'
   That is, the calling UUCP sends six `O' characters and the called
UUCP replies with seven `O' characters.  Some UUCP packages always send
six `O' characters.


File: uucp.info,  Node: g Protocol,  Next: f Protocol,  Prev: UUCP Protocol,  Up: Protocols

UUCP `g' Protocol
=================

   The `g' protocol is a packet based flow controlled error correcting
protocol that requires an eight bit clear connection.  It is the
original UUCP protocol, and is supported by all UUCP implementations.
Many implementations of it are only able to support small window and
packet sizes, specifically a window size of 3 and a packet size of 64
bytes, but the protocol itself can support up to a window size of 7 and
a packet size of 4096 bytes.  Complaints about the inefficiency of the
`g' protocol generally refer to specific implementations, rather than
to the correctly implemented protocol.

   The `g' protocol was originally designed for general packet drivers,
and thus contains some features that are not used by UUCP, including an
alternate data channel and the ability to renegotiate packet and window
sizes during the communication session.

   The `g' protocol is spoofed by many Telebit modems.  When spoofing
is in effect, each Telebit modem uses the `g' protocol to communicate
with the attached computer, but the data between the modems is sent
using a Telebit proprietary error correcting protocol.  This allows for
very high throughput over the Telebit connection, which, because it is
half-duplex, would not normally be able to handle the `g' protocol very
well at all.  When a Telebit is spoofing the `g' protocol, it forces
the packet size to be 64 bytes and the window size to be 3.

   This discussion of the `g' protocol explains how it works, but does
not discuss useful error handling techniques.  Some discussion of this
can be found in Jamie E. Hanrahan's paper, cited above (*note UUCP
Protocol Sources::).

   All `g' protocol communication is done with packets.  Each packet
begins with a six byte header.  Control packets consist only of the
header.  Data packets contain additional data.

   The header is as follows:

`\020'
     Every packet begins with a `^P'.

K (1 <= K <= 9)
     The K value is always 9 for a control packet.  For a data packet,
     the K value indicates how much data follows the six byte header.
     The amount of data is 2 ** (K + 4), where ** indicates
     exponentiation.  Thus a K value of 1 means 32 data bytes and a K
     value of 8 means 4096 data bytes.  The K value for a data packet
     must be between 1 and 8 inclusive.

checksum low byte
checksum high byte
     The checksum value is described below.

control byte
     The control byte indicates the type of packet, and is described
     below.

xor byte
     This byte is the xor of K, the checksum low byte, the checksum
     high byte and the control byte (i.e., the second, third, fourth and
     fifth header bytes).  It is used to ensure that the header data is
     valid.

   The control byte in the header is composed of three bit fields,
referred to here as TT (two bits), XXX (three bits) and YYY (three
bits).  The control is TTXXXYYY, or `(TT << 6) + (XXX << 3) + YYY'.

   The TT field takes on the following values:

`0'
     This is a control packet.  In this case the K byte in the header
     must be 9.  The XXX field indicates the type of control packet;
     these types are described below.

`1'
     This is an alternate data channel packet.  This is not used by
     UUCP.

`2'
     This is a data packet, and the entire contents of the attached data
     field (whose length is given by the K byte in the header) are
     valid.  The XXX and YYY fields are described below.

`3'
     This is a short data packet.  Let the length of the data field (as
     given by the K byte in the header) be L.  Let the first byte in
     the data field be B1.  If B1 is less than 128 (if the most
     significant bit of B1 is 0), then there are `L - B1' valid bytes
     of data in the data field, beginning with the second byte.  If `B1
     >= 128', let B2 be the second byte in the data field.  Then there
     are `L - ((B1 & 0x7f) + (B2 << 7))' valid bytes of data in the
     data field, beginning with the third byte.  In all cases L bytes
     of data are sent (and all data bytes participate in the checksum
     calculation) but some of the trailing bytes may be dropped by the
     receiver.  The XXX and YYY fields are described below.

   In a data packet (short or not) the XXX field gives the sequence
number of the packet.  Thus sequence numbers can range from 0 to 7,
inclusive.  The YYY field gives the sequence number of the last
correctly received packet.

   Each communication direction uses a window which indicates how many
unacknowledged packets may be transmitted before waiting for an
acknowledgement.  The window may range from 1 to 7, and may be different
in each direction. For example, if the window is 3 and the last packet
acknowledged was packet number 6, packet numbers 7, 0 and 1 may be sent
but the sender must wait for an acknowledgement before sending packet
number 2.  This acknowledgement could come as the YYY field of a data
packet, or as the YYY field of a `RJ' or `RR' control packet (described
below).

   Each packet must be transmitted in order (the sender may not skip
sequence numbers).  Each packet must be acknowledged, and each packet
must be acknowledged in order.

   In a control packet, the XXX field takes on the following values:

1 `CLOSE'
     The connection should be closed immediately.  This is typically
     sent when one side has seen too many errors and wants to give up.
     It is also sent when shutting down the protocol.  If an unexpected
     `CLOSE' packet is received, a `CLOSE' packet should be sent in
     reply and the `g' protocol should halt, causing UUCP to enter the
     final handshake.

2 `RJ' or `NAK'
     The last packet was not received correctly.  The YYY field
     contains the sequence number of the last correctly received packet.

3 `SRJ'
     Selective reject.  The YYY field contains the sequence number of a
     packet that was not received correctly, and should be
     retransmitted.  This is not used by UUCP, and most implementations
     will not recognize it.

4 `RR' or `ACK'
     Packet acknowledgement.  The YYY field contains the sequence
     number of the last correctly received packet.

5 `INITC'
     Third initialization packet.  The YYY field contains the maximum
     window size to use.

6 `INITB'
     Second initialization packet.  The YYY field contains the packet
     size to use.  It requests a size of 2 ** (YYY + 5).  Note that
     this is not the same coding used for the K byte in the packet
     header (it is 1 less).  Most UUCP implementations that request a
     packet size larger than 64 bytes can handle any packet size up to
     that specified.

7 `INITA'
     First initialization packet.  The YYY field contains the maximum
     window size to use.

   To compute the checksum, call the control byte (the fifth byte in the
header) C.

   The checksum of a control packet is simply `0xaaaa - C'.

   The checksum of a data packet is `0xaaaa - (CHECK ^ C)', where `^'
denotes exclusive or, and CHECK is the result of the following routine
as run on the contents of the data field (every byte in the data field
participates in the checksum, even for a short data packet).  Below is
the routine used by an early version of Taylor UUCP; it is a slightly
modified version of a routine which John Gilmore patched from G.L.
Chesson's original paper.  The `z' argument points to the data and the
`c' argument indicates how much data there is.

     int
     igchecksum (z, c)
          register const char *z;
          register int c;
     {
       register unsigned int ichk1, ichk2;
     
       ichk1 = 0xffff;
       ichk2 = 0;
     
       do
         {
           register unsigned int b;
     
           /* Rotate ichk1 left.  */
           if ((ichk1 & 0x8000) == 0)
             ichk1 <<= 1;
           else
             {
               ichk1 <<= 1;
               ++ichk1;
             }
     
           /* Add the next character to ichk1.  */
           b = *z++ & 0xff;
           ichk1 += b;
     
           /* Add ichk1 xor the character position in the buffer counting from
              the back to ichk2.  */
           ichk2 += ichk1 ^ c;
     
           /* If the character was zero, or adding it to ichk1 caused an
              overflow, xor ichk2 to ichk1.  */
           if (b == 0 || (ichk1 & 0xffff) < b)
             ichk1 ^= ichk2;
         }
       while (--c > 0);
     
       return ichk1 & 0xffff;
     }

   When the `g' protocol is started, the calling UUCP sends an `INITA'
control packet with the window size it wishes the called UUCP to use.
The called UUCP responds with an `INITA' packet with the window size it
wishes the calling UUCP to use.  Pairs of `INITB' and `INITC' packets
are then similarly exchanged.  When these exchanges are completed, the
protocol is considered to have been started.

   Note that the window and packet sizes are not a negotiation.  Each
system announces the window and packet size which the other system
should use.  It is possible that different window and packet sizes will
be used in each direction.  The protocol works this way on the theory
that each system knows how much data it can accept without getting
overrun.  Therefore, each system tells the other how much data to send
before waiting for an acknowledgement.

   When a UUCP package transmits a command, it sends one or more data
packets.  All the data packets will normally be complete, although some
UUCP packages may send the last one as a short packet.  The command
string is sent with a trailing null byte, to let the receiving package
know when the command is finished.  Some UUCP packages require the last
byte of the last packet sent to be null, even if the command ends
earlier in the packet.  Some packages may require all the trailing bytes
in the last packet to be null, but I have not confirmed this.

   When a UUCP package sends a file, it will send a sequence of data
packets.  The end of the file is signalled by a short data packet
containing zero valid bytes (it will normally be preceeded by a short
data packet containing the last few bytes in the file).

   Note that the sequence numbers cover the entire communication
session, including both command and file data.

   When the protocol is shut down, each UUCP package sends a `CLOSE'
control packet.


File: uucp.info,  Node: f Protocol,  Next: t Protocol,  Prev: g Protocol,  Up: Protocols

UUCP `f' Protocol
=================

   The `f' protocol is a seven bit protocol which checksums an entire
file at a time.  It only uses the characters between `\040' and `\176'
(ASCII `space' and `~') inclusive, as well as the carriage return
character.  It can be very efficient for transferring text only data,
but it is very inefficient at transferring eight bit data (such as
compressed news).  It is not flow controlled, and the checksum is
fairly insecure over large files, so using it over a serial connection
requires handshaking (XON/XOFF can be used) and error correcting
modems.  Some people think it should not be used even under those
circumstances.

   I believe that the `f' protocol originated in BSD versions of UUCP.
It was originally intended for transmission over X.25 PAD links.

   The `f' protocol has no startup or finish protocol.  However, both
sides typically sleep for a couple of seconds before starting up,
because they switch the terminal into XON/XOFF mode and want to allow
the changes to settle before beginning transmission.

   When a UUCP package transmits a command, it simply sends a string
terminated by a carriage return.

   When a UUCP package transmits a file, each byte B of the file is
translated according to the following table:

            0 <= B <=  037: 0172, B + 0100 (0100 to 0137)
          040 <= B <= 0171:       B        ( 040 to 0171)
         0172 <= B <= 0177: 0173, B - 0100 ( 072 to  077)
         0200 <= B <= 0237: 0174, B - 0100 (0100 to 0137)
         0240 <= B <= 0371: 0175, B - 0200 ( 040 to 0171)
         0372 <= B <= 0377: 0176, B - 0300 ( 072 to  077)

   That is, a byte between `\040' and `\171' inclusive is transmitted
as is, and all other bytes are prefixed and modified as shown.

   When all the file data is sent, a seven byte sequence is sent: two
bytes of `\176' followed by four ASCII bytes of the checksum as printed
in base 16 followed by a carriage return.  For example, if the checksum
was 0x1234, this would be sent: `\176\1761234\r'.

   The checksum is initialized to 0xffff.  For each byte that is sent
it is modified as follows (where B is the byte before it has been
transformed as described above):

           /* Rotate the checksum left.  */
           if ((ichk & 0x8000) == 0)
             ichk <<= 1;
           else
             {
               ichk <<= 1;
               ++ichk;
             }
     
           /* Add the next byte into the checksum.  */
           ichk += B;

   When the receiving UUCP sees the checksum, it compares it against its
own calculated checksum and replies with a single character followed by
a carriage return.

`G'
     The file was received correctly.

`R'
     The checksum did not match, and the file should be resent from the
     beginning.

`Q'
     The checksum did not match, but too many retries have occurred and
     the communication session should be abandoned.

   The sending UUCP checks the returned character and acts accordingly.


File: uucp.info,  Node: t Protocol,  Next: e Protocol,  Prev: f Protocol,  Up: Protocols

UUCP `t' Protocol
=================

   The `t' protocol is intended for use on links which provide reliable
end-to-end connections, such as TCP.  It does no error checking or flow
control, and requires an eight bit clear channel.

   I believe the `t' protocol originated in BSD versions of UUCP.

   When a UUCP package transmits a command, it first gets the length of
the command string, C.  It then sends `((C / 512) + 1) * 512' bytes
(the smallest multiple of 512 which can hold C bytes plus a null byte)
consisting of the command string itself followed by trailing null bytes.

   When a UUCP package sends a file, it sends it in blocks.  Each block
contains at most 1024 bytes of data.  Each block consists of four bytes
containing the amount of data in binary (most significant byte first,
the same format as used by the Unix function `htonl') followed by that
amount of data.  The end of the file is signalled by a block containing
zero bytes of data.


File: uucp.info,  Node: e Protocol,  Next: Big G Protocol,  Prev: t Protocol,  Up: Protocols

UUCP `e' Protocol
=================

   The `e' protocol is similar to the `t' protocol.  It does no flow
control or error checking and is intended for use over networks
providing reliable end-to-end connections, such as TCP.

   The `e' protocol originated in versions of HDB UUCP.

   When a UUCP package transmits a command, it simply sends the command
as an ASCII string terminated by a null byte.

   When a UUCP package transmits a file, it sends the complete size of
the file as an ASCII decimal number.  The ASCII string is padded out to
20 bytes with null bytes (i.e. if the file is 1000 bytes long, it sends
`1000\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0').  It then sends the entire file.


File: uucp.info,  Node: Big G Protocol,  Next: i Protocol,  Prev: e Protocol,  Up: Protocols

UUCP `G' Protocol
=================

   The `G' protocol is used by SVR4 UUCP.  It is identical to the `g'
protocol, except that it is possible to modify the window and packet
sizes.  The SVR4 implementation of the `g' protocol reportedly is fixed
at a packet size of 64 and a window size of 7.  Supposedly SVR4 chose
to implement a new protocol using a new letter to avoid any potential
incompatibilities when using different packet or window sizes.

   Most implementations of the `g' protocol that accept packets larger
than 64 bytes will also accept packets smaller than whatever they
requested in the `INITB' packet.  The SVR4 `G' implementation is an
exception; it will only accept packets of precisely the size it
requests in the INITB packet.

