\HeaderA{contour}{Display Contours}{contour}
\methaliasA{contour.default}{contour}{contour.default}
\keyword{hplot}{contour}
\keyword{aplot}{contour}
\begin{Description}\relax
Create a contour plot, or add contour lines to an existing plot.
\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
contour(x, ...)

## Default S3 method:
contour(x = seq(0, 1, length.out = nrow(z)),
        y = seq(0, 1, length.out = ncol(z)),
        z,
        nlevels = 10, levels = pretty(zlim, nlevels),
        labels = NULL,
        xlim = range(x, finite = TRUE),
        ylim = range(y, finite = TRUE),
        zlim = range(z, finite = TRUE),
        labcex = 0.6, drawlabels = TRUE, method = "flattest",
        vfont = c("sans serif", "plain"),
        axes = TRUE, frame.plot = axes,
        col = par("fg"), lty = par("lty"), lwd = par("lwd"),
        add = FALSE, ...)
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{x,y}] locations of grid lines at which the values in \code{z} are
measured.  These must be in ascending order.  By default, equally
spaced values from 0 to 1 are used.  If \code{x} is a \code{list},
its components \code{x\$x} and \code{x\$y} are used for \code{x}
and \code{y}, respectively. If the list has component \code{z} this
is used for \code{z}.
\item[\code{z}] a matrix containing the values to be plotted (\code{NA}s are
allowed).  Note that \code{x} can be used instead of \code{z} for
convenience.
\item[\code{nlevels}] number of contour levels desired \bold{iff}
\code{levels} is not supplied.
\item[\code{levels}] numeric vector of levels at which to draw contour
lines.
\item[\code{labels}] a vector giving the labels for the contour lines.  If
\code{NULL} then the levels are used as labels, otherwise this is
coerced by \code{\LinkA{as.character}{as.character}}.
\item[\code{labcex}] \code{cex} for contour labelling.  This is an absolute
size, not a multiple of \code{par("cex")}.
\item[\code{drawlabels}] logical.  Contours are labelled if \code{TRUE}.
\item[\code{method}] character string specifying where the labels will be
located. Possible values are \code{"simple"}, \code{"edge"} and
\code{"flattest"} (the default).  See the \sQuote{Details} section.
\item[\code{vfont}] if a character vector of length 2 is specified, then Hershey
vector fonts are used for the contour labels.
The first element of the vector
selects a typeface and the second element selects a fontindex
(see \code{\LinkA{text}{text}} for more information).
\item[\code{xlim, ylim, zlim}] x-, y- and z-limits for the plot.
\item[\code{axes, frame.plot}] logical indicating whether axes or a box
should be drawn, see \code{\LinkA{plot.default}{plot.default}}.
\item[\code{col}] color for the lines drawn.
\item[\code{lty}] line type for the lines drawn.
\item[\code{lwd}] line width for the lines drawn.
\item[\code{add}] logical. If \code{TRUE}, add to a current plot.
\item[\code{...}] additional arguments to \code{\LinkA{plot.window}{plot.window}},
\code{\LinkA{title}{title}}, \code{\LinkA{Axis}{Axis}} and \code{\LinkA{box}{box}},
typically graphical parameters such as \code{cex.axis}.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
\code{contour} is a generic function with only a default method in
base \R.

The methods for positioning the labels on contours are \code{"simple"}
(draw at the edge of the plot, overlaying the contour line),
\code{"edge"} (draw at the edge of the plot, embedded in the contour
line, with no labels overlapping) and \code{"flattest"}
(draw on the flattest section of the contour, embedded in the
contour line, with no labels overlapping).  The second and third may
not draw a label on every contour line.

For information about vector fonts, see the
help for \code{\LinkA{text}{text}} and \code{\LinkA{Hershey}{Hershey}}.

Notice that \code{contour} interprets the \code{z} matrix as a table of
\code{f(x[i], y[j])} values, so that the x axis corresponds to row
number and the y axis to column number, with column 1 at the bottom,
i.e. a 90 degree clockwise rotation of the conventional textual
layout.

Alternatively, use \code{\LinkA{contourplot}{contourplot}} from the
\pkg{lattice} package where the \code{\LinkA{formula}{formula}} notation allows
to use vectors \code{x,y,z} of the same length.

There is limited control over the axes and frame as arguments
\code{col}, \code{lwd} and \code{lty} refer to the contour lines
(rather than being general graphical parameters).  For more control,
add contours to a plot, or add axes and frame to a contour plot.
\end{Details}
\begin{References}\relax
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988)
\emph{The New S Language}.
Wadsworth \& Brooks/Cole.
\end{References}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\LinkA{options}{options}("max.countour.segments")} for the maximal
complexity of a single contour line.

\code{\LinkA{contourLines}{contourLines}},
\code{\LinkA{filled.contour}{filled.contour}} for color-filled contours,
\code{\LinkA{contourplot}{contourplot}} (and \code{\LinkA{levelplot}{levelplot}})
from package \pkg{lattice}.  Further, \code{\LinkA{image}{image}} and the
graphics demo which can be invoked as \code{demo(graphics)}.
\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
require(grDevices) # for colours
x <- -6:16
op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
contour(outer(x, x), method = "edge", vfont = c("sans serif", "plain"))
z <- outer(x, sqrt(abs(x)), FUN = "/")
image(x, x, z)
contour(x, x, z, col = "pink", add = TRUE, method = "edge",
        vfont = c("sans serif", "plain"))
contour(x, x, z, ylim = c(1, 6), method = "simple", labcex = 1)
contour(x, x, z, ylim = c(-6, 6), nlev = 20, lty = 2, method = "simple")
par(op)

## Persian Rug Art:
x <- y <- seq(-4*pi, 4*pi, len = 27)
r <- sqrt(outer(x^2, y^2, "+"))
opar <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2), mar = rep(0, 4))
for(f in pi^(0:3))
  contour(cos(r^2)*exp(-r/f),
          drawlabels = FALSE, axes = FALSE, frame = TRUE)

rx <- range(x <- 10*1:nrow(volcano))
ry <- range(y <- 10*1:ncol(volcano))
ry <- ry + c(-1,1) * (diff(rx) - diff(ry))/2
tcol <- terrain.colors(12)
par(opar); opar <- par(pty = "s", bg = "lightcyan")
plot(x = 0, y = 0,type = "n", xlim = rx, ylim = ry, xlab = "", ylab = "")
u <- par("usr")
rect(u[1], u[3], u[2], u[4], col = tcol[8], border = "red")
contour(x, y, volcano, col = tcol[2], lty = "solid", add = TRUE,
        vfont = c("sans serif", "plain"))
title("A Topographic Map of Maunga Whau", font = 4)
abline(h = 200*0:4, v = 200*0:4, col = "lightgray", lty = 2, lwd = 0.1)

## contourLines produces the same contour lines as contour
line.list <- contourLines(x, y, volcano)
plot(x = 0, y = 0,type = "n", xlim = rx, ylim = ry, xlab = "", ylab = "")
u <- par("usr")
rect(u[1], u[3], u[2], u[4], col = tcol[8], border = "red")
contour(x, y, volcano, col = tcol[2], lty = "solid", add = TRUE,
             vfont = c("sans serif", "plain"))
templines <- function(clines) {
  lines(clines[[2]], clines[[3]])
}
invisible(lapply(line.list, templines))
par(opar)
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

