integrate               package:stats               R Documentation

Integration of One-Dimensional Functions

Description:

     Adaptive quadrature of functions of one variable over a finite or
     infinite interval.

Usage:

     integrate(f, lower, upper, ..., subdivisions=100,
               rel.tol = .Machine$double.eps^0.25, abs.tol = rel.tol,
               stop.on.error = TRUE, keep.xy = FALSE, aux = NULL)

Arguments:

       f: an R function taking a numeric first argument and returning a
          numeric vector of the same length.  Returning a non-finite
          element will generate an error.

lower, upper: the limits of integration.  Can be infinite.

     ...: additional arguments to be passed to 'f'.

subdivisions: the maximum number of subintervals.

 rel.tol: relative accuracy requested.

 abs.tol: absolute accuracy requested.

stop.on.error: logical. If true (the default) an error stops the
          function.  If false some errors will give a result with a
          warning in the 'message' component.

 keep.xy: unused.  For compatibility with S.

     aux: unused.  For compatibility with S.

Details:

     Note that arguments after '...' must be matched exactly.

     If one or both limits are infinite, the infinite range is mapped
     onto a finite interval.

     For a finite interval, globally adaptive interval subdivision is
     used in connection with extrapolation by the Epsilon algorithm.

     'rel.tol' cannot be less than 'max(50*.Machine$double.eps,
     0.5e-28)' if 'abs.tol <= 0'.

Value:

     A list of class '"integrate"' with components 

   value: the final estimate of the integral.

abs.error: estimate of the modulus of the absolute error.

subdivisions: the number of subintervals produced in the subdivision
          process.

 message: '"OK"' or a character string giving the error message.

    call: the matched call.

Note:

     Like all numerical integration routines, these evaluate the
     function on a finite set of points.  If the function is
     approximately constant (in particular, zero) over nearly all its
     range it is possible that the result and error estimate may be
     seriously wrong.

     When integrating over infinite intervals do so explicitly, rather
     than just using a large number as the endpoint.  This increases
     the chance of a correct answer - any function whose integral over
     an infinite interval is finite must be near zero for most of that
     interval.

     'f' must accept a vector of inputs and produce a vector of
     function evaluations at those points.  The 'Vectorize' function
     may be helpful to convert 'f' to this form.

References:

     Based on QUADPACK routines 'dqags' and 'dqagi' by R. Piessens and
     E. deDoncker-Kapenga, available from Netlib.

     See
      R. Piessens, E. deDoncker-Kapenga, C. Uberhuber, D. Kahaner
     (1983) _Quadpack: a Subroutine Package for Automatic Integration_;
     Springer Verlag.

See Also:

     The function 'adapt' in the 'adapt' package on CRAN, for
     multivariate integration.

Examples:

     integrate(dnorm, -1.96, 1.96)
     integrate(dnorm, -Inf, Inf)

     ## a slowly-convergent integral
     integrand <- function(x) {1/((x+1)*sqrt(x))}
     integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = Inf)

     ## don't do this if you really want the integral from 0 to Inf
     integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = 10)
     integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = 100000)
     integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = 1000000, stop.on.error = FALSE)

     ## some functions do not handle vector input properly
     f <- function(x) 2  
     try(integrate(f, 0, 1)) 
     integrate(Vectorize(f), 0, 1)  ## correct
     integrate(function(x) rep(2, length(x)), 0, 1)  ## correct

     ## integrate can fail if misused
     integrate(dnorm,0,2)
     integrate(dnorm,0,20)
     integrate(dnorm,0,200)
     integrate(dnorm,0,2000)
     integrate(dnorm,0,20000) ## fails on many systems
     integrate(dnorm,0,Inf)   ## works

