PostgreSQL 8.4.2 Documentation
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# Index

## Symbols

$, Positional Parameters
$libdir, Dynamic Loading
$libdir/plugins, Other Defaults, Description
*, Select-List Items
.pgpass, The Password File
_PG_fini, Dynamic Loading
_PG_init, Dynamic Loading

## A

ABORT, ABORT
abs, Mathematical Functions and Operators
acos, Mathematical Functions and Operators
add_missing_from configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
adminpack, adminpack
age, Date/Time Functions and Operators
aggregate function, Aggregate Functions
  built-in, Aggregate Functions
  invocation, Aggregate Expressions
  user-defined, User-Defined Aggregates
AIX
  installation on, AIX
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
alias
  for table name in query, Joins Between Tables
  in the FROM clause, Table and Column Aliases
  in the select list, Column Labels
ALL, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
allow_system_table_mods configuration parameter, Developer Options
ALTER AGGREGATE, ALTER AGGREGATE
ALTER CONVERSION, ALTER CONVERSION
ALTER DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE
ALTER DOMAIN, ALTER DOMAIN
ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
ALTER FUNCTION, ALTER FUNCTION
ALTER GROUP, ALTER GROUP
ALTER INDEX, ALTER INDEX
ALTER LANGUAGE, ALTER LANGUAGE
ALTER OPERATOR, ALTER OPERATOR
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS, ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY, ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY
ALTER ROLE, Role Attributes, ALTER ROLE
ALTER SCHEMA, ALTER SCHEMA
ALTER SEQUENCE, ALTER SEQUENCE
ALTER SERVER, ALTER SERVER
ALTER TABLE, ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLESPACE, ALTER TABLESPACE
ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER, ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER
ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
ALTER TRIGGER, ALTER TRIGGER
ALTER TYPE, ALTER TYPE
ALTER USER, ALTER USER
ALTER USER MAPPING, ALTER USER MAPPING
ALTER VIEW, ALTER VIEW
ANALYZE, Updating Planner Statistics, ANALYZE
AND (operator), Logical Operators
any, Pseudo-Types, Aggregate Functions, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
anyarray, Pseudo-Types
anyelement, Pseudo-Types
anyenum, Pseudo-Types
anynonarray, Pseudo-Types
applicable role, applicable_roles
arbitrary precision numbers, Arbitrary Precision Numbers
archive_command configuration parameter, Archiving
archive_mode configuration parameter, Archiving
archive_timeout configuration parameter, Archiving
area, Geometric Functions and Operators
ARRAY, Array Constructors, Arrays
  accessing, Accessing Arrays
  constant, Array Value Input
  constructor, Array Constructors
  declaration, Declaration of Array Types
  determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
  I/O, Array Input and Output Syntax
  modifying, Modifying Arrays
  of user-defined type, User-Defined Types
  searching, Searching in Arrays
array_agg, Aggregate Functions
array_append, Array Functions and Operators
array_cat, Array Functions and Operators
array_dims, Array Functions and Operators
array_fill, Array Functions and Operators
array_length, Array Functions and Operators
array_lower, Array Functions and Operators
array_ndims, Array Functions and Operators
array_nulls configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
array_prepend, Array Functions and Operators
array_to_string, Array Functions and Operators
array_upper, Array Functions and Operators
ascii, String Functions and Operators
asin, Mathematical Functions and Operators
asynchronous commit, Asynchronous Commit
AT TIME ZONE, AT TIME ZONE
atan, Mathematical Functions and Operators
atan2, Mathematical Functions and Operators
authentication_timeout configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
auto-increment
  see serial
autocommit
  bulk-loading data, Disable Autocommit
  psql, Variables
autovacuum
  configuration parameters, Automatic Vacuuming
  general information, The Autovacuum Daemon
autovacuum configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_analyze_threshold configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_freeze_max_age configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_max_workers configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_naptime configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
autovacuum_vacuum_threshold configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
auto_explain, auto_explain
auto_explain.log_analyze configuration parameter, Configuration parameters
auto_explain.log_min_duration configuration parameter, Configuration parameters
auto_explain.log_nested_statements configuration parameter, Configuration parameters
auto_explain.log_verbose configuration parameter, Configuration parameters
average, Aggregate Functions, Aggregate Functions

## B

B-tree
  see index
backslash escapes, String Constants with C-Style Escapes
backslash_quote configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
backup, System Administration Functions, Backup and Restore
base type, The PostgreSQL Type System
BEGIN, BEGIN
BETWEEN, Comparison Operators
BETWEEN SYMMETRIC, Comparison Operators
bgwriter_delay configuration parameter, Background Writer
bgwriter_lru_maxpages configuration parameter, Background Writer
bgwriter_lru_multiplier configuration parameter, Background Writer
bigint, Numeric Constants, Integer Types
bigserial, Serial Types
binary data, Binary Data Types
  functions, Binary String Functions and Operators
binary string
  concatenation, Binary String Functions and Operators
  length, Binary String Functions and Operators
bison, Requirements
bit string
  constant, Bit-String Constants
  data type, Bit String Types
bit strings
  functions, Bit String Functions and Operators
bitmap scan, Combining Multiple Indexes, Planner Method Configuration
bit_and, Aggregate Functions
bit_length, String Functions and Operators
bit_or, Aggregate Functions
BLOB
  see large object
block_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
bonjour_name configuration parameter, Connection Settings
Boolean
  data type, Boolean Type
  operators
    see operators, logical
bool_and, Aggregate Functions
bool_or, Aggregate Functions
booting
  starting the server during, Starting the Database Server
box (data type), Boxes
BSD/OS
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
btree_gin, btree_gin
btree_gist, btree_gist
btrim, String Functions and Operators
bytea, Binary Data Types
  in libpq, Escaping Binary Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands

## C

C, libpq - C Library, ECPG - Embedded SQL in C
canceling
  SQL command, Cancelling Queries in Progress
CASCADE
  with DROP, Dependency Tracking
  foreign key action, Foreign Keys
CASE, Conditional Expressions
  determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
case sensitivity
  of SQL commands, Identifiers and Key Words
cast
  I/O conversion, CREATE CAST
cbrt, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ceiling, Mathematical Functions and Operators
center, Geometric Functions and Operators
Certificate, Certificate authentication
change accumulation, Backup and Restore
char, Character Types
character, Character Types
character set, Locale and Formatting, Preset Options, Character Set Support
character string
  concatenation, String Functions and Operators
  constant, String Constants
  data types, Character Types
  length, String Functions and Operators
character varying, Character Types
char_length, String Functions and Operators
check constraint, Check Constraints
checkpoint, WAL Configuration, CHECKPOINT
checkpoint_completion_target configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_segments configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_timeout configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_warning configuration parameter, Checkpoints
check_function_bodies configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
chkpass, chkpass
chr, String Functions and Operators
cid, Object Identifier Types
cidr, cidr
circle, Circles
citext, citext
client authentication, Client Authentication
  timeout during, Security and Authentication
client_encoding configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
client_min_messages configuration parameter, When To Log
clock_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
CLOSE, CLOSE
CLUSTER, CLUSTER
  of databases
    see database cluster
clusterdb, clusterdb
clustering, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
cmax, System Columns
cmin, System Columns
COALESCE, COALESCE
column, Concepts, Table Basics
  adding, Adding a Column
  removing, Removing a Column
  renaming, Renaming a Column
  system column, System Columns
column data type
  changing, Changing a Column's Data Type
column reference, Column References
col_description, System Information Functions
COMMENT, COMMENT
  about database objects, System Information Functions
  in SQL, Comments
COMMIT, COMMIT
COMMIT PREPARED, COMMIT PREPARED
commit_delay configuration parameter, Settings
commit_siblings configuration parameter, Settings
common table expression
  see WITH
comparison
  operators, Comparison Operators
  row-wise, Row and Array Comparisons
  subquery result row, Subquery Expressions
compiling
  libpq applications, Building libpq Programs
composite type, Composite Types, The PostgreSQL Type System
  constant, Composite Value Input
  constructor, Row Constructors
computed field, SQL Functions on Composite Types
concurrency, Concurrency Control
conditional expression, Conditional Expressions
configuration
  of the server, Server Configuration
  of the server
    functions, System Administration Functions
configure, Installation Procedure
config_file configuration parameter, File Locations
conjunction, Logical Operators
connection service file, The Connection Service File
constant, Constants
constraint, Constraints
  adding, Adding a Constraint
  check, Check Constraints
  foreign key, Foreign Keys
  name, Check Constraints
  NOT NULL, Not-Null Constraints
  primary key, Primary Keys
  removing, Removing a Constraint
  unique, Unique Constraints
constraint exclusion, Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion, Other Planner Options
constraint_exclusion configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
CONTINUE
  in PL/pgSQL, CONTINUE
continuous archiving, Backup and Restore
convert, String Functions and Operators
convert_from, String Functions and Operators
convert_to, String Functions and Operators
COPY, Populating a Table With Rows, COPY
  with libpq, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
correlation, Aggregate Functions
cos, Mathematical Functions and Operators
cot, Mathematical Functions and Operators
count, Aggregate Functions
covariance
  population, Aggregate Functions
  sample, Aggregate Functions
cpu_index_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
cpu_operator_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
cpu_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
CREATE DATABASE, Creating a Database
CREATE AGGREGATE, CREATE AGGREGATE
CREATE CAST, CREATE CAST
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER, CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER
CREATE CONVERSION, CREATE CONVERSION
CREATE DATABASE, CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DOMAIN, CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE FUNCTION
CREATE GROUP, CREATE GROUP
CREATE INDEX, CREATE INDEX
CREATE LANGUAGE, CREATE LANGUAGE
CREATE OPERATOR, CREATE OPERATOR
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS, CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY, CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY
CREATE ROLE, Database Roles, CREATE ROLE
CREATE RULE, CREATE RULE
CREATE SCHEMA, CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE SEQUENCE, CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE SERVER, CREATE SERVER
CREATE TABLE, Creating a New Table, CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE AS, CREATE TABLE AS
CREATE TABLESPACE, Tablespaces, CREATE TABLESPACE
CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER, CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER
CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
CREATE TRIGGER, CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE TYPE, CREATE TYPE
CREATE USER, CREATE USER
CREATE USER MAPPING, CREATE USER MAPPING
CREATE VIEW, CREATE VIEW
createdb, Creating a Database, Creating a Database, createdb
createlang, createlang
createuser, Database Roles, createuser
cross compilation, Installation Procedure
cross join, Joined Tables
cstring, Pseudo-Types
ctid, System Columns, View Rules in Non-SELECT Statements
cube, cube
cume_dist, Window Functions
current_catalog, System Information Functions
current_database, System Information Functions
current_date, Date/Time Functions and Operators
current_schema, System Information Functions
current_time, Date/Time Functions and Operators
current_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
current_user, System Information Functions
currval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
cursor
  CLOSE, CLOSE
  DECLARE, DECLARE
  FETCH, FETCH
  in PL/pgSQL, Cursors
  MOVE, MOVE
  showing the query plan, EXPLAIN
cursor_tuple_fraction configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
custom_variable_classes configuration parameter, Customized Options
Cyginw
  installation on, Cygwin

## D

data area
  see database cluster
data partitioning, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
data type, Data Types
  base, The PostgreSQL Type System
  category, Overview
  composite, The PostgreSQL Type System
  constant, Constants of Other Types
  conversion, Type Conversion
  enumerated (enum), Enumerated Types
  internal organization, Base Types in C-Language Functions
  numeric, Numeric Types
  type cast, Type Casts
  user-defined, User-Defined Types
database, Managing Databases
  creating, Creating a Database
  privilege to create, Role Attributes
database activity
  monitoring, Monitoring Database Activity
database cluster, Concepts, Creating a Database Cluster
data_directory configuration parameter, File Locations
date, Date/Time Types, Dates
  constants, Special Values
  current, Current Date/Time
  output format, Date/Time Output
    see also formatting
DateStyle configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
date_part, Date/Time Functions and Operators, EXTRACT, date_part
date_trunc, Date/Time Functions and Operators, date_trunc
dblink, dblink
db_user_namespace configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
deadlock, Deadlocks
  timeout during, Lock Management
deadlock_timeout configuration parameter, Lock Management
DEALLOCATE, DEALLOCATE
debug_assertions configuration parameter, Developer Options
debug_deadlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options
debug_pretty_print configuration parameter, What To Log
debug_print_parse configuration parameter, What To Log
debug_print_plan configuration parameter, What To Log
debug_print_rewritten configuration parameter, What To Log
decimal
  see numeric
DECLARE, DECLARE
decode, String Functions and Operators
default value, Default Values
  changing, Changing a Column's Default Value
default_statistics_target configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
default_tablespace configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_text_search_config configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
default_transaction_isolation configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_transaction_read_only configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_with_oids configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
degrees, Mathematical Functions and Operators
delay, Delaying Execution
DELETE, Deletions, Deleting Data, DELETE
deleting, Deleting Data
dense_rank, Window Functions
diameter, Geometric Functions and Operators
dict_int, dict_int
dict_xsyn, dict_xsyn
Digital UNIX
  see Tru64 UNIX
dirty read, Transaction Isolation
DISCARD, DISCARD
disjunction, Logical Operators
disk drive, WAL Internals
disk space, Recovering Disk Space
disk usage, Determining Disk Usage
DISTINCT, Querying a Table, DISTINCT
div, Mathematical Functions and Operators
document
  text search, What Is a Document?
dollar quoting, Dollar-Quoted String Constants
double precision, Floating-Point Types
DROP AGGREGATE, DROP AGGREGATE
DROP CAST, DROP CAST
DROP CONVERSION, DROP CONVERSION
DROP DATABASE, Destroying a Database, DROP DATABASE
DROP DOMAIN, DROP DOMAIN
DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER, DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
DROP FUNCTION, DROP FUNCTION
DROP GROUP, DROP GROUP
DROP INDEX, DROP INDEX
DROP LANGUAGE, DROP LANGUAGE
DROP OPERATOR, DROP OPERATOR
DROP OPERATOR CLASS, DROP OPERATOR CLASS
DROP OPERATOR FAMILY, DROP OPERATOR FAMILY
DROP OWNED, DROP OWNED
DROP ROLE, Database Roles, DROP ROLE
DROP RULE, DROP RULE
DROP SCHEMA, DROP SCHEMA
DROP SEQUENCE, DROP SEQUENCE
DROP SERVER, DROP SERVER
DROP TABLE, Creating a New Table, DROP TABLE
DROP TABLESPACE, DROP TABLESPACE
DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION, DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY, DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER, DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER
DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE, DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
DROP TRIGGER, DROP TRIGGER
DROP TYPE, DROP TYPE
DROP USER, DROP USER
DROP USER MAPPING, DROP USER MAPPING
DROP VIEW, DROP VIEW
dropdb, Destroying a Database, dropdb
droplang, droplang
dropuser, Database Roles, dropuser
DTD, Creating XML Values
DTrace, Installation Procedure, Dynamic Tracing
duplicate, Querying a Table
duplicates, DISTINCT
dynamic loading, Other Defaults, Dynamic Loading
dynamic_library_path, Dynamic Loading
dynamic_library_path configuration parameter, Other Defaults

## E

earthdistance, earthdistance
ECPG, ECPG - Embedded SQL in C, ecpg
effective_cache_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
effective_io_concurrency configuration parameter, Asynchronous Behavior
elog, Reporting Errors Within the Server
  in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
  in PL/Python, Database Access
  in PL/Tcl, Database Access from PL/Tcl
embedded SQL
  in C, ECPG - Embedded SQL in C
enabled role, enabled_roles
enable_bitmapscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_hashagg configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_hashjoin configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_indexscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_mergejoin configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_nestloop configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_seqscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_sort configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_tidscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
encode, String Functions and Operators
encryption, Encryption Options
END, END
enumerated types, Enumerated Types
environment variable, Environment Variables
ereport, Reporting Errors Within the Server
error codes
  libpq, Main Functions
  list of, PostgreSQL Error Codes
error message, Connection Status Functions
escape string syntax, String Constants with C-Style Escapes
escape_string_warning configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
escaping strings
  in libpq, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
every, Aggregate Functions
EXCEPT, Combining Queries
exceptions
  in PL/PgSQL, Trapping Errors
EXECUTE, EXECUTE
EXISTS, Subquery Expressions
EXIT
  in PL/pgSQL, EXIT
exp, Mathematical Functions and Operators
EXPLAIN, Using EXPLAIN, EXPLAIN
expression
  order of evaluation, Expression Evaluation Rules
  syntax, Value Expressions
extending SQL, Extending SQL
extensions, Extensions
external_pid_file configuration parameter, File Locations
extract, Date/Time Functions and Operators, EXTRACT, date_part
extra_float_digits configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting

## F

failover, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
false, Boolean Type
fast path, The Fast-Path Interface
FETCH, FETCH
field
  computed, SQL Functions on Composite Types
field selection, Field Selection
first_value, Window Functions
flex, Requirements
float4
  see real
float8
  see double precision
floating point, Floating-Point Types
floating-point
  display, Locale and Formatting
floor, Mathematical Functions and Operators
foreign key, Foreign Keys, Foreign Keys
formatting, Data Type Formatting Functions
format_type, System Information Functions
Free Space Map, Free Space Map
FreeBSD
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
  start script, Starting the Database Server
FROM
  missing, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
from_collapse_limit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
FSM
  see Free Space Map
fsync configuration parameter, Settings
full text search, Full Text Search
  data types, Text Search Types
  functions and operators, Text Search Types
full_page_writes configuration parameter, Settings
function, Functions and Operators
  default values for arguments, SQL Functions with Default Values for Arguments
  in the FROM clause, Table Functions
  internal, Internal Functions
  invocation, Function Calls
  output parameter, SQL Functions with Output Parameters
  polymorphic, Polymorphic Types
  RETURNS TABLE, SQL Functions Returning TABLE
  type resolution in an invocation, Functions
  user-defined, User-Defined Functions
    in C, C-Language Functions
    in SQL, Query Language (SQL) Functions
  variadic, SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
  with SETOF, SQL Functions Returning Sets
fuzzystrmatch, fuzzystrmatch

## G

generate_series, Set Returning Functions
generate_subscripts, Set Returning Functions
genetic query optimization, Genetic Query Optimizer
GEQO
  see genetic query optimization
geqo configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_effort configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_generations configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_pool_size configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_selection_bias configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_threshold configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
get_bit, Binary String Functions and Operators
get_byte, Binary String Functions and Operators
GIN
  see index
gin_fuzzy_search_limit configuration parameter, Other Defaults
GiST
  see index
global data
  in PL/Python, PL/Python Functions
  in PL/Tcl, Global Data in PL/Tcl
GRANT, Privileges, GRANT
GREATEST, GREATEST and LEAST
  determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
GROUP BY, Aggregate Functions, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
grouping, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
GSSAPI, GSSAPI authentication
GUID, UUID Type

## H

hash
  see index
has_any_column_privilege, System Information Functions
has_column_privilege, System Information Functions
has_database_privilege, System Information Functions
has_foreign_data_wrapper_privilege, System Information Functions
has_function_privilege, System Information Functions
has_language_privilege, System Information Functions
has_schema_privilege, System Information Functions
has_server_privilege, System Information Functions
has_tablespace_privilege, System Information Functions
has_table_privilege, System Information Functions
HAVING, Aggregate Functions, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
hba_file configuration parameter, File Locations
height, Geometric Functions and Operators
hierarchical database, Concepts
high availability, Backup and Restore, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
history
  of PostgreSQL, A Brief History of PostgreSQL
host name, Database Connection Control Functions
HP-UX
  installation on, HP-UX
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
hstore, hstore

## I

ident, Ident-based authentication
identifier
  length, Identifiers and Key Words
  syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
ident_file configuration parameter, File Locations
IFNULL, COALESCE
ignore_system_indexes configuration parameter, Developer Options
IMMUTABLE, Function Volatility Categories
IN, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
include
  in configuration file, Setting Parameters
incrementally updated backups, Backup and Restore
index, Indexes
  and ORDER BY, Indexes and ORDER BY
  B-tree, Index Types
  building concurrently, Building Indexes Concurrently
  combining multiple indexes, Combining Multiple Indexes
  examining usage, Examining Index Usage
  on expressions, Indexes on Expressions
  for user-defined data type, Interfacing Extensions To Indexes
  GIN, Index Types, GIN Indexes
    text search, GiST and GIN Index Types
  GiST, Index Types, GiST Indexes
    text search, GiST and GIN Index Types
  hash, Index Types
  locks, Locking and Indexes
  multicolumn, Multicolumn Indexes
  partial, Partial Indexes
  unique, Unique Indexes
index scan, Planner Method Configuration
inet (data type), inet
inet_client_addr, System Information Functions
inet_client_port, System Information Functions
inet_server_addr, System Information Functions
inet_server_port, System Information Functions
information schema, The Information Schema
inheritance, Inheritance, Inheritance, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
initcap, String Functions and Operators
initdb, Creating a Database Cluster, initdb
input function, User-Defined Types
  of a data type, User-Defined Types
INSERT, Populating a Table With Rows, Inserting Data, INSERT
inserting, Inserting Data
installation, Installation from Source Code
  on Windows, Installation from Source Code on Windows
instr, Porting Examples
int2
  see smallint
int4
  see integer
int8
  see bigint
intagg, intagg
intarray, intarray
integer, Numeric Constants, Integer Types
integer_datetimes configuration parameter, Preset Options
interfaces
  externally maintained, Client Interfaces
internal, Pseudo-Types
INTERSECT, Combining Queries
interval, Date/Time Types, Interval Input
  output format, Interval Output
    see also formatting
IntervalStyle configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
IRIX
  installation on, IRIX
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
IS DISTINCT FROM, Comparison Operators, Row and Array Comparisons
IS DOCUMENT, XML Predicates
IS FALSE, Comparison Operators
IS NOT DISTINCT FROM, Comparison Operators, Row and Array Comparisons
IS NOT FALSE, Comparison Operators
IS NOT NULL, Comparison Operators
IS NOT TRUE, Comparison Operators
IS NOT UNKNOWN, Comparison Operators
IS NULL, Comparison Operators, Platform and Client Compatibility
IS TRUE, Comparison Operators
IS UNKNOWN, Comparison Operators
isclosed, Geometric Functions and Operators
isfinite, Date/Time Functions and Operators
isn, isn
ISNULL, Comparison Operators
isopen, Geometric Functions and Operators

## J

join, Joins Between Tables, Joined Tables
  controlling the order, Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses
  cross, Joined Tables
  left, Joined Tables
  natural, Joined Tables
  outer, Joins Between Tables, Joined Tables
  right, Joined Tables
  self, Joins Between Tables
join_collapse_limit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
justify_days, Date/Time Functions and Operators
justify_hours, Date/Time Functions and Operators
justify_interval, Date/Time Functions and Operators

## K

Kerberos, Kerberos authentication
key word
  list of, SQL Key Words
  syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
krb_caseins_users configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
krb_server_keyfile configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
krb_srvname configuration parameter, Security and Authentication

## L

label
  see alias
lag, Window Functions
language_handler, Pseudo-Types
large object, Large Objects
lastval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
last_value, Window Functions
lc_collate configuration parameter, Preset Options
lc_ctype configuration parameter, Preset Options
lc_messages configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_monetary configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_numeric configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_time configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
LDAP, Installation Procedure, LDAP authentication
LDAP connection parameter lookup, LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters
ldconfig, Shared Libraries
lead, Window Functions
LEAST, GREATEST and LEAST
  determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
left join, Joined Tables
length, Geometric Functions and Operators
  of a binary string
    see binary strings, length
  of a character string
    see character string, length
length(tsvector), Manipulating Documents
lex, Requirements
libedit, Requirements
libperl, Requirements
libpq, libpq - C Library
libpq-fe.h, libpq - C Library, Connection Status Functions
libpq-int.h, Connection Status Functions
libpython, Requirements
library finalization function, Dynamic Loading
library initialization function, Dynamic Loading
LIKE, LIKE
  and locales, Behavior
LIMIT, LIMIT and OFFSET
line segment, Line Segments
linear regression, Aggregate Functions
Linux
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
  start script, Starting the Database Server
LISTEN, LISTEN
listen_addresses configuration parameter, Connection Settings
ln, Mathematical Functions and Operators
lo, lo
LOAD, LOAD
load balancing, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
locale, Creating a Database Cluster, Locale Support
localtime, Date/Time Functions and Operators
localtimestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
local_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Other Defaults
lock, Explicit Locking, Table-Level Locks, LOCK
  advisory, Advisory Locks
  monitoring, Viewing Locks
log, Mathematical Functions and Operators
log shipping, Backup and Restore
logging_collector configuration parameter, Where To Log
login privilege, Role Attributes
log_autovacuum_min_duration configuration parameter, Automatic Vacuuming
log_btree_build_stats configuration parameter, Developer Options
log_checkpoints configuration parameter, What To Log
log_connections configuration parameter, What To Log
log_destination configuration parameter, Where To Log
log_directory configuration parameter, Where To Log
log_disconnections configuration parameter, What To Log
log_duration configuration parameter, What To Log
log_error_verbosity configuration parameter, When To Log
log_executor_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_filename configuration parameter, Where To Log
log_hostname configuration parameter, What To Log
log_line_prefix configuration parameter, What To Log
log_lock_waits configuration parameter, What To Log
log_min_duration_statement configuration parameter, When To Log
log_min_error_statement configuration parameter, When To Log
log_min_messages configuration parameter, When To Log
log_parser_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_planner_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_rotation_age configuration parameter, Where To Log
log_rotation_size configuration parameter, Where To Log
log_statement configuration parameter, What To Log
log_statement_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_temp_files configuration parameter, What To Log
log_timezone configuration parameter, What To Log
log_truncate_on_rotation configuration parameter, Where To Log
loop
  in PL/pgSQL, Simple Loops
lower, String Functions and Operators
  and locales, Behavior
lo_close, Closing a Large Object Descriptor
lo_creat, Creating a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_create, Creating a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_export, Exporting a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_import, Importing a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_import_with_oid, Importing a Large Object
lo_lseek, Seeking in a Large Object
lo_open, Opening an Existing Large Object
lo_read, Reading Data from a Large Object
lo_tell, Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object
lo_truncate, Truncating a Large Object
lo_unlink, Removing a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_write, Writing Data to a Large Object
lpad, String Functions and Operators
lseg, Line Segments
ltree, ltree
ltrim, String Functions and Operators

## M

MAC address
  see macaddr
macaddr (data type), macaddr
MacOS X
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
magic block, Dynamic Loading
maintenance, Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
maintenance_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory
make, Requirements
MANPATH, Environment Variables
max, Aggregate Functions
max_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings
max_files_per_process configuration parameter, Kernel Resource Usage
max_function_args configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_identifier_length configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_index_keys configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_locks_per_transaction configuration parameter, Lock Management
max_prepared_transactions configuration parameter, Memory
max_stack_depth configuration parameter, Memory
md5, String Functions and Operators, Password authentication
memory context
  in SPI, Memory Management
min, Aggregate Functions
MinGW
  installation on, MinGW/Native Windows
mod, Mathematical Functions and Operators
monitoring
  database activity, Monitoring Database Activity
MOVE, MOVE
MVCC, Introduction

## N

name
  qualified, Creating a Schema
  syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
  unqualified, The Schema Search Path
NaN
  see not a number
natural join, Joined Tables
negation, Logical Operators
NetBSD
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
  start script, Starting the Database Server
network
  data types, Network Address Types
Network Attached Storage (NAS)
  see Network File Systems
Network File Systems, Network File Systems
nextval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
NFS
  see Network File Systems
nonblocking connection, Database Connection Control Functions, Asynchronous Command Processing
nonrepeatable read, Transaction Isolation
NOT (operator), Logical Operators
not a number
  double precision, Floating-Point Types
  numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers
NOT IN, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
not-null constraint, Not-Null Constraints
notice processor, Notice Processing
notice receiver, Notice Processing
notice processing
  in libpq, Notice Processing
NOTIFY, NOTIFY
  in libpq, Asynchronous Notification
NOTNULL, Comparison Operators
now, Date/Time Functions and Operators
npoints, Geometric Functions and Operators
nth_value, Window Functions
ntile, Window Functions
null value
  with check constraints, Check Constraints
  comparing, Comparison Operators
  default value, Default Values
  in DISTINCT, DISTINCT
  in libpq, Retrieving Query Result Information
  in PL/Perl, PL/Perl Functions and Arguments
  PL/Python, PL/Python Functions
  with unique constraints, Unique Constraints
NULLIF, NULLIF
number
  constant, Numeric Constants
numeric, Numeric Constants
numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers
numnode, Manipulating Queries
NVL, COALESCE

## O

object identifier
  data type, Object Identifier Types
object-oriented database, Concepts
obj_description, System Information Functions
octet_length, String Functions and Operators
OFFSET, LIMIT and OFFSET
oid, Object Identifier Types
  column, System Columns
  in libpq, Retrieving Result Information for Other Commands
oid2name, oid2name
ONLY, The FROM Clause
opaque, Pseudo-Types
OpenBSD
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
  start script, Starting the Database Server
OpenSSL, Installation Procedure
  see also SSL
operator, Functions and Operators
  invocation, Operator Invocations
  logical, Logical Operators
  precedence, Lexical Precedence
  syntax, Operators
  type resolution in an invocation, Operators
  user-defined, User-Defined Operators
operator class, Operator Classes and Operator Families, Index Methods and Operator Classes
operator family, Operator Classes and Operator Families, Operator Classes and Operator Families
OR (operator), Logical Operators
Oracle
  porting from PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
ORDER BY, Querying a Table, Sorting Rows
  and locales, Behavior
ordering operator, System Dependencies on Operator Classes
outer join, Joined Tables
output function
  of a data type, User-Defined Types
output function, User-Defined Types
OVER clause, Window Function Calls
overlay, String Functions and Operators
overloading
  functions, Function Overloading
  operators, User-Defined Operators
owner, Privileges

## P

pageinspect, pageinspect
palloc, Writing Code
PAM, Installation Procedure, PAM authentication
parameter
  syntax, Positional Parameters
parenthesis, Value Expressions
partitioning, Partitioning
password, Role Attributes
  authentication, Password authentication
  of the superuser, Creating a Database Cluster
password file, The Password File
password_encryption configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
PATH, Environment Variables
  for schemas, Statement Behavior
path (data type), Paths
pattern matching, Pattern Matching
patterns
  in psql and pg_dump, Patterns
pclose, Geometric Functions and Operators
percent_rank, Window Functions
performance, Performance Tips
perl, Requirements, PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language
permission
  see privilege
pfree, Writing Code
pgbench, pgbench
PGcancel, Cancelling Queries in Progress
PGCLIENTENCODING, Environment Variables
PGconn, Database Connection Control Functions
PGCONNECT_TIMEOUT, Environment Variables
pgcrypto, pgcrypto
PGDATA, Creating a Database Cluster
PGDATABASE, Environment Variables
PGDATESTYLE, Environment Variables
PGEventProc, Event Callback Procedure
PGGEQO, Environment Variables
PGGSSLIB, Environment Variables
PGHOST, Environment Variables
PGHOSTADDR, Environment Variables
PGKRBSRVNAME, Environment Variables
PGLOCALEDIR, Environment Variables
PGOPTIONS, Environment Variables
PGPASSFILE, Environment Variables
PGPASSWORD, Environment Variables
PGPORT, Environment Variables
PGREALM, Environment Variables
PGREQUIRESSL, Environment Variables
PGresult, Main Functions
pgrowlocks, pgrowlocks
PGSERVICE, Environment Variables
PGSSLCERT, Environment Variables
PGSSLCRL, Environment Variables
PGSSLKEY, Environment Variables
PGSSLMODE, Environment Variables
PGSSLROOTCERT, Environment Variables
pgstattuple, pgstattuple
PGSYSCONFDIR, Environment Variables
PGTZ, Environment Variables
PGUSER, Environment Variables
pgxs, Extension Building Infrastructure
pg_advisory_lock, System Administration Functions
pg_advisory_lock_shared, System Administration Functions
pg_advisory_unlock, System Administration Functions
pg_advisory_unlock_all, System Administration Functions
pg_advisory_unlock_shared, System Administration Functions
pg_aggregate, pg_aggregate
pg_am, pg_am
pg_amop, pg_amop
pg_amproc, pg_amproc
pg_attrdef, pg_attrdef
pg_attribute, pg_attribute
pg_authid, pg_authid
pg_auth_members, pg_auth_members
pg_buffercache, pg_buffercache
pg_cancel_backend, System Administration Functions
pg_cast, pg_cast
pg_class, pg_class
pg_client_encoding, String Functions and Operators
pg_column_size, System Administration Functions
pg_config, pg_config
  with libpq, Building libpq Programs
  with user-defined C functions, Writing Code
pg_conf_load_time, System Information Functions
pg_constraint, pg_constraint
pg_controldata, pg_controldata
pg_conversion, pg_conversion
pg_conversion_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_ctl, Starting the Database Server, pg_ctl
pg_current_xlog_insert_location, System Administration Functions
pg_current_xlog_location, System Administration Functions
pg_cursors, pg_cursors
pg_database, Template Databases, pg_database
pg_database_size, System Administration Functions
pg_depend, pg_depend
pg_description, pg_description
pg_dump, pg_dump
pg_dumpall, pg_dumpall
  use during upgrade, Upgrading
pg_enum, pg_enum
pg_foreign_data_wrapper, pg_foreign_data_wrapper
pg_foreign_server, pg_foreign_server
pg_freespacemap, pg_freespacemap
pg_function_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_get_constraintdef, System Information Functions
pg_get_expr, System Information Functions
pg_get_functiondef, System Information Functions
pg_get_function_arguments, System Information Functions
pg_get_function_identity_arguments, System Information Functions
pg_get_function_result, System Information Functions
pg_get_indexdef, System Information Functions
pg_get_keywords, System Information Functions
pg_get_ruledef, System Information Functions
pg_get_serial_sequence, System Information Functions
pg_get_triggerdef, System Information Functions
pg_get_userbyid, System Information Functions
pg_get_viewdef, System Information Functions
pg_group, pg_group
pg_has_role, System Information Functions
pg_hba.conf, The pg_hba.conf file
pg_ident.conf, Username maps
pg_index, pg_index
pg_indexes, pg_indexes
pg_inherits, pg_inherits
pg_is_other_temp_schema, System Information Functions
pg_language, pg_language
pg_largeobject, pg_largeobject
pg_listener, pg_listener
pg_locks, pg_locks
pg_ls_dir, System Administration Functions
pg_my_temp_schema, System Information Functions
pg_namespace, pg_namespace
pg_opclass, pg_opclass
pg_opclass_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_operator, pg_operator
pg_operator_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_opfamily, pg_opfamily
pg_pltemplate, pg_pltemplate
pg_postmaster_start_time, System Information Functions
pg_prepared_statements, pg_prepared_statements
pg_prepared_xacts, pg_prepared_xacts
pg_proc, pg_proc
pg_read_file, System Administration Functions
pg_relation_size, System Administration Functions
pg_reload_conf, System Administration Functions
pg_restore, pg_restore
pg_rewrite, pg_rewrite
pg_roles, pg_roles
pg_rotate_logfile, System Administration Functions
pg_rules, pg_rules
pg_service.conf, The Connection Service File
pg_settings, pg_settings
pg_shadow, pg_shadow
pg_shdepend, pg_shdepend
pg_shdescription, pg_shdescription
pg_size_pretty, System Administration Functions
pg_sleep, Delaying Execution
pg_standby, pg_standby
pg_start_backup, System Administration Functions
pg_statistic, Statistics Used by the Planner, pg_statistic
pg_stats, Statistics Used by the Planner, pg_stats
pg_stat_file, System Administration Functions
pg_stat_statements, pg_stat_statements
pg_stop_backup, System Administration Functions
pg_switch_xlog, System Administration Functions
pg_tables, pg_tables
pg_tablespace, pg_tablespace
pg_tablespace_databases, System Information Functions
pg_tablespace_size, System Administration Functions
pg_table_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_terminate_backend, System Administration Functions
pg_timezone_abbrevs, pg_timezone_abbrevs
pg_timezone_names, pg_timezone_names
pg_total_relation_size, System Administration Functions
pg_trgm, pg_trgm
pg_trigger, pg_trigger
pg_try_advisory_lock, System Administration Functions
pg_try_advisory_lock_shared, System Administration Functions
pg_ts_config, pg_ts_config
pg_ts_config_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_ts_config_map, pg_ts_config_map
pg_ts_dict, pg_ts_dict
pg_ts_dict_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_ts_parser, pg_ts_parser
pg_ts_parser_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_ts_template, pg_ts_template
pg_ts_template_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_type, pg_type
pg_typeof, System Information Functions
pg_type_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_user, pg_user
pg_user_mapping, pg_user_mapping
pg_user_mappings, pg_user_mappings
pg_views, pg_views
pg_xlogfile_name, System Administration Functions
pg_xlogfile_name_offset, System Administration Functions
phantom read, Transaction Isolation
pi, Mathematical Functions and Operators
PIC, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
PID
  determining PID of server process
    in libpq, Connection Status Functions
PITR, Backup and Restore
PITR standby, Backup and Restore
PL/Perl, PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language
PL/PerlU, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
PL/pgSQL, PL/pgSQL - SQL Procedural Language
PL/Python, PL/Python - Python Procedural Language
PL/SQL (Oracle)
  porting to PL/pgSQL, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
PL/Tcl, PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language
plainto_tsquery, Parsing Queries
point, Points
point-in-time recovery, Backup and Restore
polygon, Polygons
polymorphic function, Polymorphic Types
polymorphic type, Polymorphic Types
popen, Geometric Functions and Operators
port, Database Connection Control Functions
port configuration parameter, Connection Settings
position, String Functions and Operators
POSTGRES, The Berkeley POSTGRES Project, Architectural Fundamentals, Starting the Database Server, Creating a Database, postgres
postgres user, The PostgreSQL User Account
Postgres95, Postgres95
postgresql.conf, Setting Parameters
postmaster, postmaster
post_auth_delay configuration parameter, Developer Options
power, Mathematical Functions and Operators
PQbackendPID, Connection Status Functions
PQbinaryTuples, Retrieving Query Result Information
  with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQcancel, Cancelling Queries in Progress
PQclear, Main Functions
PQclientEncoding, Control Functions
PQcmdStatus, Retrieving Result Information for Other Commands
PQcmdTuples, Retrieving Result Information for Other Commands
PQconndefaults, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectdb, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectionNeedsPassword, Connection Status Functions
PQconnectionUsedPassword, Connection Status Functions
PQconnectPoll, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectStart, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconninfoFree, Miscellaneous Functions
PQconninfoParse, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconsumeInput, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQcopyResult, Miscellaneous Functions
PQdb, Connection Status Functions
PQdescribePortal, Main Functions
PQdescribePrepared, Main Functions
PQencryptPassword, Miscellaneous Functions
PQendcopy, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQerrorMessage, Connection Status Functions
PQescapeBytea, Escaping Binary Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeByteaConn, Escaping Binary Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeString, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeStringConn, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQexec, Main Functions
PQexecParams, Main Functions
PQexecPrepared, Main Functions
PQfformat, Retrieving Query Result Information
  with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQfinish, Database Connection Control Functions
PQfireResultCreateEvents, Miscellaneous Functions
PQflush, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQfmod, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfn, The Fast-Path Interface
PQfname, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfnumber, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfreeCancel, Cancelling Queries in Progress
PQfreemem, Miscellaneous Functions
PQfsize, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftable, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftablecol, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftype, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetCancel, Cancelling Queries in Progress
PQgetCopyData, Functions for Receiving COPY Data
PQgetisnull, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetlength, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetline, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQgetlineAsync, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQgetResult, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQgetssl, Connection Status Functions
PQgetvalue, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQhost, Connection Status Functions
PQinitOpenSSL, SSL library initialization
PQinitSSL, SSL library initialization
PQinstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQisBusy, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQisnonblocking, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQisthreadsafe, Behavior in Threaded Programs
PQmakeEmptyPGresult, Miscellaneous Functions
PQnfields, Retrieving Query Result Information
  with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQnotifies, Asynchronous Notification
PQnparams, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQntuples, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQoidStatus, Retrieving Result Information for Other Commands
PQoidValue, Retrieving Result Information for Other Commands
PQoptions, Connection Status Functions
PQparameterStatus, Connection Status Functions
PQparamtype, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQpass, Connection Status Functions
PQport, Connection Status Functions
PQprepare, Main Functions
PQprint, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQprotocolVersion, Connection Status Functions
PQputCopyData, Functions for Sending COPY Data
PQputCopyEnd, Functions for Sending COPY Data
PQputline, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQputnbytes, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQregisterEventProc, Event Support Functions
PQrequestCancel, Cancelling Queries in Progress
PQreset, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresetPoll, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresetStart, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresStatus, Main Functions
PQresultAlloc, Miscellaneous Functions
PQresultErrorField, Main Functions
PQresultErrorMessage, Main Functions
PQresultInstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQresultSetInstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQresultStatus, Main Functions
PQsendDescribePortal, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendDescribePrepared, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendPrepare, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQuery, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQueryParams, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQueryPrepared, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQserverVersion, Connection Status Functions
PQsetClientEncoding, Control Functions
PQsetdb, Database Connection Control Functions
PQsetdbLogin, Database Connection Control Functions
PQsetErrorVerbosity, Control Functions
PQsetInstanceData, Event Support Functions
PQsetnonblocking, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsetNoticeProcessor, Notice Processing
PQsetNoticeReceiver, Notice Processing
PQsetResultAttrs, Miscellaneous Functions
PQsetvalue, Miscellaneous Functions
PQsocket, Connection Status Functions
PQstatus, Connection Status Functions
PQtrace, Control Functions
PQtransactionStatus, Connection Status Functions
PQtty, Connection Status Functions
PQunescapeBytea, Escaping Binary Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQuntrace, Control Functions
PQuser, Connection Status Functions
predicate locking, Serializable Isolation versus True Serializability
PREPARE, PREPARE
PREPARE TRANSACTION, PREPARE TRANSACTION
prepared statements
  creating, PREPARE
  executing, EXECUTE
  removing, DEALLOCATE
  showing the query plan, EXPLAIN
preparing a query
  in PL/Tcl, Database Access from PL/Tcl
  in PL/pgSQL, Plan Caching
  in PL/Python, Database Access
pre_auth_delay configuration parameter, Developer Options
primary key, Primary Keys
privilege, Privileges, Privileges
  querying, System Information Functions
  with rules, Rules and Privileges
  for schemas, Schemas and Privileges
  with views, Rules and Privileges
procedural language, Procedural Languages
  externally maintained, Procedural Languages
  handler for, Writing A Procedural Language Handler
protocol
  frontend-backend, Frontend/Backend Protocol
ps
  to monitor activity, Standard Unix Tools
psql, Accessing a Database, psql
Python, PL/Python - Python Procedural Language

## Q

qualified name, Creating a Schema
query, Querying a Table, Queries
query plan, Using EXPLAIN
query tree, The Query Tree
querytree, Manipulating Queries
quotation marks
  and identifiers, Identifiers and Key Words
  escaping, String Constants
quote_ident, String Functions and Operators
  use in PL/PgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands
quote_literal, String Functions and Operators
  use in PL/PgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands
quote_nullable, String Functions and Operators
  use in PL/PgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands

## R

radians, Mathematical Functions and Operators
radius, Geometric Functions and Operators
RAISE, Errors and Messages
random, Mathematical Functions and Operators
random_page_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
range table, The Query Tree
rank, Window Functions
read-only transaction, Statement Behavior
readline, Requirements
real, Floating-Point Types
REASSIGN OWNED, REASSIGN OWNED
record, Pseudo-Types
rectangle, Boxes
referential integrity, Foreign Keys, Foreign Keys
regclass, Object Identifier Types
regconfig, Object Identifier Types
regdictionary, Object Identifier Types
regexp_matches, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_replace, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_split_to_array, POSIX Regular Expressions
regexp_split_to_table, POSIX Regular Expressions
regex_flavor configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
regoper, Object Identifier Types
regoperator, Object Identifier Types
regproc, Object Identifier Types
regprocedure, Object Identifier Types
regression intercept, Aggregate Functions
regression slope, Aggregate Functions
regression test, Installation Procedure
regression tests, Regression Tests
regtype, Object Identifier Types
regular expression, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions, POSIX Regular Expressions
  see also pattern matching
regular expressions, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
reindex, Routine Reindexing, REINDEX
reindexdb, reindexdb
relation, Concepts
relational database, Concepts
RELEASE SAVEPOINT, RELEASE SAVEPOINT
repeat, String Functions and Operators
replace, String Functions and Operators
replication, High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
reporting errors
  in PL/PgSQL, Errors and Messages
RESET, RESET
RESTRICT
  with DROP, Dependency Tracking
  foreign key action, Foreign Keys
RETURN NEXT
  in PL/PgSQL, RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
RETURN QUERY
  in PL/PgSQL, RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
RETURNING INTO
  in PL/pgSQL, Executing a Query with a Single-Row Result
REVOKE, Privileges, REVOKE
right join, Joined Tables
role, Database Roles
  applicable, applicable_roles
  enabled, enabled_roles
  membership in, Role Membership
  privilege to create, Role Attributes
ROLLBACK, ROLLBACK
  psql, Variables
ROLLBACK PREPARED, ROLLBACK PREPARED
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
round, Mathematical Functions and Operators
routine maintenance, Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
row, Concepts, Row Constructors, Table Basics
row estimation
  planner, Row Estimation Examples
row type, Composite Types
  constructor, Row Constructors
row-wise comparison, Row and Array Comparisons
row_number, Window Functions
rpad, String Functions and Operators
rtrim, String Functions and Operators
rule, The Rule System
  and views, Views and the Rule System
  for DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
  for INSERT, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
  for SELECT, How SELECT Rules Work
  compared with triggers, Rules versus Triggers
  for UPDATE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE

## S

SAVEPOINT, SAVEPOINT
savepoints
  defining, SAVEPOINT
  releasing, RELEASE SAVEPOINT
  rolling back, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
scalar
  see expression
schema, Schemas, Overview
  creating, Creating a Schema
  current, The Schema Search Path, System Information Functions
  public, The Public Schema
  removing, Creating a Schema
SCO
  installation on, SCO OpenServer and SCO UnixWare
SCO OpenServer
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
search path, The Schema Search Path
  current, System Information Functions
search_path, The Schema Search Path
search_path configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
seg, seg
segment_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
SELECT, Querying a Table, Queries, SELECT
  select list, Select Lists
SELECT INTO, SELECT INTO
  in PL/pgSQL, Executing a Query with a Single-Row Result
semaphores, Shared Memory and Semaphores
sequence, Sequence Manipulation Functions
  and serial type, Serial Types
sequential scan, Planner Method Configuration
seq_page_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
serial, Serial Types
serial4, Serial Types
serial8, Serial Types
serializability, Serializable Isolation versus True Serializability
server log, Error Reporting and Logging
  log file maintenance, Log File Maintenance
server spoofing, Preventing Server Spoofing
server_encoding configuration parameter, Preset Options
server_version configuration parameter, Preset Options
server_version_num configuration parameter, Preset Options
session_replication_role configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
SET, System Administration Functions, SET
SET CONSTRAINTS, SET CONSTRAINTS
set difference, Combining Queries
set intersection, Combining Queries
set operation, Combining Queries
set returning functions
  functions, Set Returning Functions
SET ROLE, SET ROLE
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION, SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
SET TRANSACTION, SET TRANSACTION
set union, Combining Queries
SET XML OPTION, Statement Behavior
setseed, Mathematical Functions and Operators
setval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
setweight, Manipulating Documents
set_bit, Binary String Functions and Operators
set_byte, Binary String Functions and Operators
shared library, Shared Libraries, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
shared memory, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared-preload-libraries, Shared Memory and LWLocks
shared_buffers configuration parameter, Memory
shared_preload_libraries configuration parameter, Kernel Resource Usage
SHMMAX, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shobj_description, System Information Functions
SHOW, System Administration Functions, SHOW
shutdown, Shutting Down the Server
SIGHUP, Setting Parameters, The pg_hba.conf file, Username maps
SIGINT, Shutting Down the Server
sign, Mathematical Functions and Operators
signal
  backend processes, System Administration Functions
significant digits, Locale and Formatting
SIGQUIT, Shutting Down the Server
SIGTERM, Shutting Down the Server
silent_mode configuration parameter, Where To Log
SIMILAR TO, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
sin, Mathematical Functions and Operators
sleep, Delaying Execution
sliced bread
  see TOAST
smallint, Integer Types
Solaris
  installation on, Solaris
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
  start script, Starting the Database Server
SOME, Aggregate Functions, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
sorting, Sorting Rows
SPI, Server Programming Interface
  examples, spi
SPI_connect, SPI_connect
SPI_copytuple, SPI_copytuple
SPI_cursor_close, SPI_cursor_close
SPI_cursor_fetch, SPI_cursor_fetch
SPI_cursor_find, SPI_cursor_find
SPI_cursor_move, SPI_cursor_move
SPI_cursor_open, SPI_cursor_open
SPI_cursor_open_with_args, SPI_cursor_open_with_args
SPI_exec, SPI_exec
SPI_execp, SPI_execp
SPI_execute, SPI_execute
SPI_execute_plan, SPI_execute_plan
SPI_execute_with_args, SPI_execute_with_args
spi_exec_query
  in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_finish, SPI_finish
SPI_fname, SPI_fname
SPI_fnumber, SPI_fnumber
SPI_freeplan, SPI_freeplan
SPI_freetuple, SPI_freetuple
SPI_freetuptable, SPI_freetuptable
SPI_getargcount, SPI_getargcount
SPI_getargtypeid, SPI_getargtypeid
SPI_getbinval, SPI_getbinval
SPI_getnspname, SPI_getnspname
SPI_getrelname, SPI_getrelname
SPI_gettype, SPI_gettype
SPI_gettypeid, SPI_gettypeid
SPI_getvalue, SPI_getvalue
SPI_is_cursor_plan, SPI_is_cursor_plan
spi_lastoid, Database Access from PL/Tcl
SPI_modifytuple, SPI_modifytuple
SPI_palloc, SPI_palloc
SPI_pfree, SPI_pfree
SPI_pop, SPI_pop
SPI_prepare, SPI_prepare
SPI_prepare_cursor, SPI_prepare_cursor
SPI_push, SPI_push
SPI_repalloc, SPI_repalloc
SPI_returntuple, SPI_returntuple
SPI_saveplan, SPI_saveplan
SPI_scroll_cursor_fetch, SPI_scroll_cursor_fetch
SPI_scroll_cursor_move, SPI_scroll_cursor_move
split_part, String Functions and Operators
SQL/CLI, SQL Conformance
SQL/Foundation, SQL Conformance
SQL/Framework, SQL Conformance
SQL/JRT, SQL Conformance
SQL/MED, SQL Conformance
SQL/OLB, SQL Conformance
SQL/PSM, SQL Conformance
SQL/Schemata, SQL Conformance
SQL/XML, SQL Conformance
sql_inheritance configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
sqrt, Mathematical Functions and Operators
ssh, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
SSL, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL, SSL Support
  with libpq, Database Connection Control Functions, Connection Status Functions
ssl configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
sslinfo, sslinfo
ssl_ciphers configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
SSPI, SSPI authentication
STABLE, Function Volatility Categories
standard deviation, Aggregate Functions
  population, Aggregate Functions
  sample, Aggregate Functions
standard_conforming_strings configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
standby server, Backup and Restore
START TRANSACTION, START TRANSACTION
statement_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
statement_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
statistics, Aggregate Functions, The Statistics Collector
  of the planner, Statistics Used by the Planner, Updating Planner Statistics
stats_temp_directory configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
STONITH, Backup and Restore
storage parameters, Storage Parameters
string
  see character string
strings
  backslash quotes, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
  escape warning, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
  standard conforming, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
string_to_array, Array Functions and Operators
strip, Manipulating Documents
strpos, String Functions and Operators
subquery, Aggregate Functions, Scalar Subqueries, Subqueries, Subquery Expressions
subscript, Subscripts
substr, String Functions and Operators
substring, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions, POSIX Regular Expressions
sum, Aggregate Functions
superuser, Accessing a Database, Role Attributes
superuser_reserved_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings
suppress_redundant_updates_trigger, Trigger Functions
synchronize_seqscans configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
synchronous commit, Asynchronous Commit
synchronous_commit configuration parameter, Settings
syntax
  SQL, SQL Syntax
syslog_facility configuration parameter, Where To Log
syslog_identity configuration parameter, Where To Log
system catalog
  schema, The System Catalog Schema

## T

table, Concepts, Table Basics
  creating, Table Basics
  inheritance, Inheritance
  modifying, Modifying Tables
  partitioning, Partitioning
  removing, Table Basics
  renaming, Renaming a Table
TABLE command, SELECT
table expression, Table Expressions
table function, Table Functions
tablefunc, tablefunc
tableoid, System Columns
tablespace, Tablespaces
  default, Statement Behavior
  temporary, Statement Behavior
tan, Mathematical Functions and Operators
target list, The Query Tree
Tcl, PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language
tcp_keepalives_count configuration parameter, Connection Settings
tcp_keepalives_idle configuration parameter, Connection Settings
tcp_keepalives_interval configuration parameter, Connection Settings
template0, Template Databases
template1, Creating a Database, Template Databases
temp_buffers configuration parameter, Memory
temp_tablespaces configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
test, Regression Tests
test_parser, test_parser
text, Character Types
text search, Full Text Search
  data types, Text Search Types
  functions and operators, Text Search Types
  indexes, GiST and GIN Index Types
threads
  with libpq, Behavior in Threaded Programs
tid, Object Identifier Types
time, Date/Time Types, Times
  constants, Special Values
  current, Current Date/Time
  output format, Date/Time Output
    see also formatting
time span, Date/Time Types
time with time zone, Date/Time Types, Times
time without time zone, Date/Time Types, Times
time zone, Time Zones, Locale and Formatting
  conversion, AT TIME ZONE
  input abbreviations, Date/Time Configuration Files
time zone data, Installation Procedure
time zone names, Locale and Formatting
timelines, Backup and Restore
timeofday, Date/Time Functions and Operators
timeout
  client authentication, Security and Authentication
  deadlock, Lock Management
timestamp, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timestamp with time zone, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timestamp without time zone, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timezone configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
timezone_abbreviations configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
TOAST, TOAST
  and user-defined types, User-Defined Types
  per-column storage settings, Description
  versus large objects, Introduction
token, Lexical Structure
to_ascii, String Functions and Operators
to_char, Data Type Formatting Functions
  and locales, Behavior
to_date, Data Type Formatting Functions
to_hex, String Functions and Operators
to_number, Data Type Formatting Functions
to_timestamp, Data Type Formatting Functions
to_tsquery, Parsing Queries
to_tsvector, Parsing Documents
trace_locks configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_lock_oidmin configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_lock_table configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_lwlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_notify configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_sort configuration parameter, Developer Options
trace_userlocks configuration parameter, Developer Options
track_activities configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
track_activity_query_size configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
track_counts configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
track_functions configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
transaction, Transactions
transaction ID
  wraparound, Preventing Transaction ID Wraparound Failures
transaction isolation, Transaction Isolation
transaction isolation level, Transaction Isolation, Statement Behavior
  read committed, Read Committed Isolation Level
  serializable, Serializable Isolation Level
transaction log
  see WAL
transaction_timestamp, Date/Time Functions and Operators
transform_null_equals configuration parameter, Platform and Client Compatibility
translate, String Functions and Operators
trigger, Pseudo-Types, Triggers
  arguments for trigger functions, Overview of Trigger Behavior
  for updating a derived tsvector column, Triggers for Automatic Updates
  in C, Writing Trigger Functions in C
  in PL/pgSQL, Trigger Procedures
  in PL/Python, Trigger Functions
  in PL/Tcl, Trigger Procedures in PL/Tcl
  compared with rules, Rules versus Triggers
trim, String Functions and Operators
Tru64 UNIX
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
true, Boolean Type
trunc, Mathematical Functions and Operators
TRUNCATE, TRUNCATE
trusted
  PL/Perl, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
tsearch2, tsearch2
tsquery (data type), tsquery
tsvector (data type), tsvector
tsvector concatenation, Manipulating Documents
ts_debug, Configuration Testing
ts_headline, Highlighting Results
ts_lexize, Dictionary Testing
ts_parse, Parser Testing
ts_rank, Ranking Search Results
ts_rank_cd, Ranking Search Results
ts_rewrite, Query Rewriting
ts_stat, Gathering Document Statistics
ts_token_type, Parser Testing
txid_current, System Information Functions
txid_current_snapshot, System Information Functions
txid_snapshot_xip, System Information Functions
txid_snapshot_xmax, System Information Functions
txid_snapshot_xmin, System Information Functions
txid_visible_in_snapshot, System Information Functions
type
  see data type
  polymorphic, Polymorphic Types
type cast, Numeric Constants, Type Casts

## U

UESCAPE, Identifiers and Key Words, String Constants with Unicode Escapes
Unicode escape
  in identifiers, Identifiers and Key Words
  in string constants, String Constants with Unicode Escapes
UNION, Combining Queries
  determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
unique constraint, Unique Constraints
Unix domain socket, Database Connection Control Functions
UnixWare
  installation on, SCO OpenServer and SCO UnixWare
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
unix_socket_directory configuration parameter, Connection Settings
unix_socket_group configuration parameter, Connection Settings
unix_socket_permissions configuration parameter, Connection Settings
UNLISTEN, UNLISTEN
unnest, Array Functions and Operators
unqualified name, The Schema Search Path
UPDATE, Updates, Updating Data, UPDATE
update_process_title configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
updating, Updating Data
upgrading, Upgrading, Migration Between Releases
upper, String Functions and Operators
  and locales, Behavior
user, Database Roles
  current, System Information Functions
Username maps, Username maps
UUID, UUID Type, Installation Procedure
uuid-ossp, uuid-ossp

## V

vacuum, Routine Vacuuming, VACUUM
vacuumdb, vacuumdb
vacuumlo, vacuumlo
vacuum_cost_delay configuration parameter, Cost-Based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_limit configuration parameter, Cost-Based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_dirty configuration parameter, Cost-Based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_hit configuration parameter, Cost-Based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_miss configuration parameter, Cost-Based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_freeze_min_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
vacuum_freeze_table_age configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
value expression, Value Expressions
VALUES, VALUES Lists, VALUES
  determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
varchar, Character Types
variadic function, SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments
variance, Aggregate Functions
  population, Aggregate Functions
  sample, Aggregate Functions
version, Accessing a Database, System Information Functions
  compatibility, Migration Between Releases
view, Views
  implementation through rules, Views and the Rule System
  updating, Cooperation with Views
Visibility Map, Visibility Map
VM
  see Visibility Map
void, Pseudo-Types
VOLATILE, Function Volatility Categories
volatility
  functions, Function Volatility Categories

## W

WAL, Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log
wal_block_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
wal_buffers configuration parameter, Settings
wal_debug configuration parameter, Developer Options
wal_segment_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
wal_sync_method configuration parameter, Settings
wal_writer_delay configuration parameter, Settings
warm standby, Backup and Restore
WHERE, The WHERE Clause
where to log, Where To Log
WHILE
  in PL/pgSQL, WHILE
width, Geometric Functions and Operators
width_bucket, Mathematical Functions and Operators
window function, Window Functions
  built-in, Window Functions
  invocation, Window Function Calls
  order of execution, Window Function Processing
WITH
  in SELECT, WITH Queries, SELECT
witness server, Backup and Restore
work_mem configuration parameter, Memory

## X

xid, Object Identifier Types
xmax, System Columns
xmin, System Columns
XML, XML Type
XML export, Mapping Tables to XML
XML option, Creating XML Values, Statement Behavior
xml2, xml2
xmlagg, xmlagg, Aggregate Functions
xmlbinary configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
xmlcomment, xmlcomment
xmlconcat, xmlconcat
xmlelement, xmlelement
xmlforest, xmlforest
xmloption configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
xmlparse, Creating XML Values
xmlpi, xmlpi
xmlroot, xmlroot
xmlserialize, Creating XML Values
XPath, Processing XML

## Y

yacc, Requirements

## Z

zero_damaged_pages configuration parameter, Developer Options
zlib, Requirements, Installation Procedure

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