PPP(8)                  OpenBSD System Manager's Manual                 PPP(8)

NAME
     ppp - Point to Point Protocol (a.k.a. user-ppp)

SYNOPSIS
     ppp [-mode] [-nat] [-quiet] [-unitN] [system ...]

DESCRIPTION
     This is a user process PPP software package.  Normally, PPP is implement-
     ed as a part of the kernel (e.g., as managed by pppd(8)) and it's thus
     somewhat hard to debug and/or modify its behaviour.  However, in this im-
     plementation PPP is done as a user process with the help of the tunnel
     device driver (tun).

     The -nat flag does the equivalent of a ``nat enable yes'', enabling ppp's
     network address translation features.  This allows ppp to act as a NAT or
     masquerading engine for all machines on an internal LAN.

     The -quiet flag tells ppp to be silent at startup rather than displaying
     the mode and interface to standard output.

     The -unit flag tells ppp to only attempt to open /dev/tunN. Normally, ppp
     will start with a value of 0 for N, and keep trying to open a tunnel de-
     vice by incrementing the value of N by one each time until it succeeds.
     If it fails three times in a row because the device file is missing, it
     gives up.

     The following modes are understood by ppp:

        -auto
             ppp opens the tun interface, configures it then goes into the
             background.  The link isn't brought up until outgoing data is de-
             tected on the tun interface at which point ppp attempts to bring
             up the link.  Packets received (including the first one) while
             ppp is trying to bring the link up will remain queued for a de-
             fault of 2 minutes.  See the ``set choked'' command below.

             In -auto mode, at least one ``system'' must be given on the com-
             mand line (see below) and a ``set ifaddr'' must be done in the
             system profile that specifies a peer IP address to use when con-
             figuring the interface.  Something like ``10.0.0.1/0'' is usually
             appropriate.  See the ``pmdemand'' system in
             /etc/ppp/ppp.conf.sample for an example.

        -background
             Here, ppp attempts to establish a connection with the peer imme-
             diately.  If it succeeds, ppp goes into the background and the
             parent process returns an exit code of 0.  If it fails, ppp exits
             with a non-zero result.

        -foreground
             In foreground mode, ppp attempts to establish a connection with
             the peer immediately, but never becomes a daemon.  The link is
             created in background mode.  This is useful if you wish to con-
             trol ppp's invocation from another process.

        -direct
             This is used for receiving incoming connections.  ppp ignores the
             ``set device'' line and uses descriptor 0 as the link.

             If callback is configured, ppp will use the ``set device'' infor-
             mation when dialing back.

        -dedicated
             This option is designed for machines connected with a dedicated
             wire.  ppp will always keep the device open and will never use
             any configured chat scripts.

        -ddial
             This mode is equivalent to -auto mode except that ppp will bring
             the link back up any time it's dropped for any reason.

        -interactive
             This is a no-op, and gives the same behaviour as if none of the
             above modes have been specified.  ppp loads any sections speci-
             fied on the command line then provides an interactive prompt.

     One or more configuration entries or systems (as specified in
     /etc/ppp/ppp.conf) may also be specified on the command line.  ppp will
     read the ``default'' system from /etc/ppp/ppp.conf at startup, followed
     by each of the systems specified on the command line.

Major Features
     Provides an interactive user interface.  Using its command mode, the user
     can easily enter commands to establish the connection with the remote
     end, check the status of connection and close the connection.  All func-
     tions can also be optionally password protected for security.

     Supports both manual and automatic dialing.  Interactive mode has a
     ``term'' command which enables you to talk to the device directly.  When
     you are connected to the remote peer and it starts to talk PPP, ppp de-
     tects it and switches to packet mode automatically.  Once you have deter-
     mined the proper sequence for connecting with the remote host, you can
     write a chat script to define the necessary dialing and login procedure
     for later convenience.

     Supports on-demand dialup capability.  By using -auto mode, ppp will act
     as a daemon and wait for a packet to be sent over the PPP link.  When
     this happens, the daemon automatically dials and establishes the connec-
     tion.  In almost the same manner -ddial mode (direct-dial mode) also au-
     tomatically dials and establishes the connection.  However, it differs in
     that it will dial the remote site any time it detects the link is down,
     even if there are no packets to be sent.  This mode is useful for full-
     time connections where we worry less about line charges and more about
     being connected full time.  A third -dedicated mode is also available.
     This mode is targeted at a dedicated link between two machines.  ppp will
     never voluntarily quit from dedicated mode - you must send it the ``quit
     all'' command via its diagnostic socket.  A SIGHUP will force an LCP
     renegotiation, and a SIGTERM will force it to exit.

     Supports client callback.  ppp can use either the standard LCP callback
     protocol or the Microsoft CallBack Control Protocol (ftp://ftp.mi-
     crosoft.com/developr/rfc/cbcp.txt).

     Supports NAT or packet aliasing.  Packet aliasing (a.k.a. IP masquerad-
     ing) allows computers on a private, unregistered network to access the
     Internet.  The PPP host acts as a masquerading gateway.  IP addresses as
     well as TCP and UDP port numbers are NAT'd for outgoing packets and de-
     NAT'd for returning packets.

     Supports background PPP connections.  In background mode, if ppp success-
     fully establishes the connection, it will become a daemon.  Otherwise, it
     will exit with an error.  This allows the setup of scripts that wish to
     execute certain commands only if the connection is successfully estab-
     lished.

     Supports server-side PPP connections.  In direct mode, ppp acts as server
     which accepts incoming PPP connections on stdin/stdout.

     Supports PAP and CHAP (rfc 1994, 2433 and 2759) authentication.  With PAP
     or CHAP, it is possible to skip the Unix style login(1) procedure, and
     use the PPP protocol for authentication instead.  If the peer requests
     Microsoft CHAP authentication and ppp is compiled with DES support, an
     appropriate MD4/DES response will be made.

     Supports RADIUS (rfc 2138) authentication.  An extension to PAP and CHAP,
     Remote Access Dial In User Service allows authentication information to
     be stored in a central or distributed database along with various per-us-
     er framed connection characteristics.

     Supports Proxy Arp.  ppp can be configured to make one or more proxy arp
     entries on behalf of the peer.  This allows routing from the peer to the
     LAN without configuring each machine on that LAN.

     Supports packet filtering.  User can define four kinds of filters: the in
     filter for incoming packets, the out filter for outgoing packets, the
     dial filter to define a dialing trigger packet and the alive filter for
     keeping a connection alive with the trigger packet.

     Tunnel driver supports bpf.  The user can use tcpdump(1) to check the
     packet flow over the PPP link.

     Supports PPP over TCP and PPP over UDP.  If a device name is specified as
     host:port[/tcp|udp], ppp will open a TCP or UDP connection for transport-
     ing data rather than using a conventional serial device.  UDP connections
     force ppp into synchronous mode.

     Supports PPP over ISDN.  If ppp is given a raw B-channel i4b device to
     open as a link, it's able to talk to the isdnd(8) daemon to establish an
     ISDN connection.

     Supports PPP over Ethernet (rfc 2516).  If ppp is given a device specifi-
     cation of the format PPPoE:iface[:provider] and if netgraph(4) is avail-
     able, ppp will attempt talk PPP over Ethernet to provider using the iface
     network interface.

     On systems that do not support netgraph(4), an external program such as
     pppoe(8) may be used.

     Supports IETF draft Predictor-1 (rfc 1978) and DEFLATE (rfc 1979)
     compression.  ppp supports not only VJ-compression but also Predictor-1
     and DEFLATE compression.  Normally, a modem has built-in compression
     (e.g., v42.bis) and the system may receive higher data rates from it as a
     result of such compression.  While this is generally a good thing in most
     other situations, this higher speed data imposes a penalty on the system
     by increasing the number of serial interrupts the system has to process
     in talking to the modem and also increases latency.  Unlike VJ-compres-
     sion, Predictor-1 and DEFLATE compression pre-compresses all network
     traffic flowing through the link, thus reducing overheads to a minimum.

     Supports Microsoft's IPCP extensions (rfc 1877).  Name Server Addresses
     and NetBIOS Name Server Addresses can be negotiated with clients using
     the Microsoft PPP stack (i.e., Win95, WinNT)

     Supports Multi-link PPP (rfc 1990)  It is possible to configure ppp to
     open more than one physical connection to the peer, combining the band-
     width of all links for better throughput.

     Supports MPPE (draft-ietf-pppext-mppe)  MPPE is Microsoft Point to Point
     Encryption scheme.  It is possible to configure ppp to participate in Mi-
     crosoft's Windows VPN.  For now, ppp can only get encryption keys from
     CHAP 81 authentication.  ppp must be compiled with DES for MPPE to oper-
     ate.

     Supports IPV6CP (rfc 2023).  An IPv6 connection can be made in addition
     to or instead of the normal IPv4 connection.

PERMISSIONS
     ppp is installed as user root and group network, with permissions 04554.
     By default, ppp will not run if the invoking user id is not zero.  This
     may be overridden by using the ``allow users'' command in
     /etc/ppp/ppp.conf. When running as a normal user, ppp switches to user id
     0 in order to alter the system routing table, set up system lock files
     and read the ppp configuration files.  All external commands (executed
     via the "shell" or "!bg" commands) are executed as the user id that in-
     voked ppp. Refer to the `ID0' logging facility if you're interested in
     what exactly is done as user id zero.

GETTING STARTED
     When you first run ppp you may need to deal with some initial configura-
     tion details.

     o   Your kernel must include a tunnel device (the GENERIC kernel includes
         one by default).  If it doesn't, or if you require more than one tun
         interface, you'll need to rebuild your kernel with the following line
         in your kernel configuration file:

               pseudo-device tun N

         where N is the maximum number of PPP connections you wish to support.

     o   Check your /dev directory for the tunnel device entries /dev/tunN,
         where `N' represents the number of the tun device, starting at zero.
         If they don't exist, you can create them by running "sh ./MAKEDEV
         tunN".  This will create tun devices 0 through N.

     o   Make sure that your system has a group named ``network'' in the
         /etc/group file and that the group contains the names of all users
         expected to use ppp. Refer to the group(5) manual page for details.
         Each of these users must also be given access using the ``allow
         users'' command in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf.

     o   Create a log file.  ppp uses syslog(3) to log information.  A common
         log file name is /var/log/ppp.log. To make output go to this file,
         put the following lines in the /etc/syslog.conf file:

               !ppp
               *.*<TAB>/var/log/ppp.log

         It is possible to have more than one PPP log file by creating a link
         to the ppp executable:

               # cd /usr/sbin
               # ln ppp ppp0

         and using

               !ppp0
               *.*<TAB>/var/log/ppp0.log

         in /etc/syslog.conf. Don't forget to send a HUP signal to syslogd(8)
         after altering /etc/syslog.conf.

     o   Although not strictly relevant to ppp's operation, you should config-
         ure your resolver so that it works correctly.  This can be done by
         configuring a local DNS (using named(8)) or by adding the correct
         `nameserver' lines to the file /etc/resolv.conf. Refer to the re-
         solv.conf(5) manual page for details.

         Alternatively, if the peer supports it, ppp can be configured to ask
         the peer for the nameserver address(es) and to update
         /etc/resolv.conf automatically.  Refer to the ``enable dns'' and
         ``resolv'' commands below for details.

MANUAL DIALING
     In the following examples, we assume that your machine name is awfulhak.
     when you invoke ppp (see PERMISSIONS above) with no arguments, you are
     presented with a prompt:

           ppp ON awfulhak>

     The `ON' part of your prompt should always be in upper case.  If it is in
     lower case, it means that you must supply a password using the ``passwd''
     command.  This only ever happens if you connect to a running version of
     ppp and have not authenticated yourself using the correct password.

     You can start by specifying the device name and speed:

           ppp ON awfulhak> set device /dev/cua00
           ppp ON awfulhak> set speed 38400

     Normally, hardware flow control (CTS/RTS) is used.  However, under cer-
     tain circumstances (as may happen when you are connected directly to cer-
     tain PPP-capable terminal servers), this may result in ppp hanging as
     soon as it tries to write data to your communications link as it is wait-
     ing for the CTS (clear to send) signal - which will never come.  Thus, if
     you have a direct line and can't seem to make a connection, try turning
     CTS/RTS off with ``set ctsrts off''. If you need to do this, check the
     ``set accmap'' description below too - you'll probably need to ``set
     accmap 000a0000''.

     Usually, parity is set to ``none'', and this is ppp's default.  Parity is
     a rather archaic error checking mechanism that is no longer used because
     modern modems do their own error checking, and most link-layer protocols
     (that's what ppp is) use much more reliable checking mechanisms.  Parity
     has a relatively huge overhead (a 12.5% increase in traffic) and as a re-
     sult, it is always disabled (set to ``none'') when PPP is opened.  Howev-
     er, some ISPs (Internet Service Providers) may use specific parity set-
     tings at connection time (before PPP is opened).  Notably, Compuserve in-
     sist on even parity when logging in:

           ppp ON awfulhak> set parity even

     You can now see what your current device settings look like:

           ppp ON awfulhak> show physical
           Name: deflink
            State:           closed
            Device:          N/A
            Link Type:       interactive
            Connect Count:   0
            Queued Packets:  0
            Phone Number:    N/A

           Defaults:
            Device List:     /dev/cua00
            Characteristics: 38400bps, cs8, even parity, CTS/RTS on

           Connect time: 0 secs
           0 octets in, 0 octets out
           Overall 0 bytes/sec
           ppp ON awfulhak>

     The term command can now be used to talk directly to the device:

           ppp ON awfulhak> term
           at
           OK
           atdt123456
           CONNECT
           login: myispusername
           Password: myisppassword
           Protocol: ppp

     When the peer starts to talk in PPP, ppp detects this automatically and
     returns to command mode.

           ppp ON awfulhak>               # No link has been established
           Ppp ON awfulhak>               # We've connected & finished LCP
           PPp ON awfulhak>               # We've authenticated
           PPP ON awfulhak>               # We've agreed IP numbers

     If it does not, it's probable that the peer is waiting for your end to
     start negotiating.  To force ppp to start sending PPP configuration pack-
     ets to the peer, use the ``~p'' command to drop out of terminal mode and
     enter packet mode.

     If you never even receive a login prompt, it is quite likely that the
     peer wants to use PAP or CHAP authentication instead of using Unix-style
     login/password authentication.  To set things up properly, drop back to
     the prompt and set your authentication name and key, then reconnect:

           ~.
           ppp ON awfulhak> set authname myispusername
           ppp ON awfulhak> set authkey myisppassword
           ppp ON awfulhak> term
           at
           OK
           atdt123456
           CONNECT

     You may need to tell ppp to initiate negotiations with the peer here too:

           ~p
           ppp ON awfulhak>               # No link has been established
           Ppp ON awfulhak>               # We've connected & finished LCP
           PPp ON awfulhak>               # We've authenticated
           PPP ON awfulhak>               # We've agreed IP numbers

     You are now connected!  Note that `PPP' in the prompt has changed to cap-
     ital letters to indicate that you have a peer connection.  If only some
     of the three Ps go uppercase, wait until either everything is uppercase
     or lowercase.  If they revert to lowercase, it means that ppp couldn't
     successfully negotiate with the peer.  A good first step for trou-
     bleshooting at this point would be to

           ppp ON awfulhak> set log local phase lcp ipcp

     and try again.  Refer to the ``set log'' command description below for
     further details.  If things fail at this point, it is quite important
     that you turn logging on and try again.  It is also important that you
     note any prompt changes and report them to anyone trying to help you.

     When the link is established, the show command can be used to see how
     things are going:

           PPP ON awfulhak> show physical
           * Modem related information is shown here *
           PPP ON awfulhak> show ccp
           * CCP (compression) related information is shown here *
           PPP ON awfulhak> show lcp
           * LCP (line control) related information is shown here *
           PPP ON awfulhak> show ipcp
           * IPCP (IP) related information is shown here *
           PPP ON awfulhak> show ipv6cp
           * IPV6CP (IPv6) related information is shown here *
           PPP ON awfulhak> show link
           * Link (high level) related information is shown here *
           PPP ON awfulhak> show bundle
           * Logical (high level) connection related information is shown here *

     At this point, your machine has a host route to the peer.  This means
     that you can only make a connection with the host on the other side of
     the link.  If you want to add a default route entry (telling your machine
     to send all packets without another routing entry to the other side of
     the PPP link), enter the following command:

           PPP ON awfulhak> add default HISADDR

     The string `HISADDR' represents the IP address of the connected peer.  If
     the ``add'' command fails due to an existing route, you can overwrite the
     existing route using

           PPP ON awfulhak> add! default HISADDR

     This command can also be executed before actually making the connection.
     If a new IP address is negotiated at connection time, ppp will update
     your default route accordingly.

     You can now use your network applications (ping, telnet, ftp etc.)  in
     other windows or terminals on your machine.  If you wish to reuse the
     current terminal, you can put ppp into the background using your standard
     shell suspend and background commands (usually ``^Z'' followed by
     ``bg'').

     Refer to the PPP COMMAND LIST section for details on all available com-
     mands.

AUTOMATIC DIALING
     To use automatic dialing, you must prepare some Dial and Login chat
     scripts.  See the example definitions in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf.sample (the
     format of /etc/ppp/ppp.conf is pretty simple).  Each line contains one
     comment, inclusion, label or command:

     o   A line starting with a (``#'') character is treated as a comment
         line.  Leading whitespace are ignored when identifying comment lines.

     o   An inclusion is a line beginning with the word `!include'. It must
         have one argument - the file to include.  You may wish to ``!include
         ~/.ppp.conf'' for compatibility with older versions of ppp.

     o   A label name starts in the first column and is followed by a colon
         (``:'').

     o   A command line must contain a space or tab in the first column.

     The /etc/ppp/ppp.conf file should consist of at least a ``default'' sec-
     tion.  This section is always executed.  It should also contain one or
     more sections, named according to their purpose, for example, ``MyISP''
     would represent your ISP, and ``ppp-in'' would represent an incoming ppp
     configuration.  You can now specify the destination label name when you
     invoke ppp. Commands associated with the ``default'' label are executed,
     followed by those associated with the destination label provided.  When
     ppp is started with no arguments, the ``default'' section is still exe-
     cuted.  The load command can be used to manually load a section from the
     /etc/ppp/ppp.conf file:

           ppp ON awfulhak> load MyISP

     Note, no action is taken by ppp after a section is loaded, whether it's
     the result of passing a label on the command line or using the ``load''
     command.  Only the commands specified for that label in the configuration
     file are executed.  However, when invoking ppp with the -background,
     -ddial, or -dedicated switches, the link mode tells ppp to establish a
     connection.  Refer to the ``set mode'' command below for further details.

     Once the connection is made, the `ppp' portion of the prompt will change
     to `PPP':

           # ppp MyISP
           ...
           ppp ON awfulhak> dial
           Ppp ON awfulhak>
           PPp ON awfulhak>
           PPP ON awfulhak>

     The Ppp prompt indicates that ppp has entered the authentication phase.
     The PPp prompt indicates that ppp has entered the network phase.  The PPP
     prompt indicates that ppp has successfully negotiated a network layer
     protocol and is in a usable state.

     If the /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup file is available, its contents are executed
     when the PPP connection is established.  See the provided ``pmdemand''
     example in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf.sample which runs a script in the background
     after the connection is established (refer to the ``shell'' and ``bg''
     commands below for a description of possible substitution strings).  Sim-
     ilarly, when a connection is closed, the contents of the
     /etc/ppp/ppp.linkdown file are executed.  Both of these files have the
     same format as /etc/ppp/ppp.conf.

     In previous versions of ppp, it was necessary to re-add routes such as
     the default route in the ppp.linkup file.  ppp supports `sticky routes',
     where all routes that contain the HISADDR, MYADDR, HISADDR6 or MYADDR6
     literals will automatically be updated when the values of these variables
     change.

BACKGROUND DIALING
     If you want to establish a connection using ppp non-interactively (such
     as from a crontab(5) entry or an at(1) job) you should use the
     -background option.  When -background is specified, ppp attempts to es-
     tablish the connection immediately.  If multiple phone numbers are speci-
     fied, each phone number will be tried once.  If the attempt fails, ppp
     exits immediately with a non-zero exit code.  If it succeeds, then ppp
     becomes a daemon, and returns an exit status of zero to its caller.  The
     daemon exits automatically if the connection is dropped by the remote
     system, or it receives a TERM signal.

DIAL ON DEMAND
     Demand dialing is enabled with the -auto or -ddial options.  You must al-
     so specify the destination label in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf to use.  It must
     contain the ``set ifaddr'' command to define the remote peers IP address.
     (refer to /usr/share/examples/ppp/ppp.conf.sample)

           # ppp -auto pmdemand

     When -auto or -ddial is specified, ppp runs as a daemon but you can still
     configure or examine its configuration by using the ``set server'' com-
     mand in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf, (for example, ``set server +3000 mypasswd'')
     and connecting to the diagnostic port as follows:

           # pppctl 3000   (assuming tun0)
           Password:
           PPP ON awfulhak> show who
           tcp (127.0.0.1:1028) *

     The ``show who'' command lists users that are currently connected to ppp
     itself.  If the diagnostic socket is closed or changed to a different
     socket, all connections are immediately dropped.

     In -auto mode, when an outgoing packet is detected, ppp will perform the
     dialing action (chat script) and try to connect with the peer.  In -ddial
     mode, the dialing action is performed any time the line is found to be
     down.  If the connect fails, the default behaviour is to wait 30 seconds
     and then attempt to connect when another outgoing packet is detected.
     This behaviour can be changed using the ``set redial'' command:

     set redial secs[+inc[-max]][.next] [attempts]

     secs      is the number of seconds to wait before attempting to connect
               again.  If the argument is the literal string `random', the de-
               lay period is a random value between 1 and 30 seconds inclu-
               sive.
     inc       is the number of seconds that secs should be incremented each
               time a new dial attempt is made.  The timeout reverts to secs
               only after a successful connection is established.  The default
               value for inc is zero.
     max       is the maximum number of times ppp should increment secs. The
               default value for max is 10.
     next      is the number of seconds to wait before attempting to dial the
               next number in a list of numbers (see the ``set phone'' com-
               mand).  The default is 3 seconds.  Again, if the argument is
               the literal string `random', the delay period is a random value
               between 1 and 30 seconds.
     attempts  is the maximum number of times to try to connect for each out-
               going packet that triggers a dial.  The previous value is un-
               changed if this parameter is omitted.  If a value of zero is
               specified for attempts, ppp will keep trying until a connection
               is made.

     So, for example:

           set redial 10.3 4

     will attempt to connect 4 times for each outgoing packet that causes a
     dial attempt with a 3 second delay between each number and a 10 second
     delay after all numbers have been tried.  If multiple phone numbers are
     specified, the total number of attempts is still 4 (it does not attempt
     each number 4 times).

     Alternatively,

           set redial 10+10-5.3 20

     tells ppp to attempt to connect 20 times.  After the first attempt, ppp
     pauses for 10 seconds.  After the next attempt it pauses for 20 seconds
     and so on until after the sixth attempt it pauses for 1 minute.  The next
     14 pauses will also have a duration of one minute.  If ppp connects, dis-
     connects and fails to connect again, the timeout starts again at 10 sec-
     onds.

     Modifying the dial delay is very useful when running ppp in -auto mode on
     both ends of the link.  If each end has the same timeout, both ends wind
     up calling each other at the same time if the link drops and both ends
     have packets queued.  At some locations, the serial link may not be reli-
     able, and carrier may be lost at inappropriate times.  It is possible to
     have ppp redial should carrier be unexpectedly lost during a session.

           set reconnect timeout ntries

     This command tells ppp to re-establish the connection ntries times on
     loss of carrier with a pause of timeout seconds before each try.  For ex-
     ample,

           set reconnect 3 5

     tells ppp that on an unexpected loss of carrier, it should wait 3 seconds
     before attempting to reconnect.  This may happen up to 5 times before ppp
     gives up.  The default value of ntries is zero (no reconnect).  Care
     should be taken with this option.  If the local timeout is slightly
     longer than the remote timeout, the reconnect feature will always be
     triggered (up to the given number of times) after the remote side times
     out and hangs up.  NOTE: In this context, losing too many LQRs consti-
     tutes a loss of carrier and will trigger a reconnect.  If the -background
     flag is specified, all phone numbers are dialed at most once until a con-
     nection is made.  The next number redial period specified with the ``set
     redial'' command is honoured, as is the reconnect tries value.  If your
     redial value is less than the number of phone numbers specified, not all
     the specified numbers will be tried.  To terminate the program, type

           PPP ON awfulhak> close
           ppp ON awfulhak> quit all

     A simple ``quit'' command will terminate the pppctl(8) or telnet(1) con-
     nection but not the ppp program itself.  You must use ``quit all'' to
     terminate ppp as well.

RECEIVING INCOMING PPP CONNECTIONS (Method 1)
     To handle an incoming PPP connection request, follow these steps:

     1.   Make sure the modem and (optionally) /etc/rc.serial is configured
          correctly.
          o   Use Hardware Handshake (CTS/RTS) for flow control.
          o   Modem should be set to NO echo back (ATE0) and NO results string
              (ATQ1).

     2.   Edit /etc/ttys to enable a getty(8) on the port where the modem is
          attached.  For example:

                ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.38400" dialup on secure

          Don't forget to send a HUP signal to the init(8) process to start
          the getty(8):

                # kill -HUP 1

          It is usually also necessary to train your modem to the same DTR
          speed as the getty:

                # ppp
                ppp ON awfulhak> set device /dev/cua01
                ppp ON awfulhak> set speed 38400
                ppp ON awfulhak> term
                deflink: Entering terminal mode on /dev/cua01
                Type `~?' for help
                at
                OK
                at
                OK
                atz
                OK
                at
                OK
                ~.
                ppp ON awfulhak> quit

     3.   Create a /usr/local/bin/ppplogin file with the following contents:

                #! /bin/sh
                exec /usr/sbin/ppp -direct incoming

          Direct mode (-direct) lets ppp work with stdin and stdout.  You can
          also use pppctl(8) to connect to a configured diagnostic port, in
          the same manner as with client-side ppp.

          Here, the incoming section must be set up in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf.

          Make sure that the incoming section contains the ``allow users''
          command as appropriate.

     4.   Prepare an account for the incoming user.

          ppp:xxxx:66:66:PPP Login User:/home/ppp:/usr/local/bin/ppplogin

          Refer to the manual entries for adduser(8) and vipw(8) for details.

     5.   Support for IPCP Domain Name Server and NetBIOS Name Server negotia-
          tion can be enabled using the ``accept dns'' and ``set nbns'' com-
          mands.  Refer to their descriptions below.

RECEIVING INCOMING PPP CONNECTIONS (Method 2)
     This method differs in that we use ppp to authenticate the connection
     rather than login(1):

     1.   Configure your default section in /etc/gettytab with automatic ppp
          recognition by specifying the ``pp'' capability:

          default:\
                  :pp=/usr/local/bin/ppplogin:\
                  .....

     2.   Configure your serial device(s), enable a getty(8) and create
          /usr/local/bin/ppplogin as in the first three steps for method 1
          above.

     3.   Add either ``enable chap'' or ``enable pap'' (or both) to
          /etc/ppp/ppp.conf under the `incoming' label (or whatever label
          ppplogin uses).

     4.   Create an entry in /etc/ppp/ppp.secret for each incoming user:

          Pfred<TAB>xxxx
          Pgeorge<TAB>yyyy

     Now, as soon as getty(8) detects a ppp connection (by recognising the
     HDLC frame headers), it runs ``/usr/local/bin/ppplogin''.

     It is VITAL that either PAP or CHAP are enabled as above.  If they are
     not, you are allowing anybody to establish ppp session with your machine
     without a password, opening yourself up to all sorts of potential at-
     tacks.

AUTHENTICATING INCOMING CONNECTIONS
     Normally, the receiver of a connection requires that the peer authenti-
     cates itself.  This may be done using login(1), but alternatively, you
     can use PAP or CHAP.  CHAP is the more secure of the two, but some
     clients may not support it.  Once you decide which you wish to use, add
     the command `enable chap' or `enable pap' to the relevant section of
     ppp.conf.

     You must then configure the /etc/ppp/ppp.secret file.  This file contains
     one line per possible client, each line containing up to five fields:

     name key [hisaddr [label [callback-number]]]

     The name and key specify the client username and password.  If key is
     ``*'' and PAP is being used, ppp will look up the password database
     (passwd(5)) when authenticating.  If the client does not offer a suitable
     response based on any name/key combination in ppp.secret, authentication
     fails.

     If authentication is successful, hisaddr (if specified) is used when ne-
     gotiating IP numbers.  See the ``set ifaddr'' command for details.

     If authentication is successful and label is specified, the current sys-
     tem label is changed to match the given label. This will change the sub-
     sequent parsing of the ppp.linkup and ppp.linkdown files.

     If authentication is successful and callback-number is specified and
     ``set callback'' has been used in ppp.conf, the client will be called
     back on the given number.  If CBCP is being used, callback-number may al-
     so contain a list of numbers or a ``*'', as if passed to the ``set cbcp''
     command.  The value will be used in ppp's subsequent CBCP phase.

PPP OVER TCP and UDP (a.k.a Tunnelling)
     Instead of running ppp over a serial link, it is possible to use a TCP
     connection instead by specifying the host, port and protocol as the de-
     vice:

           set device ui-gate:6669/tcp

     Instead of opening a serial device, ppp will open a TCP connection to the
     given machine on the given socket.  It should be noted however that ppp
     doesn't use the telnet protocol and will be unable to negotiate with a
     telnet server.  You should set up a port for receiving this PPP connec-
     tion on the receiving machine (ui-gate).  This is done by first updating
     /etc/services to name the service:

           ppp-in 6669/tcp # Incoming PPP connections over TCP

     and updating /etc/inetd.conf to tell inetd(8) how to deal with incoming
     connections on that port:

           ppp-in stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/ppp ppp -direct ppp-in

     Don't forget to send a HUP signal to inetd(8) after you've updated
     /etc/inetd.conf. Here, we use a label named ``ppp-in''. The entry in
     /etc/ppp/ppp.conf on ui-gate (the receiver) should contain the following:

           ppp-in:
            set timeout 0
            set ifaddr 10.0.4.1 10.0.4.2

     and the entry in /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup should contain:

           ppp-in:
            add 10.0.1.0/24 HISADDR

     It is necessary to put the ``add'' command in ppp.linkup to ensure that
     the route is only added after ppp has negotiated and assigned addresses
     to its interface.

     You may also want to enable PAP or CHAP for security.  To enable PAP, add
     the following line:

            enable PAP

     You'll also need to create the following entry in /etc/ppp/ppp.secret:

           MyAuthName MyAuthPasswd

     If MyAuthPasswd is a ``*'', the password is looked up in the passwd(5)
     database.

     The entry in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf on awfulhak (the initiator) should contain
     the following:

           ui-gate:
            set escape 0xff
            set device ui-gate:ppp-in/tcp
            set dial
            set timeout 30
            set log Phase Chat Connect hdlc LCP IPCP IPV6CP CCP tun
            set ifaddr 10.0.4.2 10.0.4.1

     with the route setup in /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup:

           ui-gate:
            add 10.0.2.0/24 HISADDR

     Again, if you're enabling PAP, you'll also need this in the
     /etc/ppp/ppp.conf profile:

            set authname MyAuthName
            set authkey MyAuthKey

     We're assigning the address of 10.0.4.1 to ui-gate, and the address
     10.0.4.2 to awfulhak.  To open the connection, just type

           awfulhak # ppp -background ui-gate

     The result will be an additional "route" on awfulhak to the 10.0.2.0/24
     network via the TCP connection, and an additional "route" on ui-gate to
     the 10.0.1.0/24 network.  The networks are effectively bridged - the un-
     derlying TCP connection may be across a public network (such as the In-
     ternet), and the PPP traffic is conceptually encapsulated (although not
     packet by packet) inside the TCP stream between the two gateways.

     The major disadvantage of this mechanism is that there are two "guaran-
     teed delivery" mechanisms in place - the underlying TCP stream and what-
     ever protocol is used over the PPP link - probably TCP again.  If packets
     are lost, both levels will get in each others way trying to negotiate
     sending of the missing packet.

     To avoid this overhead, it is also possible to do all this using UDP in-
     stead of TCP as the transport by simply changing the protocol from "tcp"
     to "udp".  When using UDP as a transport, ppp will operate in synchronous
     mode.  This is another gain as the incoming data does not have to be re-
     arranged into packets.

     Care should be taken when adding a default route through a tunneled setup
     like this.  It is quite common for the default route (added in
     /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup) to end up routing the link's TCP connection through
     the tunnel, effectively garrotting the connection.  To avoid this, make
     sure you add a static route for the benefit of the link:

           ui-gate:
            set escape 0xff
            set device ui-gate:ppp-in/tcp
            add ui-gate x.x.x.x
            .....

     where ``x.x.x.x'' is the IP number that your route to ``ui-gate'' would
     normally use.

     When routing your connection accross a public network such as the Inter-
     net, it is preferable to encrypt the data.  This can be done with the
     help of the MPPE protocol, although currently this means that you will
     not be able to also compress the traffic as MPPE is implemented as a com-
     pression layer (thank Microsoft for this).  To enable MPPE encryption,
     add the following lines to /etc/ppp/ppp.conf on the server:

             enable MSCHAPv2
             disable deflate pred1
             deny deflate pred1

     ensuring that you've put the requisite entry in /etc/ppp/ppp.secret
     (MSCHAPv2 is challenge based, so passwd(5) cannot be used)

     MSCHAPv2 and MPPE are accepted by default, so the client end should work
     without any additional changes (although ensure you have ``set authname''
     and ``set authkey'' in your profile).

NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (PACKET ALIASING)
     The -nat command line option enables network address translation (a.k.a.
     packet aliasing).  This allows the ppp host to act as a masquerading
     gateway for other computers over a local area network.  Outgoing IP pack-
     ets are NAT'd so that they appear to come from the ppp host, and incoming
     packets are de-NAT'd so that they are routed to the correct machine on
     the local area network.  NAT allows computers on private, unregistered
     subnets to have Internet access, although they are invisible from the
     outside world.  In general, correct ppp operation should first be veri-
     fied with network address translation disabled.  Then, the -nat option
     should be switched on, and network applications (web browser, telnet(1),
     ftp(1), ping(8), traceroute(8)) should be checked on the ppp host.  Fi-
     nally, the same or similar applications should be checked on other com-
     puters in the LAN.  If network applications work correctly on the ppp
     host, but not on other machines in the LAN, then the masquerading soft-
     ware is working properly, but the host is either not forwarding or possi-
     bly receiving IP packets.  Check that IP forwarding is enabled in
     /etc/sysctl.conf and that other machines have designated the ppp host as
     the gateway for the LAN.

PACKET FILTERING
     This implementation supports packet filtering.  There are four kinds of
     filters: the in filter, the out filter, the dial filter and the alive
     filter.  Here are the basics:

     o   A filter definition has the following syntax:

         set filter name rule-no action [!] [[host] src_addr[/width]
         [dst_addr[/width]]] [proto [src cmp port] [dst cmp port] [estab]
         [syn] [finrst] [timeout secs]]

         1.   Name should be one of `in', `out', `dial' or `alive'.

         2.   Rule-no is a numeric value between `0' and `39' specifying the
              rule number.  Rules are specified in numeric order according to
              rule-no, but only if rule `0' is defined.

         3.   Action may be specified as `permit' or `deny', in which case, if
              a given packet matches the rule, the associated action is taken
              immediately.  Action can also be specified as `clear' to clear
              the action associated with that particular rule, or as a new
              rule number greater than the current rule.  In this case, if a
              given packet matches the current rule, the packet will next be
              matched against the new rule number (rather than the next rule
              number).

              The action may optionally be followed with an exclamation mark
              (``!''), telling ppp to reverse the sense of the following


              match.

         4.   [src_addr[/width]] and [dst_addr[/width]] are the source and
              destination IP number specifications.  If [/width] is specified,
              it gives the number of relevant netmask bits, allowing the spec-
              ification of an address range.

              Either src_addr or dst_addr may be given the values MYADDR,
              HISADDR, MYADDR6 or HISADDR6 (refer to the description of the
              ``bg'' command for a description of these values).  When these
              values are used, the filters will be updated any time the values
              change.  This is similar to the behaviour of the ``add'' command
              below.

         5.   Proto may be any protocol from protocols(5).

         6.   Cmp is one of `lt', `eq' or `gt', meaning less-than, equal and
              greater-than respectively.  Port can be specified as a numeric
              port or by service name from /etc/services.

         7.   The `estab', `syn', and `finrst' flags are only allowed when
              proto is set to `tcp', and represent the TH_ACK, TH_SYN and
              TH_FIN or TH_RST TCP flags respectively.

         8.   The timeout value adjusts the current idle timeout to at least
              secs seconds.  If a timeout is given in the alive filter as well
              as in the in/out filter, the in/out value is used.  If no time-
              out is given, the default timeout (set using set timeout and de-
              faulting to 180 seconds) is used.

     o   Each filter can hold up to 40 rules, starting from rule 0.  The en-
         tire rule set is not effective until rule 0 is defined, i.e., the de-
         fault is to allow everything through.

     o   If no rule in a defined set of rules matches a packet, that packet
         will be discarded (blocked).  If there are no rules in a given fil-
         ter, the packet will be permitted.

     o   It's possible to filter based on the payload of UDP frames where
         those frames contain a PROTO_IP PPP frame header.  See the filter-
         decapsulation option below for further details.

     o   Use ``set filter name -1'' to flush all rules.

     See /etc/ppp/ppp.conf.sample.

SETTING THE IDLE TIMER
     To check/set the idle timer, use the ``show bundle'' and ``set timeout''
     commands:

           ppp ON awfulhak> set timeout 600

     The timeout period is measured in seconds, the default value for which is
     180 seconds (or 3 min).  To disable the idle timer function, use the com-
     mand

           ppp ON awfulhak> set timeout 0

     In -ddial and -dedicated modes, the idle timeout is ignored.  In -auto
     mode, when the idle timeout causes the PPP session to be closed, the ppp
     program itself remains running.  Another trigger packet will cause it to
     attempt to re-establish the link.

PREDICTOR-1 and DEFLATE COMPRESSION
     ppp supports both Predictor type 1 and deflate compression.  By default,
     ppp will attempt to use (or be willing to accept) both compression proto-
     cols when the peer agrees (or requests them).  The deflate protocol is
     preferred by ppp. Refer to the ``disable'' and ``deny'' commands if you
     wish to disable this functionality.

     It is possible to use a different compression algorithm in each direction
     by using only one of ``disable deflate'' and ``deny deflate'' (assuming
     that the peer supports both algorithms).

     By default, when negotiating DEFLATE, ppp will use a window size of 15.
     Refer to the ``set deflate'' command if you wish to change this be-
     haviour.

     A special algorithm called DEFLATE24 is also available, and is disabled
     and denied by default.  This is exactly the same as DEFLATE except that
     it uses CCP ID 24 to negotiate.  This allows ppp to successfully negoti-
     ate DEFLATE with pppd version 2.3.*.

CONTROLLING IP ADDRESS
     For IPv4, ppp uses IPCP to negotiate IP addresses.  Each side of the con-
     nection specifies the IP address that it's willing to use, and if the re-
     quested IP address is acceptable then ppp returns an ACK to the re-
     quester.  Otherwise, ppp returns NAK to suggest that the peer use a dif-
     ferent IP address.  When both sides of the connection agree to accept the
     received request (and send an ACK), IPCP is set to the open state and a
     network level connection is established.  To control this IPCP behaviour,
     this implementation has the ``set ifaddr'' command for defining the local
     and remote IP address:

           set ifaddr [src_addr[/nn] [dst_addr[/nn] [netmask [trigger_addr]]]]

     where, `src_addr' is the IP address that the local side is willing to
     use, `dst_addr' is the IP address which the remote side should use and
     `netmask' is the netmask that should be used.  `Src_addr' defaults to the
     current hostname(1), `dst_addr' defaults to 0.0.0.0, and `netmask' de-
     faults to whatever mask is appropriate for `src_addr'. It is only possi-
     ble to make `netmask' smaller than the default.  The usual value is
     255.255.255.255, as most kernels ignore the netmask of a POINTOPOINT in-
     terface.

     Some incorrect PPP implementations require that the peer negotiates a
     specific IP address instead of `src_addr'. If this is the case,
     `trigger_addr' may be used to specify this IP number.  This will not af-
     fect the routing table unless the other side agrees with this proposed
     number.

           set ifaddr 192.244.177.38 192.244.177.2 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0

     The above specification means:

     o   I will first suggest that my IP address should be 0.0.0.0, but I will
         only accept an address of 192.244.177.38.
     o   I strongly insist that the peer uses 192.244.177.2 as his own address
         and won't permit the use of any IP address but 192.244.177.2.  When
         the peer requests another IP address, I will always suggest that it
         uses 192.244.177.2.
     o   The routing table entry will have a netmask of 0xffffffff.

     This is all fine when each side has a pre-determined IP address, however
     it is often the case that one side is acting as a server which controls
     all IP addresses and the other side should go along with it.  In order to
     allow more flexible behaviour, the ``set ifaddr'' command allows the user
     to specify IP addresses more loosely:

           set ifaddr 192.244.177.38/24 192.244.177.2/20

     A number followed by a slash (``/'') represents the number of bits sig-
     nificant in the IP address.  The above example means:

     o   I'd like to use 192.244.177.38 as my address if it is possible, but
         I'll also accept any IP address between 192.244.177.0 and
         192.244.177.255.
     o   I'd like to make him use 192.244.177.2 as his own address, but I'll
         also permit him to use any IP address between 192.244.176.0 and
         192.244.191.255.
     o   As you may have already noticed, 192.244.177.2 is equivalent to say-
         ing 192.244.177.2/32.
     o   As an exception, 0 is equivalent to 0.0.0.0/0, meaning that I have no
         preferred IP address and will obey the remote peers selection.  When
         using zero, no routing table entries will be made until a connection
         is established.
     o   192.244.177.2/0 means that I'll accept/permit any IP address but I'll
         suggest that 192.244.177.2 be used first.

     When negotiating IPv6 addresses, no control is given to the user.  IPV6CP
     negotiation is fully automatic.

CONNECTING WITH YOUR INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
     The following steps should be taken when connecting to your ISP:

     1.   Describe your providers phone number(s) in the dial script using the
          ``set phone'' command.  This command allows you to set multiple
          phone numbers for dialing and redialing separated by either a pipe
          (``|'') or a colon (``:''):

                set phone telno[|backupnumber]...[:nextnumber]...

          Numbers after the first in a pipe-separated list are only used if
          the previous number was used in a failed dial or login script.  Num-
          bers separated by a colon are used sequentially, irrespective of
          what happened as a result of using the previous number.  For exam-
          ple:

                set phone "1234567|2345678:3456789|4567890"

          Here, the 1234567 number is attempted.  If the dial or login script
          fails, the 2345678 number is used next time, but *only* if the dial
          or login script fails.  On the dial after this, the 3456789 number
          is used.  The 4567890 number is only used if the dial or login
          script using the 3456789 fails.  If the login script of the 2345678
          number fails, the next number is still the 3456789 number.  As many
          pipes and colons can be used as are necessary (although a given site
          would usually prefer to use either the pipe or the colon, but not
          both).  The next number redial timeout is used between all numbers.
          When the end of the list is reached, the normal redial period is
          used before starting at the beginning again.  The selected phone
          number is substituted for the \\T string in the ``set dial'' command
          (see below).

     2.   Set up your redial requirements using ``set redial''. For example,
          if you have a bad telephone line or your provider is usually engaged
          (not so common these days), you may want to specify the following:

                set redial 10 4

          This says that up to 4 phone calls should be attempted with a pause
          of 10 seconds before dialing the first number again.

     3.   Describe your login procedure using the ``set dial'' and ``set
          login'' commands.  The ``set dial'' command is used to talk to your
          modem and establish a link with your ISP, for example:

                set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 4 \"\" \
                  ATZ OK-ATZ-OK ATDT\\T TIMEOUT 60 CONNECT"

          This modem "chat" string means:

          o   Abort if the string "BUSY" or "NO CARRIER" are received.

          o   Set the timeout to 4 seconds.

          o   Expect nothing.

          o   Send ATZ.

          o   Expect OK.  If that's not received within the 4 second timeout,
              send ATZ and expect OK.

          o   Send ATDTxxxxxxx where xxxxxxx is the next number in the phone
              list from above.

          o   Set the timeout to 60.

          o   Wait for the CONNECT string.

          Once the connection is established, the login script is executed.
          This script is written in the same style as the dial script, but
          care should be taken to avoid having your password logged:

                set authkey MySecret
                set login "TIMEOUT 15 login:-\\r-login: awfulhak \
                  word: \\P ocol: PPP HELLO"

          This login "chat" string means:

          o   Set the timeout to 15 seconds.

          o   Expect "login:".  If it's not received, send a carriage return
              and expect "login:" again.

          o   Send "awfulhak"

          o   Expect "word:" (the tail end of a "Password:" prompt).

          o   Send whatever our current authkey value is set to.

          o   Expect "ocol:" (the tail end of a "Protocol:" prompt).

          o   Send "PPP".

          o   Expect "HELLO".

          The ``set authkey'' command is logged specially.  When command or
          chat logging is enabled, the actual password is not logged;
          `********' is logged instead.

          Login scripts vary greatly between ISPs.  If you're setting one up
          for the first time, ENABLE CHAT LOGGING so that you can see if your
          script is behaving as you expect.

     4.   Use ``set device'' and ``set speed'' to specify your serial line and
          speed, for example:

                set device /dev/cua00
                set speed 115200

          Cuaa0 is the first serial port on FreeBSD. If you're running ppp on
          OpenBSD, cua00 is the first.  A speed of 115200 should be specified
          if you have a modem capable of bit rates of 28800 or more.  In gen-

          eral, the serial speed should be about four times the modem speed.

     5.   Use the ``set ifaddr'' command to define the IP address.

          o   If you know what IP address your provider uses, then use it as
              the remote address (dst_addr), otherwise choose something like
              10.0.0.2/0 (see below).

          o   If your provider has assigned a particular IP address to you,
              then use it as your address (src_addr).

          o   If your provider assigns your address dynamically, choose a
              suitably unobtrusive and unspecific IP number as your address.
              10.0.0.1/0 would be appropriate.  The bit after the / specifies
              how many bits of the address you consider to be important, so if
              you wanted to insist on something in the class C network
              1.2.3.0, you could specify 1.2.3.1/24.

          o   If you find that your ISP accepts the first IP number that you
              suggest, specify third and forth arguments of ``0.0.0.0''. This
              will force your ISP to assign a number.  (The third argument
              will be ignored as it is less restrictive than the default mask
              for your `src_addr').

          An example for a connection where you don't know your IP number or
          your ISPs IP number would be:

                set ifaddr 10.0.0.1/0 10.0.0.2/0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

     6.   In most cases, your ISP will also be your default router.  If this
          is the case, add the line

                add default HISADDR

          to /etc/ppp/ppp.conf (or to /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup for setups that
          don't use -auto mode).

          This tells ppp to add a default route to whatever the peer address
          is (10.0.0.2 in this example).  This route is `sticky', meaning that
          should the value of HISADDR change, the route will be updated ac-
          cordingly.

     7.   If your provider requests that you use PAP/CHAP authentication meth-
          ods, add the next lines to your /etc/ppp/ppp.conf file:

                set authname MyName
                set authkey MyPassword

          Both are accepted by default, so ppp will provide whatever your ISP
          requires.

          It should be noted that a login script is rarely (if ever) required
          when PAP or CHAP are in use.

     8.   Ask your ISP to authenticate your nameserver address(es) with the
          line

                enable dns

          Do NOT do this if you are running a local DNS unless you also either
          use ``resolv readonly'' or have ``resolv restore'' in
          /etc/ppp/ppp.linkdown, as ppp will simply circumvent its use by en-
          tering some nameserver lines in /etc/resolv.conf.

     Please refer to /etc/ppp/ppp.conf.sample and /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup.sample
     for some real examples.  The pmdemand label should be appropriate for
     most ISPs.

LOGGING FACILITY
     ppp is able to generate the following log info either via syslog(3) or
     directly to the screen:

        All        Enable all logging facilities.  This generates a lot of
                   log.  The most common use of 'all' is as a basis, where you
                   remove some facilities after enabling 'all' ('debug' and
                   'timer' are usually best disabled.)
        Async      Dump async level packet in hex.
        CBCP       Generate CBCP (CallBack Control Protocol) logs.
        CCP        Generate a CCP packet trace.
        Chat       Generate `dial', `login', `logout' and `hangup' chat script
                   trace logs.
        Command    Log commands executed either from the command line or any
                   of the configuration files.
        Connect    Log Chat lines containing the string "CONNECT".
        Debug      Log debug information.
        DNS        Log DNS QUERY packets.
        Filter     Log packets permitted by the dial filter and denied by any
                   filter.
        HDLC       Dump HDLC packet in hex.
        ID0        Log all function calls specifically made as user id 0.
        IPCP       Generate an IPCP packet trace.
        LCP        Generate an LCP packet trace.
        LQM        Generate LQR reports.
        Phase      Phase transition log output.
        Physical   Dump physical level packet in hex.
        Sync       Dump sync level packet in hex.
        TCP/IP     Dump all TCP/IP packets.
        Timer      Log timer manipulation.
        TUN        Include the tun device on each log line.
        Warning    Output to the terminal device.  If there is currently no
                   terminal, output is sent to the log file using syslogs
                   LOG_WARNING.
        Error      Output to both the terminal device and the log file using
                   syslogs LOG_ERROR.
        Alert      Output to the log file using LOG_ALERT.

     The ``set log'' command allows you to set the logging output level.  Mul-
     tiple levels can be specified on a single command line.  The default is
     equivalent to ``set log Phase''.

     It is also possible to log directly to the screen.  The syntax is the
     same except that the word ``local'' should immediately follow ``set
     log''. The default is ``set log local'' (i.e., only the un-maskable warn-
     ing, error and alert output).

     If The first argument to ``set log [local]'' begins with a `+' or a `-'
     character, the current log levels are not cleared, for example:

           PPP ON awfulhak> set log phase
           PPP ON awfulhak> show log
           Log:   Phase Warning Error Alert
           Local: Warning Error Alert
           PPP ON awfulhak> set log +tcp/ip -warning
           PPP ON awfulhak> set log local +command
           PPP ON awfulhak> show log
           Log:   Phase TCP/IP Warning Error Alert
           Local: Command Warning Error Alert

     Log messages of level Warning, Error and Alert are not controllable using
     ``set log [local]''.

     The Warning level is special in that it will not be logged if it can be
     displayed locally.

SIGNAL HANDLING
     ppp deals with the following signals:

     INT   Receipt of this signal causes the termination of the current con-
           nection (if any).  This will cause ppp to exit unless it is in
           -auto or -ddial mode.

     HUP, TERM & QUIT
           These signals tell ppp to exit.

     USR1  This signal, tells ppp to re-open any existing server socket, drop-
           ping all existing diagnostic connections.  Sockets that couldn't
           previously be opened will be retried.

     USR2  This signal, tells ppp to close any existing server socket, drop-
           ping all existing diagnostic connections.  SIGUSR1 can still be
           used to re-open the socket.

MULTI-LINK PPP
     If you wish to use more than one physical link to connect to a PPP peer,
     that peer must also understand the MULTI-LINK PPP protocol.  Refer to RFC
     1990 for specification details.

     The peer is identified using a combination of his ``endpoint
     discriminator'' and his ``authentication id''. Either or both of these
     may be specified.  It is recommended that at least one is specified, oth-
     erwise there is no way of ensuring that all links are actually connected
     to the same peer program, and some confusing lock-ups may result.  Local-
     ly, these identification variables are specified using the ``set
     enddisc'' and ``set authname'' commands.  The `authname' (and `authkey')
     must be agreed in advance with the peer.

     Multi-link capabilities are enabled using the ``set mrru'' command (set
     maximum reconstructed receive unit).  Once multi-link is enabled, ppp
     will attempt to negotiate a multi-link connection with the peer.

     By default, only one `link' is available (called `deflink'). To create
     more links, the ``clone'' command is used.  This command will clone ex-
     isting links, where all characteristics are the same except:

     1.   The new link has its own name as specified on the ``clone'' command
          line.

     2.   The new link is an `interactive' link.  Its mode may subsequently be
          changed using the ``set mode'' command.

     3.   The new link is in a `closed' state.

     A summary of all available links can be seen using the ``show links''
     command.

     Once a new link has been created, command usage varies.  All link specif-
     ic commands must be prefixed with the ``link name'' command, specifying
     on which link the command is to be applied.  When only a single link is
     available, ppp is smart enough not to require the ``link name'' prefix.

     Some commands can still be used without specifying a link - resulting in
     an operation at the `bundle' level.  For example, once two or more links
     are available, the command ``show ccp'' will show CCP configuration and
     statistics at the multi-link level, and ``link deflink show ccp'' will
     show the same information at the ``deflink'' link level.

     Armed with this information, the following configuration might be used:
           mp:
            set timeout 0
            set log phase chat
            set device /dev/cua00 /dev/cua01 /dev/cua02
            set phone "123456789"
            set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 5 \"\" ATZ \
                      OK-AT-OK \\dATDT\\T TIMEOUT 45 CONNECT"
            set login
            set ifaddr 10.0.0.1/0 10.0.0.2/0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
            set authname ppp
            set authkey ppppassword

            set mrru 1500
            clone 1,2,3            # Create 3 new links - duplicates of the default
            link deflink remove    # Delete the default link (called ``deflink'')

     Note how all cloning is done at the end of the configuration.  Usually,
     the link will be configured first, then cloned.  If you wish all links to
     be up all the time, you can add the following line to the end of your
     configuration.

             link 1,2,3 set mode ddial

     If you want the links to dial on demand, this command could be used:

             link * set mode auto

     Links may be tied to specific names by removing the ``set device'' line
     above, and specifying the following after the ``clone'' command:

            link 1 set device /dev/cua00
            link 2 set device /dev/cua01
            link 3 set device /dev/cua02

     Use the ``help'' command to see which commands require context (using the
     ``link'' command), which have optional context and which should not have
     any context.

     When ppp has negotiated MULTI-LINK mode with the peer, it creates a local
     domain socket in the /var/run directory.  This socket is used to pass
     link information (including the actual link file descriptor) between dif-
     ferent ppp invocations.  This facilitates ppp's ability to be run from a
     getty(8) or directly from /etc/gettydefs (using the `pp=' capability),
     without needing to have initial control of the serial line.  Once ppp ne-
     gotiates multi-link mode, it will pass its open link to any already run-
     ning process.  If there is no already running process, ppp will act as
     the master, creating the socket and listening for new connections.

PPP COMMAND LIST
     This section lists the available commands and their effect.  They are us-
     able either from an interactive ppp session, from a configuration file or
     from a pppctl(8) or telnet(1) session.

     accept|deny|enable|disable option....
         These directives tell ppp how to negotiate the initial connection
         with the peer.  Each ``option'' has a default of either accept or de-
         ny and enable or disable.  ``Accept'' means that the option will be
         ACK'd if the peer asks for it.  ``Deny'' means that the option will
         be NAK'd if the peer asks for it.  ``Enable'' means that the option
         will be requested by us.  ``Disable'' means that the option will not
         be requested by us.

         ``Option'' may be one of the following:

         acfcomp
             Default: Enabled and Accepted.  ACFComp stands for Address and
             Control Field Compression.  Non LCP packets will usually have an
             address field of 0xff (the All-Stations address) and a control
             field of 0x03 (the Unnumbered Information command).  If this op-
             tion is negotiated, these two bytes are simply not sent, thus
             minimising traffic.

             See rfc1662 for details.

         chap[05]
             Default: Disabled and Accepted.  CHAP stands for Challenge Hand-
             shake Authentication Protocol.  Only one of CHAP and PAP (below)
             may be negotiated.  With CHAP, the authenticator sends a "chal-
             lenge" message to its peer.  The peer uses a one-way hash func-
             tion to encrypt the challenge and sends the result back.  The au-
             thenticator does the same, and compares the results.  The advan-
             tage of this mechanism is that no passwords are sent across the
             connection.  A challenge is made when the connection is first
             made.  Subsequent challenges may occur.  If you want to have your
             peer authenticate itself, you must ``enable chap''. in
             /etc/ppp/ppp.conf, and have an entry in /etc/ppp/ppp.secret for
             the peer.

             When using CHAP as the client, you need only specify ``AuthName''
             and ``AuthKey'' in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf. CHAP is accepted by de-
             fault.  Some PPP implementations use "MS-CHAP" rather than MD5
             when encrypting the challenge.  MS-CHAP is a combination of MD4
             and DES.  If ppp was built on a machine with DES libraries avail-
             able, it will respond to MS-CHAP authentication requests, but
             will never request them.

         deflate
             Default: Enabled and Accepted.  This option decides if deflate
             compression will be used by the Compression Control Protocol
             (CCP).  This is the same algorithm as used by the gzip(1) pro-
             gram.  Note: There is a problem negotiating deflate capabilities
             with pppd(8) - a PPP implementation available under many operat-
             ing systems.  pppd (version 2.3.1) incorrectly attempts to nego-
             tiate deflate compression using type 24 as the CCP configuration
             type rather than type 26 as specified in rfc1979. Type 24 is ac-
             tually specified as ``PPP Magna-link Variable Resource
             Compression'' in rfc1975! ppp is capable of negotiating with
             pppd, but only if ``deflate24'' is enabled and accepted.

         deflate24
             Default: Disabled and Denied.  This is a variance of the deflate
             option, allowing negotiation with the pppd(8) program.  Refer to
             the deflate section above for details.  It is disabled by default
             as it violates rfc1975.

         dns
             Default: Disabled and Denied.  This option allows DNS negotia-
             tion.

             If ``enabled,'' ppp will request that the peer confirms the en-
             tries in /etc/resolv.conf. If the peer NAKs our request (suggest-
             ing new IP numbers), /etc/resolv.conf is updated and another re-
             quest is sent to confirm the new entries.

             If ``accepted,'' ppp will answer any DNS queries requested by the
             peer rather than rejecting them.  The answer is taken from
             /etc/resolv.conf unless the ``set dns'' command is used as an
             override.

         enddisc
             Default: Enabled and Accepted.  This option allows control over
             whether we negotiate an endpoint discriminator.  We only send our
             discriminator if ``set enddisc'' is used and enddisc is enabled.
             We reject the peers discriminator if enddisc is denied.

         LANMan|chap80lm
             Default: Disabled and Accepted.  The use of this authentication
             protocol is discouraged as it partially violates the authentica-
             tion protocol by implementing two different mechanisms (LANMan &
             NT) under the guise of a single CHAP type (0x80).  ``LANMan'' us-
             es a simple DES encryption mechanism and is the least secure of
             the CHAP alternatives (although is still more secure than PAP).

             Refer to the ``MSChap'' description below for more details.

         lqr
             Default: Disabled and Accepted.  This option decides if Link
             Quality Requests will be sent or accepted.  LQR is a protocol
             that allows ppp to determine that the link is down without rely-
             ing on the modems carrier detect.  When LQR is enabled, ppp sends
             the QUALPROTO option (see ``set lqrperiod'' below) as part of the
             LCP request.  If the peer agrees, both sides will exchange LQR
             packets at the agreed frequency, allowing detailed link quality
             monitoring by enabling LQM logging.  If the peer doesn't agree,
             ppp will send ECHO LQR requests instead.  These packets pass no
             information of interest, but they MUST be replied to by the peer.

             Whether using LQR or ECHO LQR, ppp will abruptly drop the connec-
             tion if 5 unacknowledged packets have been sent rather than send-
             ing a 6th.  A message is logged at the PHASE level, and any ap-
             propriate ``reconnect'' values are honoured as if the peer were
             responsible for dropping the connection.

         mppe
             Default: Enabled and Accepted.  This is Microsoft Point to Point
             Encryption scheme.  MPPE key size can be 40-, 56- and 128-bits.
             Refer to ``set mppe'' command.

         MSChapV2|chap81
             Default: Disabled and Accepted.  It is very similar to standard
             CHAP (type 0x05) except that it issues challenges of a fixed 16
             bytes in length and uses a combination of MD4, SHA-1 and DES to
             encrypt the challenge rather than using the standard MD5 mecha-
             nism.

         MSChap|chap80nt
             Default: Disabled and Accepted.  The use of this authentication
             protocol is discouraged as it partially violates the authentica-
             tion protocol by implementing two different mechanisms (LANMan &
             NT) under the guise of a single CHAP type (0x80).  It is very
             similar to standard CHAP (type 0x05) except that it issues chal-
             lenges of a fixed 8 bytes in length and uses a combination of MD4
             and DES to encrypt the challenge rather than using the standard
             MD5 mechanism.  CHAP type 0x80 for LANMan is also supported - see
             ``enable LANMan'' for details.

             Because both ``LANMan'' and ``NT'' use CHAP type 0x80, when act-
             ing as authenticator with both ``enabled'', ppp will rechallenge
             the peer up to three times if it responds using the wrong one of
             the two protocols.  This gives the peer a chance to attempt using
             both protocols.

             Conversely, when ppp acts as the authenticatee with both proto-
             cols ``accepted'', the protocols are used alternately in response
             to challenges.

             Note: If only LANMan is enabled, pppd(8) (version 2.3.5) misbe-
             haves when acting as authenticatee.  It provides both the NT and
             the LANMan answers, but also suggests that only the NT answer
             should be used.

         pap
             Default: Disabled and Accepted.  PAP stands for Password Authen-
             tication Protocol.  Only one of PAP and CHAP (above) may be nego-
             tiated.  With PAP, the ID and Password are sent repeatedly to the
             peer until authentication is acknowledged or the connection is
             terminated.  This is a rather poor security mechanism.  It is on-
             ly performed when the connection is first established.  If you
             want to have your peer authenticate itself, you must ``enable
             pap''. in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf, and have an entry in
             /etc/ppp/ppp.secret for the peer (although see the ``passwdauth''
             and ``set radius'' options below).

             When using PAP as the client, you need only specify ``AuthName''
             and ``AuthKey'' in /etc/ppp/ppp.conf. PAP is accepted by default.

         pred1
             Default: Enabled and Accepted.  This option decides if Predictor
             1 compression will be used by the Compression Control Protocol
             (CCP).

         protocomp
             Default: Enabled and Accepted.  This option is used to negotiate
             PFC (Protocol Field Compression), a mechanism where the protocol
             field number is reduced to one octet rather than two.

         shortseq
             Default: Enabled and Accepted.  This option determines if ppp
             will request and accept requests for short (12 bit) sequence num-
             bers when negotiating multi-link mode.  This is only applicable
             if our MRRU is set (thus enabling multi-link).

         vjcomp
             Default: Enabled and Accepted.  This option determines if Van Ja-
             cobson header compression will be used.

         The following options are not actually negotiated with the peer.
         Therefore, accepting or denying them makes no sense.

         filter-decapsulation
             Default: Disabled.  When this option is enabled, ppp will examine
             UDP frames to see if they actually contain a PPP frame as their
             payload.  If this is the case, all filters will operate on the
             payload rather than the actual packet.

             This is useful if you want to send PPPoUDP traffic over a PPP
             link, but want that link to do smart things with the real data
             rather than the UDP wrapper.

             The UDP frame payload must not be compressed in any way, other-
             wise ppp will not be able to interpret it.  It's therefore recom-
             mended that you disable vj pred1 deflate and deny vj pred1
             deflate in the configuration for the ppp invocation with the udp
             link.

         idcheck
             Default: Enabled.  When ppp exchanges low-level LCP, CCP and IPCP
             configuration traffic, the Identifier field of any replies is ex-
             pected to be the same as that of the request.  By default, ppp
             drops any reply packets that do not contain the expected identi-
             fier field, reporting the fact at the respective log level.  If
             idcheck is disabled, ppp will ignore the identifier field.

         iface-alias
             Default: Enabled if -nat is specified.  This option simply tells
             ppp to add new interface addresses to the interface rather than
             replacing them.  The option can only be enabled if network ad-
             dress translation is enabled (``nat enable yes'').

             With this option enabled, ppp will pass traffic for old interface
             addresses through the NAT engine, resulting in the ability (in
             -auto mode) to properly connect the process that caused the PPP
             link to come up in the first place.

             Disabling NAT with ``nat enable no'' will also disable `iface-
             alias'.

         ipcp
             Default: Enabled.  This option allows ppp to attempt to negotiate
             IP control protocol capabilities and if successful to exchange IP
             datagrams with the peer.

         ipv6cp
             Default: Enabled.  This option allows ppp to attempt to negotiate
             IPv6 control protocol capabilities and if successful to exchange
             IPv6 datagrams with the peer.

         keep-session
             Default: Disabled.  When ppp runs as a Multi-link server, a dif-
             ferent ppp instance initially receives each connection.  After
             determining that the link belongs to an already existing bundle
             (controlled by another ppp invocation), ppp will transfer the
             link to that process.

             If the link is a tty device or if this option is enabled, ppp
             will not exit, but will change its process name to ``session
             owner'' and wait for the controlling ppp to finish with the link
             and deliver a signal back to the idle process.  This prevents the
             confusion that results from ppp's parent considering the link re-
             source available again.

             For tty devices that have entries in /etc/ttys, this is necessary
             to prevent another getty(8) from being started, and for program
             links such as sshd(8), it prevents sshd(8) from exiting due to
             the death of its child.  As ppp cannot determine its parents re-
             quirements (except for the tty case), this option must be enabled
             manually depending on the circumstances.

         loopback
             Default: Enabled.  When loopback is enabled, ppp will automati-
             cally loop back packets being sent out with a destination address
             equal to that of the PPP interface.  If disabled, ppp will send
             the packet, probably resulting in an ICMP redirect from the other
             end.  It is convenient to have this option enabled when the in-
             terface is also the default route as it avoids the necessity of a
             loopback route.

         passwdauth
             Default: Disabled.  Enabling this option will tell the PAP au-
             thentication code to use the password database (see passwd(5)) to
             authenticate the caller if they cannot be found in the
             /etc/ppp/ppp.secret file.  /etc/ppp/ppp.secret is always checked
             first.  If you wish to use passwords from passwd(5), but also to
             specify an IP number or label for a given client, use ``*'' as
             the client password in /etc/ppp/ppp.secret.

         proxy
             Default: Disabled.  Enabling this option will tell ppp to proxy
             ARP for the peer.  This means that ppp will make an entry in the
             ARP table using HISADDR and the MAC address of the local network
             in which HISADDR appears.  This allows other machines connecteed
             to the LAN to talk to the peer as if the peer itself was connect-
             ed to the LAN.  The proxy entry cannot be made unless HISADDR is
             an address from a LAN.

         proxyall
             Default: Disabled.  Enabling this will tell ppp to add proxy arp
             entries for every IP address in all class C or smaller subnets
             routed via the tun interface.

             Proxy arp entries are only made for sticky routes that are added
             using the ``add'' command.  No proxy arp entries are made for the
             interface address itself (as created by the ``set ifaddr'' com-
             mand).

         sroutes
             Default: Enabled.  When the ``add'' command is used with the
             HISADDR, MYADDR, HISADDR6 or MYADDR6 values, entries are stored
             in the `sticky route' list.  Each time these variables change,
             this list is re-applied to the routing table.

             Disabling this option will prevent the re-application of sticky
             routes, although the `stick route' list will still be maintained.

         [tcp]mssfixup
             Default: Enabled.  This option tells ppp to adjust TCP SYN pack-
             ets so that the maximum receive segment size is not greater than
             the amount allowed by the interface MTU.

         throughput
             Default: Enabled.  This option tells ppp to gather throughput
             statistics.  Input and output is sampled over a rolling 5 second
             window, and current, best and total figures are retained.  This
             data is output when the relevant PPP layer shuts down, and is al-
             so available using the ``show'' command.  Throughput statistics
             are available at the ``IPCP'' and ``physical'' levels.

         utmp
             Default: Enabled.  Normally, when a user is authenticated using
             PAP or CHAP, and when ppp is running in -direct mode, an entry is
             made in the utmp and wtmp files for that user.  Disabling this
             option will tell ppp not to make any utmp or wtmp entries.  This
             is usually only necessary if you require the user to both login
             and authenticate themselves.

     add[!] dest[/nn] [mask] [gateway]
         Dest is the destination IP address.  The netmask is specified either
         as a number of bits with /nn or as an IP number using mask. 0 0 or
         simply 0 with no mask refers to the default route.  It is also possi-
         ble to use the literal name `default' instead of 0. Gateway is the
         next hop gateway to get to the given dest machine/network.  Refer to
         the route(8) command for further details.

         It is possible to use the symbolic names `MYADDR', `HISADDR',
         `MYADDR6' or `HISADDR6' as the destination, and `HISADDR' or
         `HISADDR6' as the gateway. `MYADDR' is replaced with the interface IP
         address, `HISADDR' is replaced with the interface IP destination
         (peer) address, `MYADDR6' is replaced with the interface IPv6 ad-
         dress, and `HISADDR6' is replaced with the interface IPv6 destination
         address,

         If the add! command is used (note the trailing ``!''), then if the
         route already exists, it will be updated as with the `route change'
         command (see route(8) for further details).

         Routes that contain the ``HISADDR'', ``MYADDR'', ``HISADDR6'',
         ``MYADDR6'', ``DNS0'', or ``DNS1'' constants are considered `sticky'.
         They are stored in a list (use ``show ncp'' to see the list), and
         each time the value of one of these variables changes, the appropri-
         ate routing table entries are updated.  This facility may be disabled
         using ``disable sroutes''.

     allow command [args]
         This command controls access to ppp and its configuration files.  It
         is possible to allow user-level access, depending on the configura-
         tion file label and on the mode that ppp is being run in.  For exam-
         ple, you may wish to configure ppp so that only user `fred' may ac-
         cess label `fredlabel' in -background mode.

         User id 0 is immune to these commands.

         allow user[s] logname...
             By default, only user id 0 is allowed access to ppp. If this com-
             mand is used, all of the listed users are allowed access to the
             section in which the ``allow users'' command is found.  The
             `default' section is always checked first (even though it is only
             ever automatically loaded at startup).  ``allow users'' commands
             are cumulative in a given section, but users allowed in any given
             section override users allowed in the default section, so it's
             possible to allow users access to everything except a given label
             by specifying default users in the `default' section, and then
             specifying a new user list for that label.

             If user `*' is specified, access is allowed to all users.

         allow mode[s] mode...
             By default, access using any ppp mode is possible.  If this com-
             mand is used, it restricts the access modes allowed to load the
             label under which this command is specified.  Again, as with the
             ``allow users'' command, each ``allow modes'' command overrides
             any previous settings, and the `default' section is always
             checked first.

             Possible modes are: `interactive', `auto', `direct', `dedicated',
             `ddial', `background' and `*'.

             When running in multi-link mode, a section can be loaded if it
             allows any of the currently existing line modes.

     nat command [args]
         This command allows the control of the network address translation
         (also known as masquerading or IP aliasing) facilities that are built
         into ppp. NAT is done on the external interface only, and is unlikely
         to make sense if used with the -direct flag.

         If nat is enabled on your system (it may be omitted at compile time),
         the following commands are possible:

         nat enable yes|no
             This command either switches network address translation on or
             turns it off.  The -nat command line flag is synonymous with
             ``nat enable yes''.

         nat addr [addr_local addr_alias]
             This command allows data for addr_alias to be redirected to
             addr_local. It is useful if you own a small number of real IP
             numbers that you wish to map to specific machines behind your
             gateway.

         nat deny_incoming yes|no
             If set to yes, this command will refuse all incoming packets
             where an aliasing link doesn't already exist.
             It should be noted under what circumstances an aliasing link is
             created.  It may be necessary to further protect your network
             from outside connections using the ``set filter'' or ``nat
             target'' commands.

         nat help|?
             This command gives a summary of available nat commands.

         nat log yes|no
             This option causes various NAT statistics and information to be
             logged to the file /var/log/alias.log.

         nat port proto targetIP:targetPort[-targetPort] aliasPort[-aliasPort]
             [remoteIP:remotePort[-remotePort]]
             This command causes incoming proto connections to aliasPort to be
             redirected to targetPort on targetIP. proto is either ``tcp'' or
             ``udp''.

             A range of port numbers may be specified as shown above.  The
             ranges must be of the same size.

             If remoteIP is specified, only data coming from that IP number is
             redirected.  remotePort must either be ``0'' (indicating any
             source port) or a range of ports the same size as the other
             ranges.

             This option is useful if you wish to run things like Internet
             phone on machines behind your gateway, but is limited in that
             connections to only one interior machine per source machine and
             target port are possible.

         nat proto proto localIP [publicIP [remoteIP]]
             This command tells ppp to redirect packets of protocol type proto
             (see protocols(5)) to the internall address localIP.

             If publicIP is specified, only packets destined for that address
             are matched, otherwise the default alias address is used.

             If remoteIP is specified, only packets matching that source ad-
             dress are matched,

             This command is useful for redirecting tunnel endpoints to an in-
             ternal machine, for example:

                   nat proto ipencap 10.0.0.1

         nat proxy cmd arg...
             This command tells ppp to proxy certain connections, redirecting
             them to a given server.

         nat punch_fw [base count]
             This command tells ppp to punch holes in the firewall for FTP or
             IRC DCC connections.  This is done dynamically by installing
             termporary firewall rules which allow a particular connection
             (and only that connection) to go through the firewall.  The rules
             are removed once the corresponding connection terminates.

             A maximum of count rules starting from rule number base will be
             used for punching firewall holes.  The range will be cleared when
             the ``nat punch_fw'' command is run.

             If no arguments are given, firewall punching is disabled.

         nat same_ports yes|no
             When enabled, this command will tell the network address transla-
             tion engine to attempt to avoid changing the port number on out-
             going packets.  This is useful if you want to support protocols
             such as RPC and LPD which require connections to come from a well
             known port.

         nat target [address]
             Set the given target address or clear it if no address is given.
             The target address is used to specify how to NAT incoming packets
             by default.  If a target address is not set or if ``default'' is
             given, packets are not altered and are allowed to route to the
             internal network.

             The target address may be set to ``MYADDR'', in which case all
             packets will be redirected to the interface address.

         nat use_sockets yes|no
             When enabled, this option tells the network address translation
             engine to create a socket so that it can guarantee a correct in-
             coming ftp data or IRC connection.

         nat unregistered_only yes|no
             Only alter outgoing packets with an unregistered source address.
             According to RFC 1918, unregistered source addresses are
             10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16.

         These commands are also discussed in the file README.nat which comes
         with the source distribution.

     [!]bg command
         The given command is executed in the background with the following
         words replaced:

         AUTHNAME      This is replaced with the local authname value.  See
                       the ``set authname'' command below.

         COMPILATIONDATE
                       This is replaced with the date on which ppp was com-
                       piled.

         DNS0 & DNS1   These are replaced with the primary and secondary name-
                       server IP numbers.  If nameservers are negotiated by
                       IPCP, the values of these macros will change.

         ENDDISC       This is replaced with the local endpoint discriminator
                       value.  See the ``set enddisc'' command below.

         HISADDR       This is replaced with the peers IP number.

         HISADDR6      This is replaced with the peers IPv6 number.

         INTERFACE     This is replaced with the name of the interface that's
                       in use.

         LABEL         This is replaced with the last label name used.  A la-
                       bel may be specified on the ppp command line, via the
                       ``load'' or ``dial'' commands and in the ppp.secret
                       file.

         MYADDR        This is replaced with the IP number assigned to the lo-
                       cal interface.

         MYADDR6       This is replaced with the IPv6 number assigned to the
                       local interface.

         PEER_ENDDISC  This is replaced with the value of the peers endpoint


                       discriminator.

         PROCESSID     This is replaced with the current process id.

         VERSION       This is replaced with the current version number of
                       ppp.

         USER          This is replaced with the username that has been au-
                       thenticated with PAP or CHAP.  Normally, this variable
                       is assigned only in -direct mode.  This value is avail-
                       able irrespective of whether utmp logging is enabled.

         These substitutions are also done by the ``set proctitle'' command.

         If you wish to pause ppp while the command executes, use the
         ``shell'' command instead.

     clear physical|ipcp|ipv6 [current|overall|peak...]
         Clear the specified throughput values at either the ``physical'',
         ``ipcp'' or ``ipv6cp'' level.  If ``physical'' is specified, context
         must be given (see the ``link'' command below).  If no second argu-
         ment is given, all values are cleared.

     clone name[,name]...
         Clone the specified link, creating one or more new links according to
         the name argument(s).  This command must be used from the ``link''
         command below unless you've only got a single link (in which case
         that link becomes the default).  Links may be removed using the
         ``remove'' command below.

         The default link name is ``deflink''.

     close [lcp|ccp[!]]
         If no arguments are given, the relevant protocol layers will be
         brought down and the link will be closed.  If ``lcp'' is specified,
         the LCP layer is brought down, but ppp will not bring the link of-
         fline.  It is subsequently possible to use ``term'' (see below) to
         talk to the peer machine if, for example, something like ``slirp'' is
         being used.  If ``ccp'' is specified, only the relevant compression
         layer is closed.  If the ``!'' is used, the compression layer will
         remain in the closed state, otherwise it will re-enter the STOPPED
         state, waiting for the peer to initiate further CCP negotiation.  In
         any event, this command does not disconnect the user from ppp or exit
         ppp. See the ``quit'' command below.

     delete[!] dest
         This command deletes the route with the given dest IP address.  If
         dest is specified as `ALL', all non-direct entries in the routing
         table for the current interface, and all `sticky route' entries are
         deleted.  If dest is specified as `default', the default route is
         deleted.

         If the delete! command is used (note the trailing ``!''), ppp will
         not complain if the route does not already exist.

     dial|call [label]...
         This command is the equivalent of ``load label'' followed by
         ``open'', and is provided for backwards compatibility.

     down [lcp|ccp]
         Bring the relevant layer down ungracefully, as if the underlying lay-
         er had become unavailable.  It's not considered polite to use this
         command on a Finite State Machine that's in the OPEN state.  If no
         arguments are supplied, the entire link is closed (or if no context
         is given, all links are terminated).  If `lcp' is specified, the LCP
         layer is terminated but the device is not brought offline and the
         link is not closed.  If `ccp' is specified, only the relevant com-
         pression layer(s) are terminated.

     help|? [command]
         Show a list of available commands.  If command is specified, show the
         usage string for that command.

     ident [text...]
         Identify the link to the peer using text. If text is empty, link
         identification is disabled.  It is possible to use any of the words
         described for the bg command above.  Refer to the sendident command
         for details of when ppp identifies itself to the peer.

     iface command [args]
         This command is used to control the interface used by ppp. Command
         may be one of the following:

         iface add[!] addr[/bits] [peer]

         iface add[!] addr mask peer
             Add the given addr mask peer combination to the interface.  In-
             stead of specifying mask, /bits can be used (with no space be-
             tween it and addr). If the given address already exists, the com-
             mand fails unless the ``!'' is used - in which case the previous
             interface address entry is overwritten with the new one, allowing
             a change of netmask or peer address.

             If only addr is specified, bits defaults to ``32'' and peer de-
             faults to ``255.255.255.255''. This address (the broadcast ad-
             dress) is the only duplicate peer address that ppp allows.

         iface clear [INET | INET6]
             If this command is used while ppp is in the OPENED state or while
             in -auto mode, all addresses except for the NCP negotiated ad-
             dress are deleted from the interface.  If ppp is not in the
             OPENED state and is not in -auto mode, all interface addresses
             are deleted.

             If the INET or INET6 arguments are used, only addresses for that
             address family are cleared.

         iface delete[!]|rm[!] addr
             This command deletes the given addr from the interface.  If the
             ``!'' is used, no error is given if the address isn't currently
             assigned to the interface (and no deletion takes place).

         iface show
             Shows the current state and current addresses for the interface.
             It is much the same as running ``ifconfig INTERFACE''.

         iface help [sub-command]
             This command, when invoked without sub-command, will show a list
             of possible ``iface'' sub-commands and a brief synopsis for each.
             When invoked with sub-command, only the synopsis for the given
             sub-command is shown.

     [data]link name[,name]... command [args]
         This command may prefix any other command if the user wishes to spec-
         ify which link the command should affect.  This is only applicable
         after multiple links have been created in Multi-link mode using the
         ``clone'' command.

         Name specifies the name of an existing link.  If name is a comma sep-
         arated list, command is executed on each link.  If name is ``*'',


         command is executed on all links.

     load [label]...
         Load the given label(s) from the ppp.conf file.  If label is not giv-
         en, the default label is used.

         Unless the label section uses the ``set mode'', ``open'' or ``dial''
         commands, ppp will not attempt to make an immediate connection.

     open [lcp|ccp|ipcp]
         This is the opposite of the ``close'' command.  All closed links are
         immediately brought up apart from second and subsequent demand-dial
         links - these will come up based on the ``set autoload'' command that
         has been used.

         If the ``lcp'' argument is used while the LCP layer is already open,
         LCP will be renegotiated.  This allows various LCP options to be
         changed, after which ``open lcp'' can be used to put them into ef-
         fect.  After renegotiating LCP, any agreed authentication will also
         take place.

         If the ``ccp'' argument is used, the relevant compression layer is
         opened.  Again, if it is already open, it will be renegotiated.

         If the ``ipcp'' argument is used, the link will be brought up as nor-
         mal, but if IPCP is already open, it will be renegotiated and the
         network interface will be reconfigured.

         It is probably not good practice to re-open the PPP state machines
         like this as it's possible that the peer will not behave correctly.
         It is however useful as a way of forcing the CCP or VJ dictionaries
         to be reset.

     passwd pass
         Specify the password required for access to the full ppp command set.
         This password is required when connecting to the diagnostic port (see
         the ``set server'' command).  Pass is specified on the ``set server''
         command line.  The value of pass is not logged when command logging
         is active, instead, the literal string `********' is logged.

     quit|bye [all]
         If ``quit'' is executed from the controlling connection or from a
         command file, ppp will exit after closing all connections.  Other-
         wise, if the user is connected to a diagnostic socket, the connection
         is simply dropped.

         If the all argument is given, ppp will exit despite the source of the
         command after closing all existing connections.

     remove|rm
         This command removes the given link.  It is only really useful in
         multi-link mode.  A link must be in the CLOSED state before it is re-
         moved.

     rename|mv name
         This command renames the given link to name. It will fail if name is
         already used by another link.

         The default link name is `deflink'. Renaming it to `modem', `cua00'
         or `USR' may make the log file more readable.

     resolv command
         This command controls ppp's manipulation of the resolv.conf(5) file.
         When ppp starts up, it loads the contents of this file into memory
         and retains this image for future use.  command is one of the follow-

         ing:

         readonly  Treat /etc/resolv.conf as read only.  If ``dns'' is en-
                   abled, ppp will still attempt to negotiate nameservers with
                   the peer, making the results available via the DNS0 and
                   DNS1 macros.  This is the opposite of the ``resolv
                   writable'' command.

         reload    Reload /etc/resolv.conf into memory.  This may be necessary
                   if for example a DHCP client overwrote /etc/resolv.conf.

         restore   Replace /etc/resolv.conf with the version originally read
                   at startup or with the last ``resolv reload'' command.
                   This is sometimes a useful command to put in the
                   /etc/ppp/ppp.linkdown file.

         rewrite   Rewrite the /etc/resolv.conf file.  This command will work
                   even if the ``resolv readonly'' command has been used.  It
                   may be useful as a command in the /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup file
                   if you wish to defer updating /etc/resolv.conf until after
                   other commands have finished.

         writable  Allow ppp to update /etc/resolv.conf if ``dns'' is enabled
                   and ppp successfully negotiates a DNS.  This is the oppo-
                   site of the ``resolv readonly'' command.

     save
         This option is not (yet) implemented.

     sendident
         This command tells ppp to identify itself to the peer.  The link must
         be in LCP state or higher.  If no identity has been set (via the
         ident command), sendident will fail.

         When an identity has been set, ppp will automatically identify itself
         when it sends or receives a configure reject, when negotiation fails
         or when LCP reaches the opened state.

         Received identification packets are logged to the LCP log (see set
         log for details) and are never responded to.

     set[up] var value
         This option allows the setting of any of the following variables:

         set accmap hex-value
             ACCMap stands for Asynchronous Control Character Map.  This is
             always negotiated with the peer, and defaults to a value of
             00000000 in hex.  This protocol is required to defeat hardware
             that depends on passing certain characters from end to end (such
             as XON/XOFF etc).

             For the XON/XOFF scenario, use ``set accmap 000a0000''.

         set [auth]key value
             This sets the authentication key (or password) used in client
             mode PAP or CHAP negotiation to the given value.  It also speci-
             fies the password to be used in the dial or login scripts in
             place of the `\P' sequence, preventing the actual password from
             being logged.  If command or chat logging is in effect, value is
             logged as `********' for security reasons.

             If the first character of value is an exclamation mark (``!''),
             ppp treats the remainder of the string as a program that must be
             executed to determine the ``authname'' and ``authkey'' values.

             If the ``!'' is doubled up (to ``!!''), it is treated as a single
             literal ``!'', otherwise, ignoring the ``!'', value is parsed as
             a program to execute in the same was as the ``!bg'' command
             above, substituting special names in the same manner.  Once exe-
             cuted, ppp will feed the program three lines of input, each ter-
             minated by a newline character:

             o   The host name as sent in the CHAP challenge.

             o   The challenge string as sent in the CHAP challenge.

             o   The locally defined ``authname''.

             Two lines of output are expected:

             o   The ``authname'' to be sent with the CHAP response.

             o   The ``authkey'', which is encrypted with the challenge and
                 request id, the answer being sent in the CHAP response pack-
                 et.

             When configuring ppp in this manner, it's expected that the host
             challenge is a series of ASCII digits or characters.  An encryp-
             tion device or Secure ID card is usually required to calculate
             the secret appropriate for the given challenge.

         set authname id
             This sets the authentication id used in client mode PAP or CHAP
             negotiation.

             If used in -direct mode with CHAP enabled, id is used in the ini-
             tial authentication challenge and should normally be set to the
             local machine name.

         set autoload min-percent max-percent period
             These settings apply only in multi-link mode and default to zero,
             zero and five respectively.  When more than one demand-dial (also
             known as -auto) mode link is available, only the first link is
             made active when ppp first reads data from the tun device.  The
             next demand-dial link will be opened only when the current bundle
             throughput is at least max-percent percent of the total bundle
             bandwidth for period seconds.  When the current bundle throughput
             decreases to min-percent percent or less of the total bundle
             bandwidth for period seconds, a demand-dial link will be brought
             down as long as it's not the last active link.

             Bundle throughput is measured as the maximum of inbound and out-
             bound traffic.

             The default values cause demand-dial links to simply come up one
             at a time.

             Certain devices cannot determine their physical bandwidth, so it
             is sometimes necessary to use the ``set bandwidth'' command (de-
             scribed below) to make ``set autoload'' work correctly.

         set bandwidth value
             This command sets the connection bandwidth in bits per second.
             value must be greater than zero.  It is currently only used by
             the ``set autoload'' command above.

         set callback option...
             If no arguments are given, callback is disabled, otherwise, ppp
             will request (or in -direct mode, will accept) one of the given
             options. In client mode, if an option is NAK'd ppp will request a
             different option, until no options remain at which point ppp will
             terminate negotiations (unless ``none'' is one of the specified
             option). In server mode, ppp will accept any of the given proto-
             cols - but the client must request one of them.  If you wish
             callback to be optional, you must include none as an option.

             The options are as follows (in this order of preference):

             auth    The callee is expected to decide the callback number
                     based on authentication.  If ppp is the callee, the num-
                     ber should be specified as the fifth field of the peers
                     entry in /etc/ppp/ppp.secret.

             cbcp    Microsoft's callback control protocol is used.  See ``set
                     cbcp'' below.

                     If you wish to negotiate cbcp in client mode but also
                     wish to allow the server to request no callback at CBCP
                     negotiation time, you must specify both cbcp and none as
                     callback options.

             E.164 *|number[,number]...
                     The caller specifies the number. If ppp is the callee,
                     number should be either a comma separated list of allow-
                     able numbers or a ``*'', meaning any number is permitted.
                     If ppp is the caller, only a single number should be
                     specified.

                     Note, this option is very unsafe when used with a ``*''
                     as a malicious caller can tell ppp to call any (possibly
                     international) number without first authenticating them-
                     selves.

             none    If the peer does not wish to do callback at all, ppp will
                     accept the fact and continue without callback rather than
                     terminating the connection.  This is required (in addi-
                     tion to one or more other callback options) if you wish
                     callback to be optional.

         set cbcp [*|number[,number...] [delay [retry]]]
             If no arguments are given, CBCP (Microsoft's CallBack Control
             Protocol) is disabled - ie, configuring CBCP in the ``set
             callback'' command will result in ppp requesting no callback in
             the CBCP phase.  Otherwise, ppp attempts to use the given phone
             number(s).

             In server mode (-direct), ppp will insist that the client uses
             one of these numbers, unless ``*'' is used in which case the
             client is expected to specify the number.

             In client mode, ppp will attempt to use one of the given numbers
             (whichever it finds to be agreeable with the peer), or if ``*''
             is specified, ppp will expect the peer to specify the number.

         set cd [off|seconds[!]]
             Normally, ppp checks for the existence of carrier depending on
             the type of device that has been opened:

                Terminal Devices
                     Carrier is checked one second after the login script is
                     complete.  If it's not set, ppp assumes that this is be-
                     cause the device doesn't support carrier (which is true
                     for most ``laplink'' NULL-modem cables), logs the fact
                     and stops checking for carrier.

                     As ptys don't support the TIOCMGET ioctl, the tty device
                     will switch all carrier detection off when it detects

                     that the device is a pty.

                ISDN (i4b) Devices
                     Carrier is checked once per second for 6 seconds.  If
                     it's not set after the sixth second, the connection at-
                     tempt is considered to have failed and the device is
                     closed.  Carrier is always required for i4b devices.

                PPPoE (netgraph) Devices
                     Carrier is checked once per second for 5 seconds.  If
                     it's not set after the fifth second, the connection at-
                     tempt is considered to have failed and the device is
                     closed.  Carrier is always required for PPPoE devices.

             All other device types don't support carrier.  Setting a carrier
             value will result in a warning when the device is opened.

             Some modems take more than one second after connecting to assert
             the carrier signal.  If this delay isn't increased, this will re-
             sult in ppp's inability to detect when the link is dropped, as
             ppp assumes that the device isn't asserting carrier.

             The ``set cd'' command overrides the default carrier behaviour.
             seconds specifies the maximum number of seconds that ppp should
             wait after the dial script has finished before deciding if carri-
             er is available or not.

             If ``off'' is specified, ppp will not check for carrier on the
             device, otherwise ppp will not proceed to the login script until
             either carrier is detected or until seconds has elapsed, at which
             point ppp assumes that the device will not set carrier.

             If no arguments are given, carrier settings will go back to their
             default values.

             If seconds is followed immediately by an exclamation mark
             (``!''), ppp will require carrier.  If carrier is not detected
             after seconds seconds, the link will be disconnected.

         set choked [timeout]
             This sets the number of seconds that ppp will keep a choked out-
             put queue before dropping all pending output packets.  If timeout
             is less than or equal to zero or if timeout isn't specified, it
             is set to the default value of 120 seconds.

             A choked output queue occurs when ppp has read a certain number
             of packets from the local network for transmission, but cannot
             send the data due to link failure (the peer is busy etc.).  ppp
             will not read packets indefinitely.  Instead, it reads up to 30
             packets (or 30 + nlinks * 2 packets in multi-link mode), then
             stops reading the network interface until either timeout seconds
             have passed or at least one packet has been sent.

             If timeout seconds pass, all pending output packets are dropped.

         set ctsrts|crtscts on|off
             This sets hardware flow control.  Hardware flow control is on by
             default.

         set deflate out-winsize [in-winsize]
             This sets the DEFLATE algorithms default outgoing and incoming
             window sizes.  Both out-winsize and in-winsize must be values be-
             tween 8 and 15. If in-winsize is specified, ppp will insist that
             this window size is used and will not accept any other values


             from the peer.

         set dns [primary [secondary]]
             This command specifies DNS overrides for the ``accept dns'' com-
             mand.  Refer to the ``accept'' command description above for de-
             tails.  This command does not affect the IP numbers requested us-
             ing ``enable dns''.

         set device|line value...
             This sets the device(s) to which ppp will talk to the given
             ``value''.

             All ISDN and serial device names are expected to begin with
             /dev/. ISDN devices are usually called i4brbchX and serial de-
             vices are usually called cuaXX.

             If ``value'' does not begin with /dev/, it must either begin with
             an exclamation mark (``!''), be of the format
             PPPoE:iface[:provider] (on netgraph(4) enabled systems), or be of
             the format host:port[/tcp|udp].

             If it begins with an exclamation mark, the rest of the device
             name is treated as a program name, and that program is executed
             when the device is opened.  Standard input, output and error are
             fed back to ppp and are read and written as if they were a regu-
             lar device.

             If a PPPoE:iface[:provider] specification is given, ppp will at-
             tempt to create a PPP over Ethernet connection using the given
             iface interface by using netgraph(4). If netgraph(4) is not
             available, ppp will attempt to load it using kldload(2). If this
             fails, an external program must be used such as the pppoe(8) pro-
             gram available under OpenBSD. The given provider is passed as the
             service name in the PPPoE Discovery Initiation (PADI) packet.  If
             no provider is given, an empty value will be used.  Refer to net-
             graph(4) and ng_pppoe(4) for further details.

             If a host:port[/tcp|udp] specification is given, ppp will attempt
             to connect to the given host on the given port. If a ``/tcp'' or
             ``/udp'' suffix is not provided, the default is ``/tcp''. Refer
             to the section on PPP OVER TCP and UDP above for further details.

             If multiple ``values'' are specified, ppp will attempt to open
             each one in turn until it succeeds or runs out of devices.

         set dial chat-script
             This specifies the chat script that will be used to dial the oth-
             er side.  See also the ``set login'' command below.  Refer to
             chat(8) and to the example configuration files for details of the
             chat script format.  It is possible to specify some special
             `values' in your chat script as follows:

             \c  When used as the last character in a `send' string, this in-
                 dicates that a newline should not be appended.

             \d  When the chat script encounters this sequence, it delays two
                 seconds.

             \p  When the chat script encounters this sequence, it delays for
                 one quarter of a second.

             \n  This is replaced with a newline character.

             \r  This is replaced with a carriage return character.


             \s  This is replaced with a space character.

             \t  This is replaced with a tab character.

             \T  This is replaced by the current phone number (see ``set
                 phone'' below).

             \P  This is replaced by the current authkey value (see ``set
                 authkey'' above).

             \U  This is replaced by the current authname value (see ``set
                 authname'' above).

             Note that two parsers will examine these escape sequences, so in
             order to have the `chat parser' see the escape character, it is
             necessary to escape it from the `command parser'. This means that
             in practice you should use two escapes, for example:

                   set dial "... ATDT\\T CONNECT"

             It is also possible to execute external commands from the chat
             script.  To do this, the first character of the expect or send
             string is an exclamation mark (``!''). If a literal exclamation
             mark is required, double it up to ``!!'' and it will be treated
             as a single literal ``!''. When the command is executed, standard
             input and standard output are directed to the open device (see
             the ``set device'' command), and standard error is read by ppp
             and substituted as the expect or send string.  If ppp is running
             in interactive mode, file descriptor 3 is attached to /dev/tty.

             For example (wrapped for readability):

                   set login "TIMEOUT 5 \"\" \"\" login:--login: ppp \
                   word: ppp \"!sh \\-c \\\"echo \\-n label: >&2\\\"\" \
                   \"!/bin/echo in\" HELLO"

             would result in the following chat sequence (output using the
             `set log local chat' command before dialing):

                   Dial attempt 1 of 1
                   dial OK!
                   Chat: Expecting:
                   Chat: Sending:
                   Chat: Expecting: login:--login:
                   Chat: Wait for (5): login:
                   Chat: Sending: ppp
                   Chat: Expecting: word:
                   Chat: Wait for (5): word:
                   Chat: Sending: ppp
                   Chat: Expecting: !sh \-c "echo \-n label: >&2"
                   Chat: Exec: sh -c "echo -n label: >&2"
                   Chat: Wait for (5): !sh \-c "echo \-n label: >&2" --> label:
                   Chat: Exec: /bin/echo in
                   Chat: Sending:
                   Chat: Expecting: HELLO
                   Chat: Wait for (5): HELLO
                   login OK!

             Note (again) the use of the escape character, allowing many lev-
             els of nesting.  Here, there are four parsers at work.  The first
             parses the original line, reading it as three arguments.  The
             second parses the third argument, reading it as 11 arguments.  At
             this point, it is important that the ``-'' signs are escaped,
             otherwise this parser will see them as constituting an expect-
             send-expect sequence.  When the ``!'' character is seen, the exe-
             cution parser reads the first command as three arguments, and
             then sh(1) itself expands the argument after the -c. As we wish
             to send the output back to the modem, in the first example we
             redirect our output to file descriptor 2 (stderr) so that ppp it-
             self sends and logs it, and in the second example, we just output
             to stdout, which is attached directly to the modem.

             This, of course means that it is possible to execute an entirely
             external ``chat'' command rather than using the internal one.
             See chat(8) for a good alternative.

             The external command that is executed is subjected to the same
             special word expansions as the ``!bg'' command.

         set enddisc [label|IP|MAC|magic|psn value]
             This command sets our local endpoint discriminator.  If set prior
             to LCP negotiation, and if no ``disable enddisc'' command has
             been used, ppp will send the information to the peer using the
             LCP endpoint discriminator option.  The following discriminators
             may be set:

             label   The current label is used.

             IP      Our local IP number is used.  As LCP is negotiated prior
                     to IPCP, it is possible that the IPCP layer will subse-
                     quently change this value.  If it does, the endpoint dis-
                     criminator stays at the old value unless manually reset.

             MAC     This is similar to the IP option above, except that the
                     MAC address associated with the local IP number is used.
                     If the local IP number is not resident on any Ethernet
                     interface, the command will fail.

                     As the local IP number defaults to whatever the machine
                     host name is, ``set enddisc mac'' is usually done prior
                     to any ``set ifaddr'' commands.

             magic   A 20 digit random number is used.  Care should be taken
                     when using magic numbers as restarting ppp or creating a
                     link using a different ppp invocation will also use a
                     different magic number and will therefore not be recog-
                     nised by the peer as belonging to the same bundle.  This
                     makes it unsuitable for -direct connections.

             psn value
                     The given value is used.  Value should be set to an abso-
                     lute public switched network number with the country code
                     first.

             If no arguments are given, the endpoint discriminator is reset.

         set escape value...
             This option is similar to the ``set accmap'' option above.  It
             allows the user to specify a set of characters that will be
             `escaped' as they travel across the link.

         set filter dial|alive|in|out rule-no permit|deny|clear|rule-no [!]
             [[host] src_addr[/width] [dst_addr[/width]]] [proto [src lt|eq|gt
             port] [dst lt|eq|gt port] [estab] [syn] [finrst] [timeout secs]]
             ppp supports four filter sets.  The alive filter specifies pack-
             ets that keep the connection alive - resetting the idle timer.
             The dial filter specifies packets that cause ppp to dial when in
             -auto mode.  The in filter specifies packets that are allowed to
             travel into the machine and the out filter specifies packets that
             are allowed out of the machine.

             Filtering is done prior to any IP alterations that might be done
             by the NAT engine on outgoing packets and after any IP alter-
             ations that might be done by the NAT engine on incoming packets.
             By default all empty filter sets allow all packets to pass.
             Rules are processed in order according to rule-no (unless skipped
             by specifying a rule number as the action). Up to 40 rules may be
             given for each set.  If a packet doesn't match any of the rules
             in a given set, it is discarded.  In the case of in and out fil-
             ters, this means that the packet is dropped.  In the case of
             alive filters it means that the packet will not reset the idle
             timer (even if the in/out filter has a ``timeout'' value) and in
             the case of dial filters it means that the packet will not trig-
             ger a dial.  A packet failing to trigger a dial will be dropped
             rather than queued.  Refer to the section on PACKET FILTERING
             above for further details.

         set hangup chat-script
             This specifies the chat script that will be used to reset the de-
             vice before it is closed.  It should not normally be necessary,
             but can be used for devices that fail to reset themselves proper-
             ly on close.

         set help|? [command]
             This command gives a summary of available set commands, or if
             command is specified, the command usage is shown.

         set ifaddr [myaddr[/nn] [hisaddr[/nn] [netmask [triggeraddr]]]]
             This command specifies the IP addresses that will be used during
             IPCP negotiation.  Addresses are specified using the format

                   a.b.c.d/nn

             Where ``a.b.c.d'' is the preferred IP, but nn specifies how many
             bits of the address we will insist on.  If /nn is omitted, it de-
             faults to ``/32'' unless the IP address is 0.0.0.0 in which case
             it defaults to ``/0''.

             If you wish to assign a dynamic IP number to the peer, hisaddr
             may also be specified as a range of IP numbers in the format

                   IP[-IP][,IP[-IP]]...

             for example:

                   set ifaddr 10.0.0.1 10.0.1.2-10.0.1.10,10.0.1.20

             will only negotiate ``10.0.0.1'' as the local IP number, but may
             assign any of the given 10 IP numbers to the peer.  If the peer
             requests one of these numbers, and that number is not already in
             use, ppp will grant the peers request.  This is useful if the
             peer wants to re-establish a link using the same IP number as was
             previously allocated (thus maintaining any existing tcp or udp
             connections).

             If the peer requests an IP number that's either outside of this
             range or is already in use, ppp will suggest a random unused IP
             number from the range.

             If triggeraddr is specified, it is used in place of myaddr in the
             initial IPCP negotiation.  However, only an address in the myaddr
             range will be accepted.  This is useful when negotiating with
             some PPP implementations that will not assign an IP number unless
             their peer requests ``0.0.0.0''.

             It should be noted that in -auto mode, ppp will configure the in-
             terface immediately upon reading the ``set ifaddr'' line in the
             config file.  In any other mode, these values are just used for
             IPCP negotiations, and the interface isn't configured until the
             IPCP layer is up.

             Note that the HISADDR argument may be overridden by the third
             field in the ppp.secret file once the client has authenticated
             itself (if PAP or CHAP are ``enabled''). Refer to the
             AUTHENTICATING INCOMING CONNECTIONS section for details.

             In all cases, if the interface is already configured, ppp will
             try to maintain the interface IP numbers so that any existing
             bound sockets will remain valid.

         set ifqueue packets
             Set the maximum number of packets that ppp will read from the
             tunnel interface while data cannot be sent to any of the avail-
             able links.  This queue limit is necessary to flow control outgo-
             ing data as the tunnel interface is likely to be far faster than
             the combined links available to ppp.

             If packets is set to a value less than the number of links, ppp
             will read up to that value regardless.  This prevents any possi-
             ble latency problems.

             The default value for packets is ``30''.

         set ccpretry|ccpretries [timeout [reqtries [trmtries]]]

         set chapretry|chapretries [timeout [reqtries]]

         set ipcpretry|ipcpretries [timeout [reqtries [trmtries]]]

         set lcpretry|lcpretries [timeout [reqtries [trmtries]]]

         set papretry|papretries [timeout [reqtries]]
             These commands set the number of seconds that ppp will wait be-
             fore resending Finite State Machine (FSM) Request packets.  The
             default timeout for all FSMs is 3 seconds (which should suffice
             in most cases).

             If reqtries is specified, it tells ppp how many configuration re-
             quest attempts it should make while receiving no reply from the
             peer before giving up.  The default is 5 attempts for CCP, LCP
             and IPCP and 3 attempts for PAP and CHAP.

             If trmtries is specified, it tells ppp how many terminate re-
             quests should be sent before giving up waiting for the peers re-
             sponse.  The default is 3 attempts.  Authentication protocols are
             not terminated and it is therefore invalid to specify trmtries
             for PAP or CHAP.

             In order to avoid negotiations with the peer that will never con-
             verge, ppp will only send at most 3 times the configured number
             of reqtries in any given negotiation session before giving up and
             closing that layer.

         set log [local] [+|-]value...
             This command allows the adjustment of the current log level.  Re-
             fer to the Logging Facility section for further details.

         set login chat-script
             This chat-script compliments the dial-script.  If both are speci-
             fied, the login script will be executed after the dial script.
             Escape sequences available in the dial script are also available
             here.

         set logout chat-script
             This specifies the chat script that will be used to logout before
             the hangup script is called.  It should not normally be neces-
             sary.

         set lqrperiod frequency
             This command sets the frequency in seconds at which LQR or ECHO
             LQR packets are sent.  The default is 30 seconds.  You must also
             use the ``enable lqr'' command if you wish to send LQR requests
             to the peer.

         set mode interactive|auto|ddial|background
             This command allows you to change the `mode' of the specified
             link.  This is normally only useful in multi-link mode, but may
             also be used in uni-link mode.

             It is not possible to change a link that is `direct' or
             `dedicated'.

             Note: If you issue the command ``set mode auto'', and have net-
             work address translation enabled, it may be useful to ``enable
             iface-alias'' afterwards.  This will allow ppp to do the neces-
             sary address translations to enable the process that triggers the
             connection to connect once the link is up despite the peer as-
             signing us a new (dynamic) IP address.

         set mppe [40|56|128|* [stateless|stateful|*]]
             This option selects the encryption parameters used when negotia-
             tion MPPE.  MPPE can be disabled entirely with the ``disable
             mppe'' command.  If no arguments are given, ppp will attempt to
             negotiate a stateful link with a 128 bit key, but will agree to
             whatever the peer requests (including no encryption at all).

             If any arguments are given, ppp will insist on using MPPE and
             will close the link if it's rejected by the peer.

             The first argument specifies the number of bits that ppp should
             insist on during negotiations and the second specifies whether
             ppp should insist on stateful or stateless mode.  In stateless
             mode, the encryption dictionary is re-initialised with every
             packet according to an encryption key that is changed with every
             packet.  In stateful mode, the encryption dictionary is re-ini-
             tialised every 256 packets or after the loss of any data and the
             key is changed every 256 packets.  Stateless mode is less effi-
             cient but is better for unreliable transport layers.

         set mrru [value]
             Setting this option enables Multi-link PPP negotiations, also
             known as Multi-link Protocol or MP.  There is no default MRRU
             (Maximum Reconstructed Receive Unit) value.  If no argument is
             given, multi-link mode is disabled.

         set mru [max[imum]] [value]
             The default MRU (Maximum Receive Unit) is 1500.  If it is in-
             creased, the other side *may* increase its MTU.  In theory there
             is no point in decreasing the MRU to below the default as the PPP
             protocol says implementations *must* be able to accept packets of
             at least 1500 octets.

             If the ``maximum'' keyword is used, ppp will refuse to negotiate
             a higher value.  The maximum MRU can be set to 2048 at most.
             Setting a maximum of less than 1500 violates the PPP rfc, but may
             sometimes be necessary.  For example, PPPoE imposes a maximum of
             1492 due to hardware limitations.

             If no argument is given, 1500 is assumed.  A value must be given

             when ``maximum'' is specified.

         set mtu [max[imum]] [value]
             The default MTU is 1500.  At negotiation time, ppp will accept
             whatever MRU the peer requests (assuming it's not less than 296
             bytes or greater than the assigned maximum).  If the MTU is set,
             ppp will not accept MRU values less than value. When negotiations
             are complete, the MTU is used when writing to the interface, even
             if the peer requested a higher value MRU.  This can be useful for
             limiting your packet size (giving better bandwidth sharing at the
             expense of more header data).

             If the ``maximum'' keyword is used, ppp will refuse to negotiate
             a higher value.  The maximum MTU can be set to 2048 at most.

             If no value is given, 1500, or whatever the peer asks for is
             used.  A value must be given when ``maximum'' is specified.

         set nbns [x.x.x.x [y.y.y.y]]
             This option allows the setting of the Microsoft NetBIOS name
             server values to be returned at the peers request.  If no values
             are given, ppp will reject any such requests.

         set openmode active|passive [delay]
             By default, openmode is always active with a one second delay.
             That is, ppp will always initiate LCP/IPCP/CCP negotiation one
             second after the line comes up.  If you want to wait for the peer
             to initiate negotiations, you can use the value passive. If you
             want to initiate negotiations immediately or after more than one
             second, the appropriate delay may be specified here in seconds.

         set parity odd|even|none|mark
             This allows the line parity to be set.  The default value is
             none.

         set phone telno[|backupnumber]...[:nextnumber]...
             This allows the specification of the phone number to be used in
             place of the \\T string in the dial and login chat scripts.  Mul-
             tiple phone numbers may be given separated either by a pipe
             (``|'') or a colon (``:'').

             Numbers after the pipe are only dialed if the dial or login
             script for the previous number failed.

             Numbers after the colon are tried sequentially, irrespective of
             the reason the line was dropped.

             If multiple numbers are given, ppp will dial them according to
             these rules until a connection is made, retrying the maximum num-
             ber of times specified by ``set redial'' below.  In -background
             mode, each number is attempted at most once.

         set [proc]title [value]
             The current process title as displayed by ps(1) is changed ac-
             cording to value. If value is not specified, the original process
             title is restored.  All the word replacements done by the shell
             commands (see the ``bg'' command above) are done here too.

             Note, if USER is required in the process title, the ``set
             proctitle'' command must appear in ppp.linkup, as it is not known
             when the commands in ppp.conf are executed.

         set radius [config-file]
             This command enables RADIUS support (if it's compiled in).
             config-file refers to the radius client configuration file as de-
             scribed in radius.conf(5). If PAP or CHAP are ``enabled'', ppp
             behaves as a Network Access Server and uses the configured RADIUS
             server to authenticate rather than authenticating from the
             ppp.secret file or from the passwd database.

             If neither PAP or CHAP are enabled, ``set radius'' will do noth-
             ing.

             ppp uses the following attributes from the RADIUS reply:

                RAD_FRAMED_IP_ADDRESS
                     The peer IP address is set to the given value.

                RAD_FRAMED_IP_NETMASK
                     The tun interface netmask is set to the given value.

                RAD_FRAMED_MTU
                     If the given MTU is less than the peers MRU as agreed
                     during LCP negotiation, *and* it is less that any config-
                     ured MTU (see the ``set mru'' command), the tun interface
                     MTU is set to the given value.

                RAD_FRAMED_COMPRESSION
                     If the received compression type is ``1'', ppp will re-
                     quest VJ compression during IPCP negotiations despite any
                     ``disable vj'' configuration command.

                RAD_FRAMED_ROUTE
                     The received string is expected to be in the format
                     dest[/bits] gw [metrics]. Any specified metrics are ig-
                     nored.  MYADDR and HISADDR are understood as valid values
                     for dest and gw, ``default'' can be used for dest to sep-
                     cify the default route, and ``0.0.0.0'' is understood to
                     be the same as ``default'' for dest and HISADDR for gw.

                     For example, a returned value of ``1.2.3.4/24 0.0.0.0 1 2
                     -1 3 400'' would result in a routing table entry to the
                     1.2.3.0/24 network via HISADDR and a returned value of
                     ``0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0'' or ``default HISADDR'' would result
                     in a default route to HISADDR.

                     All RADIUS routes are applied after any sticky routes are
                     applied, making RADIUS routes override configured routes.
                     This also applies for RADIUS routes that don't include
                     the MYADDR or HISADDR keywords.

             Values received from the RADIUS server may be viewed using ``show
             bundle''.

         set reconnect timeout ntries
             Should the line drop unexpectedly (due to loss of CD or LQR fail-
             ure), a connection will be re-established after the given
             timeout. The line will be re-connected at most ntries times.
             Ntries defaults to zero.  A value of random for timeout will re-
             sult in a variable pause, somewhere between 1 and 30 seconds.

         set recvpipe [value]
             This sets the routing table RECVPIPE value.  The optimum value is
             just over twice the MTU value.  If value is unspecified or zero,
             the default kernel controlled value is used.

         set redial secs[+inc[-max]][.next] [attempts]
             ppp can be instructed to attempt to redial attempts times.  If
             more than one phone number is specified (see ``set phone''
             above), a pause of next is taken before dialing each number.  A
             pause of secs is taken before starting at the first number again.
             A literal value of ``random'' may be used here in place of secs
             and next, causing a random delay of between 1 and 30 seconds.

             If inc is specified, its value is added onto secs each time ppp
             tries a new number.  secs will only be incremented at most max
             times.  max defaults to 10.

             Note, the secs delay will be effective, even after attempts has
             been exceeded, so an immediate manual dial may appear to have
             done nothing.  If an immediate dial is required, a ``!'' should
             immediately follow the ``open'' keyword.  See the ``open'' de-
             scription above for further details.

         set sendpipe [value]
             This sets the routing table SENDPIPE value.  The optimum value is
             just over twice the MTU value.  If value is unspecified or zero,
             the default kernel controlled value is used.

         set server|socket TcpPort|LocalName|none|open|closed [password
             [mask]]
             This command tells ppp to listen on the given socket or
             `diagnostic port' for incoming command connections.

             The word ``none'' instructs ppp to close any existing socket and
             clear the socket configuration.  The word ``open'' instructs ppp
             to attempt to re-open the port.  The word ``closed'' instructs
             ppp to close the open port.

             If you wish to specify a local domain socket, LocalName must be
             specified as an absolute file name, otherwise it is assumed to be
             the name or number of a TCP port.  You may specify the octal
             umask to be used with a local domain socket.  Refer to umask(2)
             for umask details.  Refer to services(5) for details of how to
             translate TCP port names.

             You must also specify the password that must be entered by the
             client (using the ``passwd'' variable above) when connecting to
             this socket.  If the password is specified as an empty string, no
             password is required for connecting clients.

             When specifying a local domain socket, the first ``%d'' sequence
             found in the socket name will be replaced with the current inter-
             face unit number.  This is useful when you wish to use the same
             profile for more than one connection.

             In a similar manner TCP sockets may be prefixed with the ``+''
             character, in which case the current interface unit number is
             added to the port number.

             When using ppp with a server socket, the pppctl(8) command is the
             preferred mechanism of communications.  Currently, telnet(1) can
             also be used, but link encryption may be implemented in the fu-
             ture, so telnet(1) should be avoided.

             Note; SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 interact with the diagnostic socket.

         set speed value
             This sets the speed of the serial device.  If speed is specified
             as ``sync'', ppp treats the device as a synchronous device.

             Certain device types will know whether they should be specified
             as synchronous or asynchronous.  These devices will override in-
             correct settings and log a warning to this effect.

         set stopped [LCPseconds [CCPseconds]]
             If this option is set, ppp will time out after the given FSM (Fi-
             nite State Machine) has been in the stopped state for the given
             number of ``seconds''. This option may be useful if the peer
             sends a terminate request, but never actually closes the connec-
             tion despite our sending a terminate acknowledgement.  This is
             also useful if you wish to ``set openmode passive'' and time out
             if the peer doesn't send a Configure Request within the given
             time.  Use ``set log +lcp +ccp'' to make ppp log the appropriate
             state transitions.

             The default value is zero, where ppp doesn't time out in the
             stopped state.

             This value should not be set to less than the openmode delay (see
             ``set openmode'' above).

         set timeout idleseconds [mintimeout]
             This command allows the setting of the idle timer.  Refer to the
             section titled SETTING THE IDLE TIMER for further details.

             If mintimeout is specified, ppp will never idle out before the
             link has been up for at least that number of seconds.

         set urgent [tcp|udp|none] [[+|-]port] ...
             This command controls the ports that ppp prioritizes when trans-
             mitting data.  The default priority TCP ports are ports 21 (ftp
             control), 22 (ssh), 23 (telnet), 513 (login), 514 (shell), 543
             (klogin) and 544 (kshell).  There are no priority UDP ports by
             default.  See services(5) for details.

             If neither ``tcp'' or ``udp'' are specified, ``tcp'' is assumed.

             If no ports are given, the priority port lists are cleared (al-
             though if ``tcp'' or ``udp'' is specified, only that list is
             cleared).  If the first port argument is prefixed with a plus
             (``+'') or a minus (``-''), the current list is adjusted, other-
             wise the list is reassigned.  ports prefixed with a plus or not
             prefixed at all are added to the list and ports prefixed with a
             minus are removed from the list.

             If ``none'' is specified, all priority port lists are disabled
             and even IPTOS_LOWDELAY packets are not prioritised.

         set vj slotcomp on|off
             This command tells ppp whether it should attempt to negotiate VJ
             slot compression.  By default, slot compression is turned on.

         set vj slots nslots
             This command sets the initial number of slots that ppp will try
             to negotiate with the peer when VJ compression is enabled (see
             the `enable' command above).  It defaults to a value of 16.
             Nslots must be between 4 and 16 inclusive.

     shell|! [command]
         If command is not specified a shell is invoked according to the SHELL
         environment variable.  Otherwise, the given command is executed.
         Word replacement is done in the same way as for the ``!bg'' command
         as described above.

         Use of the ! character requires a following space as with any of the
         other commands.  You should note that this command is executed in the
         foreground; ppp will not continue running until this process has ex-
         ited.  Use the bg command if you wish processing to happen in the
         background.

     show var


         This command allows the user to examine the following:

         show bundle
             Show the current bundle settings.

         show ccp
             Show the current CCP compression statistics.

         show compress
             Show the current VJ compression statistics.

         show escape
             Show the current escape characters.

         show filter [name]
             List the current rules for the given filter.  If name is not
             specified, all filters are shown.

         show hdlc
             Show the current HDLC statistics.

         show help|?
             Give a summary of available show commands.

         show iface
             Show the current interface information (the same as ``iface
             show'').

         show ipcp
             Show the current IPCP statistics.

         show layers
             Show the protocol layers currently in use.

         show lcp
             Show the current LCP statistics.

         show [data]link
             Show high level link information.

         show links
             Show a list of available logical links.

         show log
             Show the current log values.

         show mem
             Show current memory statistics.

         show ncp
             Show the current NCP statistics.

         show physical
             Show low level link information.

         show mp
             Show Multi-link information.

         show proto
             Show current protocol totals.

         show route
             Show the current routing tables.

         show stopped

             Show the current stopped timeouts.

         show timer
             Show the active alarm timers.

         show version
             Show the current version number of ppp.

     term
         Go into terminal mode.  Characters typed at the keyboard are sent to
         the device.  Characters read from the device are displayed on the
         screen.  When a remote PPP peer is detected, ppp automatically en-
         ables Packet Mode and goes back into command mode.

MORE DETAILS
     o   Read the example configuration files.  They are a good source of in-
         formation.

     o   Use ``help'', ``nat ?'', ``enable ?'', ``set ?'' and ``show ?'' to
         get online information about what's available.

     o   The following URLs contain useful information:
         o   http://www.FreeBSD.org/FAQ/userppp.html
         o   http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/userppp.html

FILES
     ppp refers to four files: ppp.conf, ppp.linkup, ppp.linkdown and
     ppp.secret. These files are placed in the /etc/ppp directory.

     /etc/ppp/ppp.conf
         System default configuration file.

     /etc/ppp/ppp.secret
         An authorisation file for each system.

     /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup
         A file to check when ppp establishes a network level connection.

     /etc/ppp/ppp.linkdown
         A file to check when ppp closes a network level connection.

     /var/log/ppp.log
         Logging and debugging information file.  Note, this name is specified
         in /etc/syslog.conf. See syslog.conf(5) for further details.

     /var/spool/lock/LCK..*
         tty port locking file.  Refer to uucplock(3) for further details.

     /var/run/tunN.pid
         The process id (pid) of the ppp program connected to the tunN device,
         where `N' is the number of the device.

     /var/run/ttyXX.if
         The tun interface used by this port.  Again, this file is only creat-
         ed in -background, -auto and -ddial modes.

     /etc/services
         Get port number if port number is using service name.

     /var/run/ppp-authname-class-value
         In multi-link mode, local domain sockets are created using the peer
         authentication name (`authname'), the peer endpoint discriminator
         class (`class') and the peer endpoint discriminator value (`value').
         As the endpoint discriminator value may be a binary value, it is
         turned to HEX to determine the actual file name.

         This socket is used to pass links between different instances of ppp.

SEE ALSO
     at(1), ftp(1), gzip(1), hostname(1), login(1), tcpdump(1), telnet(1),
     kldload(2), syslog(3), uucplock(3), netgraph(4), ng_pppoe(4), crontab(5),
     group(5), passwd(5), protocols(5), radius.conf(5), resolv.conf(5),
     syslog.conf(5), adduser(8), chat(8), getty(8), inetd(8), init(8),
     isdn(8), named(8), ping(8), pppctl(8), pppd(8), pppoe(8), route(8),
     sshd(8), syslogd(8), traceroute(8), vipw(8)

HISTORY
     This program was originally written by Toshiharu OHNO <tony-o@iij.ad.jp>,
     and was submitted to FreeBSD 2.0.5 by Atsushi Murai <amurai@spec.co.jp>.

     It was substantially modified during 1997 by Brian Somers
     <brian@Awfulhak.org>, and was ported to OpenBSD in November that year
     (just after the 2.2 release).

     Most of the code was rewritten by Brian Somers in early 1998 when multi-
     link ppp support was added.

OpenBSD 3.0                   September 20, 1995                            50
