Image::MetaData::JPEG::Structures - This document describes the structure of a JPEG file; it is an appendix to the main manual page of the Image::MetaData::JPEG module, which the reader should refer to for further details and the general scope. The JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) ISO standard is a lossy image compression mechanism developed before 1990, designed for compressing colour or gray-scale photo-realistic images (it performs poorly on line-art drawings). The JPEG mechanism is designed to exploit known limitations of the human eye, in particular the fact that colour changes are perceived less accurately than changes in brightness. Note that although the "baseline" JPEG format is patent-free, there are patents associated with some optional features, namely arithmetic coding and hierarchical storage. For this reason, these optional features are never used on the Web (good job, patent fans ...). JPEG refers only to a class of compression algorithms, not to a specific file format. In order to produce files with embedded JPEG streams, a number of file format (semi-)standards have been adapted or devised, some of which are listed in the format section. The structure of a well formed JPEG file can be described by the following pseudo production rules (for sake of simplicity, some additional constraints between tables and SOF segments are neglected). JPEG --> (SOI)(misc)*(image)?(EOI) (image) --> (hierarch.)|(non-hier.) (hierarch.) --> (DHP)(frame)+ (frame) --> (misc)*(EXP)?(non-hier.) (non-hier.) --> (SOF)(scan)+ (scan) --> (misc)*(SOS)(data)*(ECS)(DNL)? (data) --> (ECS)(RST) (misc) --> (DQT)|(DHT)|(DAC)|(DRI)|(COM)|(APP) (SOI) = Start Of Image (EOI) = End Of Image (SOF) = Start Of Frame header (10 types) (SOS) = Start Of Scan header (ECS) = Entropy Coded Segment (row data, not a real segment) (DNL) = Define Number of Lines segment (DHP) = Define Hierarchical P??? segment (EXP) = EXPansion segment (RST) = ReSTart segment (8 types) (DQT) = Define Quantisation Table (DHT) = Define Huffman coding Table (DAC) = Define Arithmetic coding Table (DRI) = Define Restart Interval (COM) = COMment segment (APP) = APPlication segment This package does not check that a JPEG file is really correct; it accepts a looser syntax, were segments and ECS blocks are just contiguous (basically, because it does not need to display the image!). All meta-data information is concentrated in the (COM*) and (APP) Segments, exception made for some records in the (SOF*) segment (e.g. image dimensions). Reference: B<"Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: requirements and guidelines", CCITT recommend. T.81, 1992, The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, standard ISO/IEC IS 10918-1 or ITU-T Recommendation T.81>. Also: B<"The JPEG still picture compression standard", G.K.Wallace, 1991, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics>.

A SHORT HISTORY OF JPEG FILE FORMATS
TIFF [not supported] The TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is one of the most popular and flexible raster file formats for digital images, and is the de-facto standard graphics format for high colour depths. It was initially developed by Aldus (in 1986) and is now maintained (or neglected) by Adobe. Multiple images (e.g., fax pages) can be stored in a single TIFF file, each page in a separate IFD (Image File Directory), all IFD's being linked in a linear structure. The designers of TIFF wanted to be able to include all sorts of image information in the file (tags), like geometry, size, data arrangement and various compression options. However, lack of full TIFF support by the first publicly available readers resulted in a "reduced standard", so that even today most TIFF files contain only 32-bit uncompressed images. Support for JPEG streams was included in version 6.0 (in 1992), but it was badly designed, so that JPEG/TIFF files are nowadays very uncommon (some changes were proposed in various technical notes in 1995 and 2002, but they never made it to version 7.0). Reference: B<"TIFF (TM)", revision 6.0, June 1992, Adobe Developers Association, Adobe Systems Incorporated, Mountain View, CA, USA>. Also: B<"Adobe PageMaker 6.0: TIFF Technical Notes", September 1995>, B<"Adobe Photoshop: TIFF Technical Notes", March 2002>. JFIF The JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) was created by Eric Hamilton at C-Cube Microsystems in 1991 for storing JPEG-encoded data, and put into the public domain together with example reference software. JFIF is designed to allow files containing JPEG-encoded data streams to be exchanged between otherwise incompatible systems and applications. A JFIF file basically consists of a JPEG file with an APP0 segment of JFIF or JFXX type at the beginning, providing information missing from the JPEG stream: version number, horizontal and vertical pixel density, pixel aspect ratio and an optional thumbnail (extended JFIF files can contain also compressed thumbnails). JFIF files conform to the general file interchange specifications in ISO/IEC 10918-1. Reference: B<"JPEG File Interchange Format", version 1.02, September 1992, Eric Hamilton, C-Cube Microsystems, Milpitas, CA, USA>. SPIFF [not supported yet] The SPIFF (Still Picture Interchange File Format) is an official file format released in 1996 by the Joint Photographic Experts Group. It can contain image data streams encoded with a variety of compression mechanism, including JPEG and JBIG. When JPEG was standardised, disagreements among ISO committees prevented a standard JPEG file format from being created. The de-facto format that appeared was JFIF, with which a JPEG/SPIFF file is backward compatible. In addition to the image data, SPIFF includes information necessary to render it on common output devices, within the constraints imposed by that device. SPIFF appears not to be widely adopted; most producers prefer simple JFIF files. Reference: B<ISO/IEC IS 10918-1, part 3> (extensions to the standard). CIFF [not supported yet] The CIFF (Camera Image File Format) is a JPEG-based image file format developed by some camera makers in 1997, and constitutes an evolution of the JFIF. A CIFF file has a standard JFIF APP0 segment, immediately followed by another APP0 segment holding information specific to a particular digital camera in a particular format. CIFF was not at all successful and was rapidly replaced by DCF/Exif. Reference: B<"CIFF: Specification on Image Data File", version 1.0 rev.4, December 1997, Canon corporation>. Exif and DCT The Exif (Exchangeable image file format), developed by the JEITA (1996 v.1.0, 1997 v.1.1, 1998 v.2.1, 2002 v.2.2) standard was aimed at realizing a common format for the image files used with digital still cameras and other related equipment. Exif is paired with a set of naming conventions and directory layout for files in a camera memory (DCF or Design rule for Camera File system, 1999). An Exif file is a valid JPEG file with application marker segments (APP1 and APP2) inserted. Uncompressed files are recorded in TIFF-6 format. Related attribute information is stored in the tag information format defined in TIFF-6 (i.e., in a chain of IFD's in the APP1 segment). Information specific to the camera system and not defined in TIFF is stored in private tags registered for Exif. The Exif image file specification also specifies the method for recording thumbnails. The APP2 segment is used when recording Flashpix extensions. Exif is the most common JPEG file format used by digital cameras nowadays. Reference: B<JEITA CP-3451, "Exchangeable image file format for digital still cameras: Exif Version 2.2", April 2002, Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association>.

Structure of a JFIF APP0 segment
APP0 segments are used in the old JFIF standard to store information about the picture dimensions and an optional thumbnail. The format of a JFIF APP0 segment is as follows (note that the size of thumbnail data is 3n, where n = Xthumbnail * Ythumbnail, and it is present only if n is not zero; only the first 8 records are mandatory): [Record name] [size] [description] --------------------------------------- Identifier 5 bytes ("JFIF\000" = 0x4a46494600) MajorVersion 1 byte major version (e.g. 0x01) MinorVersion 1 byte minor version (e.g. 0x01 or 0x02) Units 1 byte units (0: densities give aspect ratio 1: density values are dots per inch 2: density values are dots per cm) Xdensity 2 bytes horizontal pixel density Ydensity 2 bytes vertical pixel density Xthumbnail 1 byte thumbnail horizontal pixel count Ythumbnail 1 byte thumbnail vertical pixel count ThumbnailData 3n bytes thumbnail image There is also an extended JFIF (only possible for JFIF versions 1.02 and above). In this case the identifier is not JFIF but JFXX. This extension allows for the inclusion of differently encoded thumbnails. The syntax in this case is modified as follows: [Record name] [size] [description] --------------------------------------- Identifier 5 bytes ("JFXX\000" = 0x4a46585800) ExtensionCode 1 byte (0x10 Thumbnail coded using JPEG 0x11 Thumbnail using 1 byte/pixel 0x13 Thumbnail using 3 bytes/pixel) Then, depending on the extension code, there are other records to define the thumbnail. If the thumbnail is coded using a JPEG stream, a binary JPEG stream immediately follows the extension code (the byte count of this file is included in the byte count of the APP0 Segment). This stream conforms to the syntax for a JPEG file (SOI .... SOF ... EOI); however, no 'JFIF' or 'JFXX' marker Segments should be present: [Record name] [size] [description] --------------------------------------- JPEGThumbnail ... bytes a variable length JPEG picture If the thumbnail is stored using one byte per pixel, after the extension code one should find a palette and an indexed RGB. The records are as follows (remember that n = Xthumbnail * Ythumbnail): [Record name] [size] [description] --------------------------------------- Xthumbnail 1 byte thumbnail horizontal pixel count YThumbnail 1 byte thumbnail vertical pixel count ColorPalette 768 bytes 24-bit RGB values for the colour palette (defining the colours represented by each value of an 8-bit binary encoding) 1ByteThumbnail n bytes 8-bit indexed values for the thumbnail If the thumbnail is stored using three bytes per pixel, there is no colour palette, so the previous fields simplify into: [Record name] [size] [description] --------------------------------------- Xthumbnail 1 byte thumbnail horizontal pixel count YThumbnail 1 byte thumbnail vertical pixel count 3BytesThumbnail 3n bytes 24-bit RGB values for the thumbnail

Structure of an Exif APP1 segment
Exif (Exchangeable Image File format) JPEG files use APP1 segments in order not to conflict with JFIF files (which use APP0). Exif APP1 segments store a great amount of information on photographic parameters for digital cameras and are the preferred way to store thumbnail images nowadays. They can also host an additional section with GPS data. The reference document for Exif 2.2 and the Interoperability standards are respectively: B<"Exchangeable image file format for digital still cameras: Exif Version 2.2", JEITA CP-3451, Apr 2002 Japan Electronic Industry Development Association (JEIDA)> B<"Design rule for Camera File system", (DCF), v1.0 English Version 1999.1.7, Adopted December 1998 Japan Electronic Industry Development Association (JEIDA)> The TIFF (Tagged Image File format) standard documents, as well as some updates and corrections, are also useful: B<- "TIFF(TM) Revision 6.0, Final", June 3, 1992, Adobe Devel. Association - ISO 12639, "Graphic technology -- Prepress digital data exchange -- Tag image file format for image technology (TIFF/IT)" - ISO 12234-2, "Electronic still-picture imaging -- Removable memory -- Part 2: TIFF/EP image data format" - DRAFT - TIFF CLASS F, October 1, 1991 - DRAFT - TIFF Technical Note #2, 17-Mar-95 (updates for JPEG-in-TIFF) - "Adobe Pagemaker 6.0 TIFF Technical Notes", (1,2,3 and OPI), 14-Sep-1995> Exif APP1 segments are made up by an identifier, a TIFF header and a sequence of IFDs (Image File Directories) and subIFDs. The high level IFDs are only two (IFD0, for photographic parameters, and IFD1 for thumbnail parameters); they can be followed by thumbnail data. The structure is as follows: [Record name] [size] [description] --------------------------------------- Identifier 6 bytes ("Exif\000\000" = 0x457869660000), not stored Endianness 2 bytes 'II' (little-endian) or 'MM' (big-endian) Signature 2 bytes a fixed value = 42 IFD0_Pointer 4 bytes offset of 0th IFD (usually 8), not stored IFD0 ... main image IFD IFD0@SubIFD ... Exif private tags (optional, linked by IFD0) IFD0@SubIFD@Interop ... Interoperability IFD (optional,linked by SubIFD) IFD0@GPS ... GPS IFD (optional, linked by IFD0) APP1@IFD1 ... thumbnail IFD (optional, pointed to by IFD0) ThumbnailData ... Thumbnail image (optional, 0xffd8.....ffd9) So, each Exif APP1 segment starts with the identifier string "Exif\000\000"; this avoids a conflict with other applications using APP1, for instance XMP data. The three following fields (Endianness, Signature and IFD0_Pointer) constitute the so called TIFF header. The offset of the 0th IFD in the TIFF header, as well as IFD links in the following IFDs, is given with respect to the beginning of the TIFF header (i.e. the address of the 'MM' or 'II' pair). This means that if the 0th IFD begins (as usual) immediately after the end of the TIFF header, the offset value is 8. An Exif segment is the only part of a JPEG file whose endianness is not fixed to big-endian. If the thumbnail is present it is located after the 1st IFD. There are 3 possible formats: JPEG (only this is compressed), RGB TIFF, and YCbCr TIFF. It seems that JPEG and 160x120 pixels are recommended for Exif ver. 2.1 or higher (mandatory for DCF files). Since the segment size for a segment is recorded in 2 bytes, thumbnails are limited to slightly less than 64KB. Each IFD block is a structured sequence of records, called, in the Exif jargon, Interoperability arrays. The beginning of the 0th IFD is given by the 'IFD0_Pointer' value. The structure of an IFD is the following: [Record name] [size] [description] --------------------------------------- 2 bytes number n of Interoperability arrays 12n bytes the n arrays (12 bytes each) 4 bytes link to next IFD (can be zero) ... additional data area The next_link field of the 0th IFD, if non-null, points to the beginning of the 1st IFD. The 1st IFD as well as all other sub-IFDs must have next_link set to zero. The thumbnail location and size is given by some interoperability arrays in the 1st IFD. The structure of an Interoperability array is: [Record name] [size] [description] --------------------------------------- 2 bytes Tag (a unique 2-byte number) 2 bytes Type (one out of 12 types) 4 bytes Count (the number of values) 4 bytes Value Offset (value or offset) The possible types are the same as for the Record class, exception made for nibbles and references (see "Managing a JPEG Record object" in Image::MetaData::JPEG). Indeed, the Record class is modelled after interoperability arrays, and each interoperability array gets stored as a Record with given tag, type, count and values. The "value offset" field gives the offset from the TIFF header base where the value is recorded. It contains the actual value if it is not larger than 4 bytes (32 bits). If the value is shorter than 4 bytes, it is recorded in the lower end of the 4-byte area (smaller offsets). For further details see the section "Valid tags for Exif APP1 data" in Image::MetaData::JPEG::TagLists.

Structure of a Photoshop-style APP13 segment
The Adobe's Photoshop program, a de-facto standard for image manipulation, uses the APP13 segment for storing non-graphic information, such as layers, paths, IPTC data and more. The unit for this kind of information is called a "resource data block" (because they hold data that was stored in the Macintosh's resource fork in early versions of Photoshop). The content of an APP13 segment is formed by an identifier string (usually "Photoshop 3.0\000", but also 'Adobe_Photoshop2.5:', used by earlier versions, is accepted; in this case some additional undocumented bytes are read (resolution info?) and saved in a root 'Resolution' record) followed by a sequence of resource data blocks; a resource block has the following structure: [Record name] [size] [description] --------------------------------------- (Type) 4 bytes Photoshop always uses '8BIM' (ID) 2 bytes a unique identifier, e.g., "\004\004" for IPTC (Name) ... a Pascal string (padded to make size even) (Size) 4 bytes actual size of resource data (Data) ... resource data, padded to make size even (a Pascal string is made up of a single byte, giving the string length, followed by the string itself, padded to make size even including the length byte; since the string length is explicit, there is no need of a terminating null character). Valid Image Resource IDs are listed in the Photoshop-style tags' list section. In general a resource block contains only a few bytes, but there is an important block, the IPTC block, which can be quite large; the structure of this block is analysed in more detail in the IPTC data block section. The reference document for the Photoshop file format is: B<"Adobe Photoshop 6.0: File Formats Specifications", Adobe System Inc., ver.6.0, rel.2, November 2000>. Another interesting source of information is: B<"\"Solo\" Image File Format. RichTIFF and its replacement by \"Solo\" JFIF", version 2.0a, Coatsworth Comm. Inc., Brampton, Ontario, Canada> Structure of an IPTC data block An IPTC/NAA resource data block of a Photoshop-style APP13 segment embeds an IPTC stream conforming to the standard defined by the International Press and Telecommunications Council (IPTC) and the Newspaper Association of America (NAA) for exchanging interoperability information related to various news objects. The data part of a resource block, an IPTC stream, is simply a sequence of units called datasets; no preamble nor count is present. Each dataset consists of a unique tag header and a data field (the list of valid tags [dataset numbers] can be found in section about IPTC data). A standard tag header is used when the data field size is less than 32768 bytes; otherwise, an extended tag header is used. The datasets do not need to show up in numerical order according to their tag. The structure of a dataset is: [Record name] [size] [description] --------------------------------------- (Tag marker) 1 byte this must be 0x1c (Record number) 1 byte always 2 for 2:xx datasets (Dataset number) 1 byte this is what we call a "tag" (Size specifier) 2 bytes data length (< 32768 bytes) or length of ... (Size specifier) ... data length (> 32767 bytes only) (Data) ... (its length is specified before) So, standard datasets have a 5 bytes tag header; the last two bytes in the header contain the data field length, the most significant bit being always 0. For extended datasets instead, these two bytes contain the length of the (following) data field length, the most significant bit being always 1. The value of the most significant bit thus distinguishes "standard" from "extended"; in digital photographies, I assume that the datasets which are actually used (a subset of the standard) are always standard; therefore, we likely do not have the IPTC block spanning more than one APP13 segment. The record types defined by the IPTC-NAA standard are the following (but the "pseudo"-standard by Adobe for APP13 IPTC data is restricted to the first application record, 2:xx, and sometimes to the envelope record, 1:xx, I believe, because everything else can be accomodated more simply by other JPEG Segments): [Record name] [dataset record number] ---------------------------------------------------- Object Envelop Record 1:xx Application Records: 2:xx through 6:xx Pre-ObjectData Descriptor Record: 7:xx ObjectData Record: 8:xx Post-ObjectData Descriptor Record: 9:xx The reference document for the IPTC standard is: B<"IPTC-NAA: Information Interchange Model", version 4, 1-Jul-1999, Comité International des Télécommunications de Presse> Stefano Bettelli, bettelli@cpan.org Copyright (C) 2004,2005,2006 by Stefano Bettelli This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License. See the COPYING and LICENSE file for the license terms. The main documentation page for the Image::MetaData::JPEG module.