PF.CONF(5)                OpenBSD Programmer's Manual               PF.CONF(5)

NAME
     pf.conf - packet filter configuration file

DESCRIPTION
     The pf(4) packet filter modifies, drops, or passes packets according to
     rules or definitions specified in pf.conf.

     This is an overview of the sections in this manual page:

     Packet Filtering
     Packet filtering, including network address translation (NAT).

     Options
     Global options tune the behaviour of the packet filtering engine.

     Queueing
     Queueing provides rule-based bandwidth control.

     Tables
     Tables provide a method for dealing with large numbers of addresses.

     Anchors
     Anchors are containers for rules and tables.

     Stateful Filtering
     Stateful filtering tracks packets by state.

     Traffic Normalisation
     Including scrub, fragment handling, and blocking spoofed traffic.

     Operating System Fingerprinting
     A method for detecting a host's operating system.

     Examples
     Some example rulesets.

     Comments can be put anywhere in the file using a hash mark (`#'), and ex-
     tend to the end of the current line.  Additional configuration files can
     be included with the include keyword, for example:

           include "/etc/pf/sub.filter.conf"

     Macros can be defined that will later be expanded in context.  Macro
     names must start with a letter, and may contain letters, digits and un-
     derscores.  Macro names may not be reserved words (for example pass, in,
     out).  Macros are not expanded inside quotes.

     For example:

           ext_if = "kue0"
           all_ifs = "{" $ext_if lo0 "}"
           pass out on $ext_if from any to any
           pass in  on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port 25

PACKET FILTERING
     pf(4) has the ability to block, pass, and match packets based on at-
     tributes of their layer 3 and layer 4 headers.  Filter rules determine
     which of these actions are taken; filter parameters specify the packets
     to which a rule applies.

     For each packet processed by the packet filter, the filter rules are
     evaluated in sequential order, from first to last.  For block and pass,
     the last matching rule decides what action is taken; if no rule matches
     the packet, the default action is to pass the packet.  For match, rules
     are evaluated every time they match; the pass/block state of a packet re-
     mains unchanged.

     Most parameters are optional.  If a parameter is specified, the rule only
     applies to packets with matching attributes.  Certain parameters can be
     expressed as lists, in which case pfctl(8) generates all needed rule com-
     binations.

     By default pf(4) filters packets statefully: the first time a packet
     matches a pass rule, a state entry is created; for subsequent packets the
     filter checks whether the packet matches any state.  If it does, the
     packet is passed without evaluation of any rules.  After the connection
     is closed or times out, the state entry is automatically removed.

     The following actions can be used in the filter:

     block
           The packet is blocked.  There are a number of ways in which a block
           rule can behave when blocking a packet.  The default behaviour is
           to drop packets silently, however this can be overridden or made
           explicit either globally, by setting the block-policy option, or on
           a per-rule basis with one of the following options:

           drop             The packet is silently dropped.
           return           This causes a TCP RST to be returned for TCP pack-
                            ets and an ICMP UNREACHABLE for other types of
                            packets.
           return-icmp
           return-icmp6     This causes ICMP messages to be returned for pack-
                            ets which match the rule.  By default this is an
                            ICMP UNREACHABLE message, however this can be
                            overridden by specifying a message as a code or
                            number.
           return-rst       This applies only to TCP packets, and issues a TCP
                            RST which closes the connection.  An optional pa-
                            rameter, ttl, may be given with a TTL value.

           Options returning ICMP packets currently have no effect if pf(4)
           operates on a bridge(4), as the code to support this feature has
           not yet been implemented.

           The simplest mechanism to block everything by default and only pass
           packets that match explicit rules is specify a first filter rule
           of:

                 block all

     match
           The packet is matched.  This mechanism is used to provide fine
           grained filtering without altering the block/pass state of a pack-
           et.  match rules differ from block and pass rules in that parame-
           ters are set every time a packet matches the rule, not only on the
           last matching rule.  For the following parameters, this means that
           the parameter effectively becomes ``sticky'' until explicitly over-
           ridden: max-mss, min-ttl, no-df, queue, random-id, reassemble tcp,
           rtable, and set-tos.

           log is different still, in that the action happens every time a
           rule matches i.e. a single packet can get logged more than once.

     pass  The packet is passed; state is created unless the no state option
           is specified.

     The following parameters can be used in the filter:

     in or out
             A packet always comes in on, or goes out through, one interface.
             in and out apply to incoming and outgoing packets; if neither are
             specified, the rule will match packets in both directions.

     log     In addition to the action specified, a log message is generated.
             Only the packet that establishes the state is logged, unless the
             no state option is specified.  The logged packets are sent to a
             pflog(4) interface, by default pflog0.  This interface is moni-
             tored by the pflogd(8) logging daemon, which dumps the logged
             packets to the file /var/log/pflog in pcap(3) binary format.

     log (all)
             Used to force logging of all packets for a connection.  This is
             not necessary when no state is explicitly specified.  As with
             log, packets are logged to pflog(4).

     log (user)
             Logs the UID and PID of the socket on the local host used to send
             or receive a packet, in addition to the normal information.

     log (to <interface>)
             Send logs to the specified pflog(4) interface instead of pflog0.

     quick   If a packet matches a rule which has the quick option set, this
             rule is considered the last matching rule, and evaluation of sub-
             sequent rules is skipped.

     on <interface>
             This rule applies only to packets coming in on, or going out
             through, this particular interface or interface group.  For more
             information on interface groups, see the group keyword in
             ifconfig(8).

     <af>    This rule applies only to packets of this address family.  Sup-
             ported values are inet and inet6.

     proto <protocol>
             This rule applies only to packets of this protocol.  Common pro-
             tocols are ICMP, ICMP6, TCP, and UDP.  For a list of all the pro-
             tocol name to number mappings used by pfctl(8), see the file
             /etc/protocols.

     from <source> port <source> os <source> to <dest> port <dest>
             This rule applies only to packets with the specified source and
             destination addresses and ports.

             Addresses can be specified in CIDR notation (matching netblocks),
             as symbolic host names, interface names or interface group names,
             or as any of the following keywords:

             any             Any address.
             no-route        Any address which is not currently routable.
             route <label>   Any address matching the given route(8) label.
             <table>         Any address matching the given table.
             urpf-failed     Any source address that fails a unicast reverse
                             path forwarding (URPF) check, i.e. packets coming
                             in on an interface other than that which holds
                             the route back to the packet's source address.

             Ranges of addresses are specified using the `-' operator.  For
             instance: ``10.1.1.10 - 10.1.1.12'' means all addresses from
             10.1.1.10 to 10.1.1.12, hence addresses 10.1.1.10, 10.1.1.11, and
             10.1.1.12.

             Interface names and interface group names can have modifiers ap-
             pended:

             :0            Do not include interface aliases.
             :broadcast    Translates to the interface's broadcast ad-
                           dress(es).
             :network      Translates to the network(s) attached to the inter-
                           face.
             :peer         Translates to the point-to-point interface's peer
                           address(es).

             Host names may also have the :0 option appended to restrict the
             name resolution to the first of each v4 and v6 address found.

             Host name resolution and interface to address translation are
             done at ruleset load-time.  When the address of an interface (or
             host name) changes (under DHCP or PPP, for instance), the ruleset
             must be reloaded for the change to be reflected in the kernel.
             Surrounding the interface name (and optional modifiers) in paren-
             theses changes this behaviour.  When the interface name is sur-
             rounded by parentheses, the rule is automatically updated whenev-
             er the interface changes its address.  The ruleset does not need
             to be reloaded.  This is especially useful with nat.

             Ports can be specified either by number or by name.  For example,
             port 80 can be specified as www.  For a list of all port name to
             number mappings used by pfctl(8), see the file /etc/services.

             Ports and ranges of ports are specified using these operators:

                   =       (equal)
                   !=      (unequal)
                   <       (less than)
                   <=      (less than or equal)
                   >       (greater than)
                   >=      (greater than or equal)
                   :       (range including boundaries)
                   ><      (range excluding boundaries)
                   <>      (except range)

             `><', `<>' and `:' are binary operators (they take two argu-
             ments).  For instance:

             port 2000:2004
                     means `all ports >= 2000 and <= 2004', hence ports 2000,
                     2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004.

             port 2000 >< 2004
                     means `all ports > 2000 and < 2004', hence ports 2001,
                     2002, and 2003.

             port 2000 <> 2004
                     means `all ports < 2000 or > 2004', hence ports 1-1999
                     and 2005-65535.

             The operating system of the source host can be specified in the
             case of TCP rules with the os modifier.  See the OPERATING SYSTEM
             FINGERPRINTING section for more information.

             The host, port, and OS specifications are optional, as in the
             following examples:

                   pass in all
                   pass in from any to any
                   pass in proto tcp from any port <= 1024 to any
                   pass in proto tcp from any to any port 25
                   pass in proto tcp from 10.0.0.0/8 port > 1024 \
                         to ! 10.1.2.3 port != ssh
                   pass in proto tcp from any os "OpenBSD"
                   pass in proto tcp from route "DTAG"

     The following additional parameters can be used in the filter:

     all     This is equivalent to "from any to any".

     allow-opts
             By default, IPv4 packets with IP options or IPv6 packets with
             routing extension headers are blocked.  When allow-opts is speci-
             fied for a pass rule, packets that pass the filter based on that
             rule (last matching) do so even if they contain IP options or
             routing extension headers.  For packets that match state, the
             rule that initially created the state is used.  The implicit pass
             rule that is used when a packet does not match any rules does not
             allow IP options.

     divert-packet <port>
             Used to send matching packets to divert(4) sockets bound to port
             port.  If the default option of fragment reassembly is enabled,
             scrubbing with reassemble tcp is also enabled for divert-packet
             rules.

     divert-reply
             Used to receive replies for sockets that are bound to addresses
             which are not local to the machine.  See setsockopt(2) for infor-
             mation on how to bind these sockets.

     divert-to <host> port <port>
             Used to redirect packets to a local socket bound to host and
             port.  The packets will not be modified, so getsockname(2) on the
             socket will return the original destination address of the pack-
             et.

     flags <a>/<b> | any
             This rule only applies to TCP packets that have the flags <a> set
             out of set <b>.  Flags not specified in <b> are ignored.  For
             stateful connections, the default is flags S/SA.  To indicate
             that flags should not be checked at all, specify flags any.  The
             flags are: (F)IN, (S)YN, (R)ST, (P)USH, (A)CK, (U)RG, (E)CE, and
             C(W)R.

             flags S/S   Flag SYN is set.  The other flags are ignored.

             flags S/SA  This is the default setting for stateful connections.
                         Out of SYN and ACK, exactly SYN may be set.  SYN,
                         SYN+PSH, and SYN+RST match, but SYN+ACK, ACK, and
                         ACK+RST do not.  This is more restrictive than the
                         previous example.

             flags /SFRA
                         If the first set is not specified, it defaults to
                         none.  All of SYN, FIN, RST, and ACK must be unset.

             Because flags S/SA is applied by default (unless no state is
             specified), only the initial SYN packet of a TCP handshake will
             create a state for a TCP connection.  It is possible to be less
             restrictive, and allow state creation from intermediate (non-SYN)
             packets, by specifying flags any.  This will cause pf(4) to syn-
             chronize to existing connections, for instance if one flushes the
             state table.  However, states created from such intermediate
             packets may be missing connection details such as the TCP window
             scaling factor.  States which modify the packet flow, such as
             those affected by modulate, nat-to, rdr-to, or synproxy state op-
             tions, or scrubbed with reassemble tcp, will also not be recover-
             able from intermediate packets.  Such connections will stall and
             time out.

     group <group>
             Similar to user, this rule only applies to packets of sockets
             owned by the specified group.

     icmp-type <type> code <code>
     icmp6-type <type> code <code>
             This rule only applies to ICMP or ICMP6 packets with the speci-
             fied type and code.  Text names for ICMP types and codes are
             listed in icmp(4) and icmp6(4).  The protocol and the ICMP type
             indicator (icmp-type or icmp6-type) must match.

     label <string>
             Adds a label to the rule, which can be used to identify the rule.
             For instance, ``pfctl -s labels'' shows per-rule statistics for
             rules that have labels.

             The following macros can be used in labels:

                   $dstaddr     The destination IP address.
                   $dstport     The destination port specification.
                   $if          The interface.
                   $nr          The rule number.
                   $proto       The protocol name.
                   $srcaddr     The source IP address.
                   $srcport     The source port specification.

             For example:
                   ips = "{ 1.2.3.4, 1.2.3.5 }"
                   pass in proto tcp from any to $ips \
                         port > 1023 label "$dstaddr:$dstport"

             Expands to:
                   pass in inet proto tcp from any to 1.2.3.4 \
                         port > 1023 label "1.2.3.4:>1023"
                   pass in inet proto tcp from any to 1.2.3.5 \
                         port > 1023 label "1.2.3.5:>1023"

             The macro expansion for the label directive occurs only at con-
             figuration file parse time, not during runtime.

     probability <number>
             A probability attribute can be attached to a rule, with a value
             set between 0 and 1, bounds not included.  In that case, the rule
             will be honoured using the given probability value only.  For ex-
             ample, the following rule will drop 20% of incoming ICMP packets:

                   block in proto icmp probability 20%

     queue <queue> | (<queue>, <queue>)
             Packets matching this rule will be assigned to the specified
             queue.  If two queues are given, packets which have a TOS of
             lowdelay and TCP ACKs with no data payload will be assigned to
             the second one.  See QUEUEING for setup details.

             For example:

                   pass in proto tcp to port 25 queue mail
                   pass in proto tcp to port 22 queue(ssh_bulk, ssh_prio)

     received-on <interface>
             Only match packets which were received on the specified interface
             (or interface group).

     rtable <number>
             Used to select an alternate routing table for the routing lookup.
             Only effective before the route lookup happened, i.e. when fil-
             tering inbound.

     tag <string>
             Packets matching this rule will be tagged with the specified
             string.  The tag acts as an internal marker that can be used to
             identify these packets later on.  This can be used, for example,
             to provide trust between interfaces and to determine if packets
             have been processed by translation rules.  Tags are "sticky",
             meaning that the packet will be tagged even if the rule is not
             the last matching rule.  Further matching rules can replace the
             tag with a new one but will not remove a previously applied tag.
             A packet is only ever assigned one tag at a time.  Tags take the
             same macros as labels (see above).

     tagged <string>
             Used with filter or translation rules to specify that packets
             must already be tagged with the given tag in order to match the
             rule.  Inverse tag matching can also be done by specifying the !
             operator before the tagged keyword.

     tos <string> | <number>
             This rule applies to packets with the specified TOS bits set.
             string may be one of critical, inetcontrol, lowdelay, netcontrol,
             throughput, reliability, or one of the DiffServ Code Points: ef,
             af11 ... af43, cs0 ... cs7; number may be either a hex or decimal
             number.

             For example, the following rules are identical:

                   pass all tos lowdelay
                   pass all tos 0x10
                   pass all tos 16

     user <user>
             This rule only applies to packets of sockets owned by the speci-
             fied user.  For outgoing connections initiated from the firewall,
             this is the user that opened the connection.  For incoming con-
             nections to the firewall itself, this is the user that listens on
             the destination port.  For forwarded connections, where the fire-
             wall is not a connection endpoint, the user and group are
             unknown.

             All packets, both outgoing and incoming, of one connection are
             associated with the same user and group.  Only TCP and UDP pack-
             ets can be associated with users; for other protocols these pa-
             rameters are ignored.

             User and group refer to the effective (as opposed to the real)
             IDs, in case the socket is created by a setuid/setgid process.
             User and group IDs are stored when a socket is created; when a
             process creates a listening socket as root (for instance, by
             binding to a privileged port) and subsequently changes to another
             user ID (to drop privileges), the credentials will remain root.

             User and group IDs can be specified as either numbers or names.
             The syntax is similar to the one for ports.  The value unknown
             matches packets of forwarded connections.  unknown can only be
             used with the operators = and !=.  Other constructs like user >=
             unknown are invalid.  Forwarded packets with unknown user and
             group ID match only rules that explicitly compare unknown with
             the operators = or !=.  For instance user >= 0 does not match
             forwarded packets.  The following example allows only selected
             users to open outgoing connections:

                   block out proto { tcp, udp } all
                   pass  out proto { tcp, udp } all user { < 1000, dhartmei }

   Translation
     Translation options modify either the source or destination address and
     port of the packets associated with a stateful connection.  pf(4) modi-
     fies the specified address and/or port in the packet and recalculates IP,
     TCP, and UDP checksums as necessary.

     Subsequent rules will see packets as they look after any addresses and
     ports have been translated.  These rules will therefore have to filter
     based on the translated address and port number.

     The state entry created permits pf(4) to keep track of the original ad-
     dress for traffic associated with that state and correctly direct return
     traffic for that connection.

     Different types of translation are possible with pf:

     binat-to  A binat-to rule specifies a bidirectional mapping between an
               external IP netblock and an internal IP netblock.  It expands
               to an outbound nat-to rule and an inbound rdr-to rule.

     nat-to    A nat-to option specifies that IP addresses are to be changed
               as the packet traverses the given interface.  This technique
               allows one or more IP addresses on the translating host to sup-
               port network traffic for a larger range of machines on an "in-
               side" network.  Although in theory any IP address can be used
               on the inside, it is strongly recommended that one of the ad-
               dress ranges defined by RFC 1918 be used.  Those netblocks are:

                     10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (all of net 10, i.e. 10/8)
                     172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (i.e. 172.16/12)
                     192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (i.e. 192.168/16)

     rdr-to    The packet is redirected to another destination and possibly a
               different port.  rdr-to can optionally specify port ranges in-
               stead of single ports.  For instance:

               match in ... port 2000:2999 rdr-to ... port 4000
                       redirects ports 2000 to 2999 (inclusive) to port 4000.

               match in ... port 2000:2999 rdr-to ... port 4000:*
                       redirects port 2000 to 4000, port 2001 to 4001, ...,
                       port 2999 to 4999.

     In addition to modifying the address, some translation rules may modify
     source or destination ports for TCP or UDP connections; implicitly in the
     case of nat-to options and explicitly in the case of rdr-to ones.  Port
     numbers are never translated with a binat-to rule.

     Translation options apply only to packets that pass through the specified
     interface, and if no interface is specified, translation is applied to
     packets on all interfaces.  For instance, redirecting port 80 on an ex-
     ternal interface to an internal web server will only work for connections
     originating from the outside.  Connections to the address of the external
     interface from local hosts will not be redirected, since such packets do
     not actually pass through the external interface.  Redirections cannot
     reflect packets back through the interface they arrive on, they can only
     be redirected to hosts connected to different interfaces or to the fire-
     wall itself.

     Note that redirecting external incoming connections to the loopback ad-
     dress will effectively allow an external host to connect to daemons bound
     solely to the loopback address, circumventing the traditional blocking of
     such connections on a real interface.  For example:

           pass in on egress proto tcp from any to any port smtp \
                   rdr-to 127.0.0.1 port spamd

     Unless this effect is desired, any of the local non-loopback addresses
     should be used instead as the redirection target, which allows external
     connections only to daemons bound to this address or not bound to any ad-
     dress.

     For nat-to and rdr-to options for which there is a single redirection ad-
     dress which has a subnet mask smaller than 32 for IPv4 or 128 for IPv6
     (more than one IP address), a variety of different methods for assigning
     this address can be used:

     bitmask
           The bitmask option applies the network portion of the redirection
           address to the address to be modified (source with nat-to, destina-
           tion with rdr-to).

     random [sticky-address]
           The random option selects an address at random within the defined
           block of addresses.

           sticky-address can be specified to ensure that multiple connections
           from the same source are mapped to the same redirection address.
           Associations are destroyed as soon as there are no longer states
           which refer to them; in order to make the mappings last beyond the
           lifetime of the states, increase the global options with set
           timeout src.track.

     round-robin [sticky-address]
           The round-robin option loops through the redirection address(es).
           sticky-address is as described above.

           When more than one redirection address is specified, round-robin is
           the only permitted pool type.

     source-hash [key]
           The source-hash option uses a hash of the source address to deter-
           mine the redirection address, ensuring that the redirection address
           is always the same for a given source.  An optional key can be
           specified after this keyword either in hex or as a string; by de-
           fault pfctl(8) randomly generates a key for source-hash every time
           the ruleset is reloaded.

     static-port
           With nat rules, the static-port option prevents pf(4) from modify-
           ing the source port on TCP and UDP packets.

   Routing
     If a packet matches a rule with one of the following route options set,
     the packet filter will route the packet according to the type of route
     option.  When such a rule creates state, the route option is also applied
     to all packets matching the same connection.

     dup-to
           The dup-to option creates a duplicate of the packet and routes it
           like route-to.  The original packet gets routed as it normally
           would.

     fastroute
           The fastroute option does a normal route lookup to find the next
           hop for the packet.

     reply-to
           The reply-to option is similar to route-to, but routes packets that
           pass in the opposite direction (replies) to the specified inter-
           face.  Opposite direction is only defined in the context of a state
           entry, and reply-to is useful only in rules that create state.  It
           can be used on systems with multiple external connections to route
           all outgoing packets of a connection through the interface the in-
           coming connection arrived through (symmetric routing enforcement).

     route-to
           The route-to option routes the packet to the specified interface
           with an optional address for the next hop.  When a route-to rule
           creates state, only packets that pass in the same direction as the
           filter rule specifies will be routed in this way.  Packets passing
           in the opposite direction (replies) are not affected and are routed
           normally.

     For the dup-to, reply-to, and route-to route options for which there is a
     single redirection address which has a subnet mask smaller than 32 for
     IPv4 or 128 for IPv6 (more than one IP address), the methods random,
     round-robin, and source-hash, as described above, can be used.

OPTIONS
     pf(4) may be tuned for various situations using the set command.

     set block-policy
             The block-policy option sets the default behaviour for the packet
             block action:

             drop      Packet is silently dropped.
             return    A TCP RST is returned for blocked TCP packets, an ICMP
                       UNREACHABLE is returned for blocked UDP packets, and
                       all other packets are silently dropped.

     set debug
             Set the debug level to one of the following:

             loud      Generate debug messages for common conditions.
             misc      Generate debug messages for various errors.
             none      Don't generate debug messages.
             urgent    Generate debug messages only for serious errors.

     set fingerprints
             Load fingerprints of known operating systems from the given file-
             name.  By default fingerprints of known operating systems are au-
             tomatically loaded from pf.os(5), but can be overridden via this
             option.  Setting this option may leave a small period of time
             where the fingerprints referenced by the currently active ruleset
             are inconsistent until the new ruleset finishes loading.

     set hostid
             The 32-bit hostid identifies this firewall's state table entries
             to other firewalls in a pfsync(4) failover cluster.  By default
             the hostid is set to a pseudo-random value, however it may be de-
             sirable to manually configure it, for example to more easily
             identify the source of state table entries.  The hostid may be
             specified in either decimal or hexadecimal.

     set limit
             Sets hard limits on the memory pools used by the packet filter.
             See pool(9) for an explanation of memory pools.

             For example, to set the maximum number of entries in the memory
             pool used by state table entries (generated by pass rules which
             do not specify no state) to 20000:

                   set limit states 20000

             To set the maximum number of entries in the memory pool used for
             fragment reassembly to 20000:

                   set limit frags 20000

             To set the maximum number of entries in the memory pool used for
             tracking source IP addresses (generated by the sticky-address and
             src.track options) to 2000:

                   set limit src-nodes 2000

             To set limits on the memory pools used by tables:

                   set limit tables 1000
                   set limit table-entries 100000

             The first limits the number of tables that can exist to 1000.
             The second limits the overall number of addresses that can be
             stored in tables to 100000.

             Various limits can be combined on a single line:

                   set limit { states 20000, frags 20000, src-nodes 2000 }

     set loginterface
             Enable collection of packet and byte count statistics for the
             given interface or interface group.  These statistics can be
             viewed using:

                   # pfctl -s info

             In this example pf(4) collects statistics on the interface named
             dc0:

                   set loginterface dc0

             One can disable the loginterface using:

                   set loginterface none

     set optimization
             Optimize state timeouts for one of the following network environ-
             ments:

             aggressive
                     Aggressively expire connections.  This can greatly reduce
                     the memory usage of the firewall at the cost of dropping
                     idle connections early.
             conservative
                     Extremely conservative settings.  Avoid dropping legiti-
                     mate connections at the expense of greater memory uti-
                     lization (possibly much greater on a busy network) and
                     slightly increased processor utilization.
             high-latency
                     A high-latency environment (such as a satellite connec-
                     tion).
             normal  A normal network environment.  Suitable for almost all
                     networks.
             satellite
                     Alias for high-latency.

     set reassemble
             The reassemble option is used to enable or disable the reassembly
             of fragmented packets, and can be set to yes (the default) or no.
             If no-df is also specified, fragments with the dont-fragment bit
             set are reassembled too, instead of being dropped; the reassem-
             bled packet will have the dont-fragment bit cleared.

     set require-order
             If set to yes, pfctl(8) will enforce that statement types in the
             ruleset are listed in the following order, to match the operation
             of the underlying packet filtering engine: options, queueing,
             translation, filtering.  This option is disabled by default.

     set ruleset-optimization
             basic     Enable basic ruleset optimization.  This is the default
                       behaviour.  Basic ruleset optimization does four things
                       to improve the performance of ruleset evaluations:

                       1.   remove duplicate rules
                       2.   remove rules that are a subset of another rule
                       3.   combine multiple rules into a table when advanta-
                            geous
                       4.   re-order the rules to improve evaluation perfor-
                            mance
             none      Disable the ruleset optimizer.
             profile   Uses the currently loaded ruleset as a feedback profile
                       to tailor the ordering of quick rules to actual network
                       traffic.

             It is important to note that the ruleset optimizer will modify
             the ruleset to improve performance.  A side effect of the ruleset
             modification is that per-rule accounting statistics will have
             different meanings than before.  If per-rule accounting is impor-
             tant for billing purposes or whatnot, either the ruleset optimiz-
             er should not be used or a label field should be added to all of
             the accounting rules to act as optimization barriers.

             Optimization can also be set as a command-line argument to
             pfctl(8), overriding the settings in pf.conf.

     set skip on <ifspec>
             List interfaces for which packets should not be filtered.  Pack-
             ets passing in or out on such interfaces are passed as if pf was
             disabled, i.e. pf does not process them in any way.  This can be
             useful on loopback and other virtual interfaces, when packet fil-
             tering is not desired and can have unexpected effects.

     set state-defaults
             The state-defaults option sets the state options for states cre-
             ated from rules without an explicit keep state.  For example:

                   set state-defaults pflow, no-sync

     set state-policy
             The state-policy option sets the default behaviour for states:

             if-bound  States are bound to an interface.
             floating  States can match packets on any interfaces (the de-
                       fault).

     set timeout

             frag       Seconds before an unassembled fragment is expired.
             interval   Interval between purging expired states and fragments.
             src.track  Length of time to retain a source tracking entry after
                        the last state expires.

             When a packet matches a stateful connection, the seconds to live
             for the connection will be updated to that of the protocol and
             modifier which corresponds to the connection state.  Each packet
             which matches this state will reset the TTL.  Tuning these values
             may improve the performance of the firewall at the risk of drop-
             ping valid idle connections.

             tcp.closed
                     The state after one endpoint sends an RST.
             tcp.closing
                     The state after the first FIN has been sent.
             tcp.established
                     The fully established state.
             tcp.finwait
                     The state after both FINs have been exchanged and the
                     connection is closed.  Some hosts (notably web servers on
                     Solaris) send TCP packets even after closing the connec-
                     tion.  Increasing tcp.finwait (and possibly tcp.closing)
                     can prevent blocking of such packets.
             tcp.first
                     The state after the first packet.
             tcp.opening
                     The state before the destination host ever sends a pack-
                     et.

             ICMP and UDP are handled in a fashion similar to TCP, but with a
             much more limited set of states:

             icmp.error
                     The state after an ICMP error came back in response to an
                     ICMP packet.
             icmp.first
                     The state after the first packet.
             udp.first
                     The state after the first packet.
             udp.multiple
                     The state if both hosts have sent packets.
             udp.single
                     The state if the source host sends more than one packet
                     but the destination host has never sent one back.

             Other protocols are handled similarly to UDP:

             other.first
             other.multiple
             other.single

             Timeout values can be reduced adaptively as the number of state
             table entries grows.

             adaptive.end
                     When reaching this number of state entries, all timeout
                     values become zero, effectively purging all state entries
                     immediately.  This value is used to define the scale fac-
                     tor; it should not actually be reached (set a lower state
                     limit, see below).
             adaptive.start
                     When the number of state entries exceeds this value,
                     adaptive scaling begins.  All timeout values are scaled
                     linearly with factor (adaptive.end - number of states) /
                     (adaptive.end - adaptive.start).

             Adaptive timeouts are enabled by default, with an adaptive.start
             value equal to 60% of the state limit, and an adaptive.end value
             equal to 120% of the state limit.  They can be disabled by set-
             ting both adaptive.start and adaptive.end to 0.

             The adaptive timeout values can be defined both globally and for
             each rule.  When used on a per-rule basis, the values relate to
             the number of states created by the rule, otherwise to the total
             number of states.

             For example:

                   set timeout tcp.first 120
                   set timeout tcp.established 86400
                   set timeout { adaptive.start 6000, adaptive.end 12000 }
                   set limit states 10000

             With 9000 state table entries, the timeout values are scaled to
             50% (tcp.first 60, tcp.established 43200).

QUEUEING
     Packets can be assigned to queues for the purpose of bandwidth control.
     At least two declarations are required to configure queues, and later any
     packet filtering rule can reference the defined queues by name.  During
     the filtering component of pf.conf, the last referenced queue name is
     where any packets from pass rules will be queued, while for block rules
     it specifies where any resulting ICMP or TCP RST packets should be
     queued.  The scheduler defines the algorithm used to decide which packets
     get delayed, dropped, or sent out immediately.  There are three sched-
     ulers currently supported:

     cbq   Class Based Queueing.  Queues attached to an interface build a
           tree, thus each queue can have further child queues.  Each queue
           can have a priority and a bandwidth assigned.  Priority mainly con-
           trols the time packets take to get sent out, while bandwidth has
           primarily effects on throughput.  cbq achieves both partitioning
           and sharing of link bandwidth by hierarchically structured classes.
           Each class has its own queue and is assigned its share of band-
           width.  A child class can borrow bandwidth from its parent class as
           long as excess bandwidth is available (see the option borrow, be-
           low).

     hfsc  Hierarchical Fair Service Curve.  Queues attached to an interface
           build a tree, thus each queue can have further child queues.  Each
           queue can have a priority and a bandwidth assigned.  Priority main-
           ly controls the time packets take to get sent out, while bandwidth
           primarily affects throughput.  hfsc supports both link-sharing and
           guaranteed real-time services.  It employs a service curve based
           QoS model, and its unique feature is an ability to decouple delay
           and bandwidth allocation.

     priq  Priority Queueing.  Queues are flat attached to the interface, thus
           queues cannot have further child queues.  Each queue has a unique
           priority assigned, ranging from 0 to 15.  Packets in the queue with
           the highest priority are processed first.

     The interfaces on which queueing should be activated are declared using
     the altq on declaration.  altq on has the following keywords:

     <interface>
           Queueing is enabled on the named interface.

     <scheduler>
           Specifies which queueing scheduler to use.

     bandwidth <bw>
           The maximum bitrate for all queues on an interface may be specified
           using the bandwidth keyword.  The value can be specified as an ab-
           solute value or as a percentage of the interface bandwidth.  When
           using an absolute value, the suffixes b, Kb, Mb, and Gb are used to
           represent bits, kilobits, megabits, and gigabits per second, re-
           spectively.  The value must not exceed the interface bandwidth.  If
           bandwidth is not specified, the interface bandwidth is used (but
           take note that some interfaces do not know their bandwidth, or can
           adapt their bandwidth rates).

     qlimit <limit>
           The maximum number of packets held in the queue.  The default is
           50.

     tbrsize <size>
           Adjusts the size, in bytes, of the token bucket regulator.  If not
           specified, heuristics based on the interface bandwidth are used to
           determine the size.

     queue <list>
           Defines a list of subqueues to create on an interface.

     In the following example, the interface dc0 should queue up to 5Mbps in
     four second-level queues using Class Based Queueing.  Those four queues
     will be shown in a later example.

           altq on dc0 cbq bandwidth 5Mb queue { std, http, mail, ssh }

     Once interfaces are activated for queueing using the altq directive, a
     sequence of queue directives may be defined.  The name associated with a
     queue must match a queue defined in the altq directive or, except for the
     priq scheduler, in a parent queue declaration.  The following keywords
     can be used:

     on <interface>
           Specifies the interface the queue operates on.  If not given, it
           operates on all matching interfaces.

     bandwidth <bw>
           Specifies the maximum bitrate to be processed by the queue.  This
           value must not exceed the value of the parent queue and can be
           specified as an absolute value or a percentage of the parent
           queue's bandwidth.  If not specified, defaults to 100% of the par-
           ent queue's bandwidth.  The priq scheduler does not support band-
           width specification.

     priority <level>
           Between queues a priority level can be set.  For cbq and hfsc, the
           range is 0 to 7 and for priq, the range is 0 to 15.  The default
           for all is 1.  priq queues with a higher priority are always served
           first.  cbq and hfsc queues with a higher priority are preferred in
           the case of overload.

     qlimit <limit>
           The maximum number of packets held in the queue.  The default is
           50.

     The scheduler can specify additional parameters using the format
     scheduler(parameters).  The parameters are:

     default     Packets not matched by another queue are assigned to this
                 one.  Exactly one default queue is required.

     ecn         Enables Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) on this queue.
                 ECN implies RED.

     red         Enables Random Early Detection (RED) on this queue.  RED
                 drops packets with a probability proportional to the average
                 queue length.

     The cbq scheduler supports an additional option:

        borrow              The queue can borrow bandwidth from the parent.

     The hfsc scheduler supports some additional options:

        linkshare <sc>      The bandwidth share of a backlogged queue.
        realtime <sc>       The minimum required bandwidth for the queue.
        upperlimit <sc>     The maximum allowed bandwidth for the queue.

     <sc> is an abbreviation for service curve.

     The format for service curve specifications is (m1, d, m2).  m2 controls
     the bandwidth assigned to the queue.  m1 and d are optional and can be
     used to control the initial bandwidth assignment.  For the first d mil-
     liseconds the queue gets the bandwidth given as m1, afterwards the value
     given in m2.

     Furthermore, with cbq and hfsc, child queues can be specified as in an
     altq declaration, thus building a tree of queues using a part of their
     parent's bandwidth.

     Packets can be assigned to queues based on filter rules by using the
     queue keyword.  Normally only one queue is specified; when a second one
     is specified it will instead be used for packets which have a TOS of
     lowdelay and for TCP ACKs with no data payload.

     To continue the previous example, the examples below would specify the
     four referenced queues, plus a few child queues.  Interactive ssh(1) ses-
     sions get priority over bulk transfers like scp(1) and sftp(1).  The
     queues may then be referenced by filtering rules (see PACKET FILTERING,
     above).

         queue std bandwidth 10% cbq(default)
         queue http bandwidth 60% priority 2 cbq(borrow red) \
               { employees, developers }
         queue  developers bandwidth 75% cbq(borrow)
         queue  employees bandwidth 15%
         queue mail bandwidth 10% priority 0 cbq(borrow ecn)
         queue ssh bandwidth 20% cbq(borrow) { ssh_interactive, ssh_bulk }
         queue  ssh_interactive bandwidth 50% priority 7 cbq(borrow)
         queue  ssh_bulk bandwidth 50% priority 0 cbq(borrow)

         block return out on dc0 inet all queue std
         pass out on dc0 inet proto tcp from $developerhosts to any port 80 \
               queue developers
         pass out on dc0 inet proto tcp from $employeehosts to any port 80 \
               queue employees
         pass out on dc0 inet proto tcp from any to any port 22 \
               queue(ssh_bulk, ssh_interactive)
         pass out on dc0 inet proto tcp from any to any port 25 \
               queue mail

TABLES
     Tables are named structures which can hold a collection of addresses and
     networks.  Lookups against tables in pf(4) are relatively fast, making a
     single rule with tables much more efficient, in terms of processor usage
     and memory consumption, than a large number of rules which differ only in
     IP address (either created explicitly or automatically by rule expan-
     sion).

     Tables can be used as the source or destination of filter or translation
     rules.  They can also be used for the redirect address of nat-to and rdr-
     to and in the routing options of filter rules, but only for round-robin
     pools.

     Tables can be defined with any of the following pfctl(8) mechanisms.  As
     with macros, reserved words may not be used as table names.

     manually  Persistent tables can be manually created with the add or
               replace option of pfctl(8), before or after the ruleset has
               been loaded.

     pf.conf   Table definitions can be placed directly in this file and load-
               ed at the same time as other rules are loaded, atomically.
               Table definitions inside pf.conf use the table statement, and
               are especially useful to define non-persistent tables.  The
               contents of a pre-existing table defined without a list of ad-
               dresses to initialize it is not altered when pf.conf is loaded.
               A table initialized with the empty list, { }, will be cleared
               on load.

     Tables may be defined with the following attributes:

     const    The const flag prevents the user from altering the contents of
              the table once it has been created.  Without that flag, pfctl(8)
              can be used to add or remove addresses from the table at any
              time, even when running with securelevel(7) = 2.

     counters
              The counters flag enables per-address packet and byte counters,
              which can be displayed with pfctl(8).

     persist  The persist flag forces the kernel to keep the table even when
              no rules refer to it.  If the flag is not set, the kernel will
              automatically remove the table when the last rule referring to
              it is flushed.

     This example creates a table called private, to hold RFC 1918 private
     network blocks, and a table called badhosts, which is initially empty.  A
     filter rule is set up to block all traffic coming from addresses listed
     in either table:

           table <private> const { 10/8, 172.16/12, 192.168/16 }
           table <badhosts> persist
           block on fxp0 from { <private>, <badhosts> } to any

     The private table cannot have its contents changed and the badhosts table
     will exist even when no active filter rules reference it.  Addresses may
     later be added to the badhosts table, so that traffic from these hosts
     can be blocked by using the following:

           # pfctl -t badhosts -Tadd 204.92.77.111

     A table can also be initialized with an address list specified in one or
     more external files, using the following syntax:

           table <spam> persist file "/etc/spammers" file "/etc/openrelays"
           block on fxp0 from <spam> to any

     The files /etc/spammers and /etc/openrelays list IP addresses, one per
     line.  Any lines beginning with a `#' are treated as comments and ig-
     nored.  In addition to being specified by IP address, hosts may also be
     specified by their hostname.  When the resolver is called to add a host-
     name to a table, all resulting IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are placed into
     the table.  IP addresses can also be entered in a table by specifying a
     valid interface name, a valid interface group, or the self keyword, in
     which case all addresses assigned to the interface(s) will be added to
     the table.

ANCHORS
     Besides the main ruleset, pf.conf can specify anchor attachment points.
     An anchor is a container that can hold rules, address tables, and other
     anchors.  When evaluation of the main ruleset reaches an anchor rule,
     pf(4) will proceed to evaluate all rules specified in that anchor.

     The following example blocks all packets on the external interface by de-
     fault, then evaluates all rules in the anchor named "spam", and finally
     passes all outgoing connections and incoming connections to port 25:

           ext_if = "kue0"
           block on $ext_if all
           anchor spam
           pass out on $ext_if all
           pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to $ext_if port smtp

     Anchors can be manipulated through pfctl(8) without reloading the main
     ruleset or other anchors.  This loads a single rule into the anchor,
     which blocks all packets from a specific address:

           # echo "block in quick from 1.2.3.4 to any" | pfctl -a spam -f -

     The anchor can also be populated by adding a load anchor rule after the
     anchor rule.  When pfctl(8) loads pf.conf, it will also load all the
     rules from the file /etc/pf-spam.conf into the anchor.

           anchor spam
           load anchor spam from "/etc/pf-spam.conf"

     Filter rule anchors can also be loaded inline in the ruleset within a
     brace-delimited block.  Brace delimited blocks may contain rules or other
     brace-delimited blocks.  When anchors are loaded this way the anchor name
     becomes optional.  Since the parser specification for anchor names is a
     string, double quote characters (`"') should be placed around the anchor
     name.

           anchor "external" on egress {
                   block
                   anchor out {
                           pass proto tcp from any to port { 25, 80, 443 }
                   }
                   pass in proto tcp to any port 22
           }

     Anchor rules can also specify packet filtering parameters using the same
     syntax as filter rules.  When parameters are used, the anchor rule is on-
     ly evaluated for matching packets.  This allows conditional evaluation of
     anchors, like:

           block on $ext_if all
           anchor spam proto tcp from any to any port smtp
           pass out on $ext_if all
           pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to $ext_if port smtp

     The rules inside anchor "spam" are only evaluated for TCP packets with
     destination port 25.  Hence, the following will only block connections
     from 1.2.3.4 to port 25:

           # echo "block in quick from 1.2.3.4 to any" | pfctl -a spam -f -

     Matching filter and translation rules marked with the quick option are
     final and abort the evaluation of the rules in other anchors and the main
     ruleset.  If the anchor itself is marked with the quick option, ruleset
     evaluation will terminate when the anchor is exited if the packet is
     matched by any rule within the anchor.

     An anchor references other anchor attachment points using the following
     syntax:

     anchor <name>
           Evaluates the filter rules in the specified anchor.

     An anchor has a name which specifies the path where pfctl(8) can be used
     to access the anchor to perform operations on it, such as attaching child
     anchors to it or loading rules into it.  Anchors may be nested, with com-
     ponents separated by `/' characters, similar to how file system hierar-
     chies are laid out.  The main ruleset is actually the default anchor, so
     filter and translation rules, for example, may also be contained in any
     anchor.

     Anchor rules are evaluated relative to the anchor in which they are con-
     tained.  For example, all anchor rules specified in the main ruleset will
     reference anchor attachment points underneath the main ruleset, and an-
     chor rules specified in a file loaded from a load anchor rule will be at-
     tached under that anchor point.

     Anchors may end with the asterisk (`*') character, which signifies that
     all anchors attached at that point should be evaluated in the alphabeti-
     cal ordering of their anchor name.  For example, the following will eval-
     uate each rule in each anchor attached to the "spam" anchor:

           anchor "spam/*"

     Note that it will only evaluate anchors that are directly attached to the
     "spam" anchor, and will not descend to evaluate anchors recursively.

     Since anchors are evaluated relative to the anchor in which they are con-
     tained, there is a mechanism for accessing the parent and ancestor an-
     chors of a given anchor.  Similar to file system path name resolution, if
     the sequence `..' appears as an anchor path component, the parent anchor
     of the current anchor in the path evaluation at that point will become
     the new current anchor.  As an example, consider the following:

           # printf 'anchor "spam/allowed"\n' | pfctl -f -
           # printf 'anchor "../banned"\npass\n' | pfctl -a spam/allowed -f -

     Evaluation of the main ruleset will lead into the spam/allowed anchor,
     which will evaluate the rules in the spam/banned anchor, if any, before
     finally evaluating the pass rule.

STATEFUL FILTERING
     pf(4) filters packets statefully, which has several advantages.  For TCP
     connections, comparing a packet to a state involves checking its sequence
     numbers, as well as TCP timestamps if a rule using the reassemble tcp pa-
     rameter applies to the connection.  If these values are outside the nar-
     row windows of expected values, the packet is dropped.  This prevents
     spoofing attacks, such as when an attacker sends packets with a fake
     source address/port but does not know the connection's sequence numbers.
     Similarly, pf(4) knows how to match ICMP replies to states.  For example,
     to allow echo requests (such as those created by ping(8)) out statefully
     and match incoming echo replies correctly to states:

           pass out inet proto icmp all icmp-type echoreq

     Also, looking up states is usually faster than evaluating rules.  If
     there are 50 rules, all of them are evaluated sequentially in O(n).  Even
     with 50000 states, only 16 comparisons are needed to match a state, since
     states are stored in a binary search tree that allows searches in O(log2
     n).

     Furthermore, correct handling of ICMP error messages is critical to many
     protocols, particularly TCP.  pf(4) matches ICMP error messages to the
     correct connection, checks them against connection parameters, and passes
     them if appropriate.  For example if an ICMP source quench message refer-
     ring to a stateful TCP connection arrives, it will be matched to the
     state and get passed.

     Finally, state tracking is required for nat-to and rdr-to options, in or-
     der to track address and port translations and reverse the translation on
     returning packets.

     pf(4) will also create state for other protocols which are effectively
     stateless by nature.  UDP packets are matched to states using only host
     addresses and ports, and other protocols are matched to states using only
     the host addresses.

     If stateless filtering of individual packets is desired, the no state
     keyword can be used to specify that state will not be created if this is
     the last matching rule.  A number of parameters can also be set to affect
     how pf(4) handles state tracking, as detailed below.

   State Modulation
     Much of the security derived from TCP is attributable to how well the
     initial sequence numbers (ISNs) are chosen.  Some popular stack implemen-
     tations choose very poor ISNs and thus are normally susceptible to ISN
     prediction exploits.  By applying a modulate state rule to a TCP connec-
     tion, pf(4) will create a high quality random sequence number for each
     connection endpoint.

     The modulate state directive implicitly keeps state on the rule and is
     only applicable to TCP connections.

     For instance:

           block all
           pass out proto tcp from any to any modulate state
           pass in  proto tcp from any to any port 25 flags S/SFRA \
                 modulate state

     Note that modulated connections will not recover when the state table is
     lost (firewall reboot, flushing the state table, etc.).  pf(4) will not
     be able to infer a connection again after the state table flushes the
     connection's modulator.  When the state is lost, the connection may be
     left dangling until the respective endpoints time out the connection.  It
     is possible on a fast local network for the endpoints to start an ACK
     storm while trying to resynchronize after the loss of the modulator.  The
     default flags settings (or a more strict equivalent) should be used on
     modulate state rules to prevent ACK storms.

     Note that alternative methods are available to prevent loss of the state
     table and allow for firewall failover.  See carp(4) and pfsync(4) for
     further information.

   SYN Proxy
     By default, pf(4) passes packets that are part of a TCP handshake between
     the endpoints.  The synproxy state option can be used to cause pf(4) it-
     self to complete the handshake with the active endpoint, perform a hand-
     shake with the passive endpoint, and then forward packets between the
     endpoints.

     No packets are sent to the passive endpoint before the active endpoint
     has completed the handshake, hence so-called SYN floods with spoofed
     source addresses will not reach the passive endpoint, as the sender can't
     complete the handshake.

     The proxy is transparent to both endpoints; they each see a single con-
     nection from/to the other endpoint.  pf(4) chooses random initial se-
     quence numbers for both handshakes.  Once the handshakes are completed,
     the sequence number modulators (see previous section) are used to trans-
     late further packets of the connection.  synproxy state includes modulate
     state.

     Rules with synproxy will not work if pf(4) operates on a bridge(4).

     Example:

           pass in proto tcp from any to any port www synproxy state

   Stateful Tracking Options
     A number of options related to stateful tracking can be applied on a per-
     rule basis.  One of keep state, modulate state, or synproxy state must be
     specified explicitly to apply these options to a rule.

     floating
           States can match packets on any interfaces (the opposite of if-
           bound).  This is the default.
     if-bound
           States are bound to an interface (the opposite of floating).
     max <number>
           Limits the number of concurrent states the rule may create.  When
           this limit is reached, further packets that would create state will
           not match this rule until existing states time out.
     no-sync
           Prevent state changes for states created by this rule from appear-
           ing on the pfsync(4) interface.
     pflow
           States created by this rule are exported on the pflow(4) interface.
     sloppy
           Uses a sloppy TCP connection tracker that does not check sequence
           numbers at all, which makes insertion and ICMP teardown attacks way
           easier.  This is intended to be used in situations where one does
           not see all packets of a connection, e.g. in asymmetric routing
           situations.  It cannot be used with modulate or synproxy state.
     <timeout> <seconds>
           Changes the timeout values used for states created by this rule.
           For a list of all valid timeout names, see OPTIONS above.

     Multiple options can be specified, separated by commas:

           pass in proto tcp from any to any \
                 port www keep state \
                 (max 100, source-track rule, max-src-nodes 75, \
                 max-src-states 3, tcp.established 60, tcp.closing 5)

     When the source-track keyword is specified, the number of states per
     source IP is tracked.

     source-track global
           The number of states created by all rules that use this option is
           limited.  Each rule can specify different max-src-nodes and max-
           src-states options, however state entries created by any partici-
           pating rule count towards each individual rule's limits.
     source-track rule
           The maximum number of states created by this rule is limited by the
           rule's max-src-nodes and max-src-states options.  Only state en-
           tries created by this particular rule count toward the rule's lim-
           its.

     The following limits can be set:

     max-src-nodes <number>
           Limits the maximum number of source addresses which can simultane-
           ously have state table entries.
     max-src-states <number>
           Limits the maximum number of simultaneous state entries that a sin-
           gle source address can create with this rule.

     For stateful TCP connections, limits on established connections (connec-
     tions which have completed the TCP 3-way handshake) can also be enforced
     per source IP.

     max-src-conn <number>
           Limits the maximum number of simultaneous TCP connections which
           have completed the 3-way handshake that a single host can make.
     max-src-conn-rate <number> / <seconds>
           Limit the rate of new connections over a time interval.  The con-
           nection rate is an approximation calculated as a moving average.

     Because the 3-way handshake ensures that the source address is not being
     spoofed, more aggressive action can be taken based on these limits.  With
     the overload <table> state option, source IP addresses which hit either
     of the limits on established connections will be added to the named
     table.  This table can be used in the ruleset to block further activity
     from the offending host, redirect it to a tarpit process, or restrict its
     bandwidth.

     The optional flush keyword kills all states created by the matching rule
     which originate from the host which exceeds these limits.  The global
     modifier to the flush command kills all states originating from the of-
     fending host, regardless of which rule created the state.

     For example, the following rules will protect the webserver against hosts
     making more than 100 connections in 10 seconds.  Any host which connects
     faster than this rate will have its address added to the <bad_hosts>
     table and have all states originating from it flushed.  Any new packets
     arriving from this host will be dropped unconditionally by the block
     rule.

           block quick from <bad_hosts>
           pass in on $ext_if proto tcp to $webserver port www keep state \
                 (max-src-conn-rate 100/10, overload <bad_hosts> flush global)

TRAFFIC NORMALISATION
     Traffic normalisation is a broad umbrella term for aspects of the packet
     filter which deal with verifying packets, packet fragments, spoof traf-
     fic, and other irregularities.

   Scrub
     Scrub involves sanitising packet content in such a way that there are no
     ambiguities in packet interpretation on the receiving side.  It is in-
     voked with the scrub option, added to regular rules.

     Parameters are specified enclosed in parentheses.  At least one of the
     following parameters must be specified:

     max-mss <number>
           Enforces a maximum segment size (MSS) for matching TCP packets.

     min-ttl <number>
           Enforces a minimum TTL for matching IP packets.

     no-df
           Clears the dont-fragment bit from a matching IP packet.  Some oper-
           ating systems have NFS implementations which are known to generate
           fragmented packets with the dont-fragment bit set.  pf(4) will drop
           such fragmented dont-fragment packets unless no-df is specified.

           Unfortunately some operating systems also generate their dont-
           fragment packets with a zero IP identification field.  Clearing the
           dont-fragment bit on packets with a zero IP ID may cause deleteri-
           ous results if an upstream router later fragments the packet.  Us-
           ing random-id is recommended in combination with no-df to ensure
           unique IP identifiers.

     random-id
           Replaces the IP identification field with random values to compen-
           sate for predictable values generated by many hosts.  This option
           only applies to packets that are not fragmented after the optional
           fragment reassembly.

     reassemble tcp
           Statefully normalises TCP connections.  reassemble tcp performs the
           following normalisations:

           TTL
           Neither side of the connection is allowed to reduce their IP TTL.
           An attacker may send a packet such that it reaches the firewall,
           affects the firewall state, and expires before reaching the desti-
           nation host.  reassemble tcp will raise the TTL of all packets back
           up to the highest value seen on the connection.

           Timestamp Modulation
           Modern TCP stacks will send a timestamp on every TCP packet and
           echo the other endpoint's timestamp back to them.  Many operating
           systems will merely start the timestamp at zero when first booted,
           and increment it several times a second.  The uptime of the host
           can be deduced by reading the timestamp and multiplying by a con-
           stant.  Also observing several different timestamps can be used to
           count hosts behind a NAT device.  And spoofing TCP packets into a
           connection requires knowing or guessing valid timestamps.  Times-
           tamps merely need to be monotonically increasing and not derived
           off a guessable base time.  reassemble tcp will cause scrub to mod-
           ulate the TCP timestamps with a random number.

           Extended PAWS Checks
           There is a problem with TCP on long fat pipes, in that a packet
           might get delayed for longer than it takes the connection to wrap
           its 32-bit sequence space.  In such an occurrence, the old packet
           would be indistinguishable from a new packet and would be accepted
           as such.  The solution to this is called PAWS: Protection Against
           Wrapped Sequence numbers.  It protects against it by making sure
           the timestamp on each packet does not go backwards.  reassemble tcp
           also makes sure the timestamp on the packet does not go forward
           more than the RFC allows.  By doing this, pf(4) artificially ex-
           tends the security of TCP sequence numbers by 10 to 18 bits when
           the host uses appropriately randomized timestamps, since a blind
           attacker would have to guess the timestamp as well.

     set-tos <string> | <number>
           Enforces a TOS for matching IP packets.  string may be one of
           lowdelay, throughput, or reliability; number may be either a hex or
           decimal number.

     For example:

           match in all scrub (no-df max-mss 1440)

   Fragment Handling
     The size of IP datagrams (packets) can be significantly larger than the
     maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the network.  In cases when it is nec-
     essary or more efficient to send such large packets, the large packet
     will be fragmented into many smaller packets that will each fit onto the
     wire.  Unfortunately for a firewalling device, only the first logical
     fragment will contain the necessary header information for the subproto-
     col that allows pf(4) to filter on things such as TCP ports or to perform
     NAT.

     One alternative is to filter individual fragments with filter rules.  If
     packet reassembly is turned off, it is passed to the filter.  Filter
     rules with matching IP header parameters decide whether the fragment is
     passed or blocked, in the same way as complete packets are filtered.
     Without reassembly, fragments can only be filtered based on IP header
     fields (source/destination address, protocol), since subprotocol header
     fields are not available (TCP/UDP port numbers, ICMP code/type).  The
     fragment option can be used to restrict filter rules to apply only to
     fragments, but not complete packets.  Filter rules without the fragment
     option still apply to fragments, if they only specify IP header fields.
     For instance:

           pass in proto tcp from any to any port 80

     The rule above never applies to a fragment, even if the fragment is part
     of a TCP packet with destination port 80, because without reassembly this
     information is not available for each fragment.  This also means that
     fragments cannot create new or match existing state table entries, which
     makes stateful filtering and address translation (NAT, redirection) for
     fragments impossible.

     In most cases, the benefits of reassembly outweigh the additional memory
     cost, so reassembly is on by default.

     The memory allocated for fragment caching can be limited using pfctl(8).
     Once this limit is reached, fragments that would have to be cached are
     dropped until other entries time out.  The timeout value can also be ad-
     justed.

     Currently, only IPv4 fragments are supported and IPv6 fragments are
     blocked unconditionally.

   Blocking Spoofed Traffic
     Spoofing is the faking of IP addresses, typically for malicious purposes.
     The antispoof directive expands to a set of filter rules which will block
     all traffic with a source IP from the network(s) directly connected to
     the specified interface(s) from entering the system through any other in-
     terface.

     For example:
           antispoof for lo0

     Expands to:
           block drop in on ! lo0 inet from 127.0.0.1/8 to any
           block drop in on ! lo0 inet6 from ::1 to any

     For non-loopback interfaces, there are additional rules to block incoming
     packets with a source IP address identical to the interface's IP(s).  For
     example, assuming the interface wi0 had an IP address of 10.0.0.1 and a
     netmask of 255.255.255.0:

           antispoof for wi0 inet

     Expands to:
           block drop in on ! wi0 inet from 10.0.0.0/24 to any
           block drop in inet from 10.0.0.1 to any

     Caveat: Rules created by the antispoof directive interfere with packets
     sent over loopback interfaces to local addresses.  One should pass these
     explicitly.

OPERATING SYSTEM FINGERPRINTING
     Passive OS fingerprinting is a mechanism to inspect nuances of a TCP con-
     nection's initial SYN packet and guess at the host's operating system.
     Unfortunately these nuances are easily spoofed by an attacker so the fin-
     gerprint is not useful in making security decisions.  But the fingerprint
     is typically accurate enough to make policy decisions upon.

     The fingerprints may be specified by operating system class, by version,
     or by subtype/patchlevel.  The class of an operating system is typically
     the vendor or genre and would be OpenBSD for the pf(4) firewall itself.
     The version of the oldest available OpenBSD release on the main FTP site
     would be 2.6 and the fingerprint would be written as:

           "OpenBSD 2.6"

     The subtype of an operating system is typically used to describe the
     patchlevel if that patch led to changes in the TCP stack behavior.  In
     the case of OpenBSD, the only subtype is for a fingerprint that was nor-
     malised by the no-df scrub option and would be specified as:

           "OpenBSD 3.3 no-df"

     Fingerprints for most popular operating systems are provided by pf.os(5).
     Once pf(4) is running, a complete list of known operating system finger-
     prints may be listed by running:

           # pfctl -so

     Filter rules can enforce policy at any level of operating system specifi-
     cation assuming a fingerprint is present.  Policy could limit traffic to
     approved operating systems or even ban traffic from hosts that aren't at
     the latest service pack.

     The unknown class can also be used as the fingerprint which will match
     packets for which no operating system fingerprint is known.

     Examples:

           pass  out proto tcp from any os OpenBSD
           block out proto tcp from any os Doors
           block out proto tcp from any os "Doors PT"
           block out proto tcp from any os "Doors PT SP3"
           block out from any os "unknown"
           pass on lo0 proto tcp from any os "OpenBSD 3.3 lo0"

     Operating system fingerprinting is limited only to the TCP SYN packet.
     This means that it will not work on other protocols and will not match a
     currently established connection.

     Caveat: operating system fingerprints are occasionally wrong.  There are
     three problems: an attacker can trivially craft his packets to appear as
     any operating system he chooses; an operating system patch could change
     the stack behavior and no fingerprints will match it until the database
     is updated; and multiple operating systems may have the same fingerprint.

EXAMPLES
     In this example, the external interface is kue0.  We use a macro for the
     interface name, so it can be changed easily.  All incoming traffic is
     "normalised", and everything is blocked and logged by default.

         ext_if = "kue0"
         match in all scrub (no-df max-mss 1440)
         block return log on $ext_if all

     Here we specifically block packets we don't want: anything coming from
     source we have no back routes for; packets whose ingress interface does
     not match the one in the route back to their source address; anything
     that does not have our address (157.161.48.183) as source; broadcasts
     (cable modem noise); and anything from reserved address space or invalid
     addresses.

         block in from no-route to any
         block in from urpf-failed to any
         block out log quick on $ext_if from ! 157.161.48.183 to any
         block in quick on $ext_if from any to 255.255.255.255
         block in log quick on $ext_if from { 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, \
             192.168.0.0/16, 255.255.255.255/32 } to any

     For ICMP, pass out/in ping queries.  State matching is done on host ad-
     dresses and ICMP ID (not type/code), so replies (like 0/0 for 8/0) will
     match queries.  ICMP error messages (which always refer to a TCP/UDP
     packet) are handled by the TCP/UDP states.

         pass on $ext_if inet proto icmp all icmp-type 8 code 0

     For UDP, pass out all UDP connections.  DNS connections are passed in.

         pass out on $ext_if proto udp all
         pass in on $ext_if proto udp from any to any port domain

     For TCP, pass out all TCP connections and modulate state.  SSH, SMTP,
     DNS, and IDENT connections are passed in.  We do not allow Windows 9x
     SMTP connections since they are typically a viral worm.

         pass out on $ext_if proto tcp all modulate state
         pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any \
             port { ssh, smtp, domain, auth }
         block in on $ext_if proto tcp from any \
             os { "Windows 95", "Windows 98" } to any port smtp

     Here we pass in/out all IPv6 traffic: note that we have to enable this in
     two different ways, on both our physical interface and our tunnel.

         pass quick on gif0 inet6
         pass quick on $ext_if proto ipv6

     This example illustrates packet tagging.  There are three interfaces:
     $int_if, $ext_if, and $wifi_if (wireless).  NAT is being done on $ext_if
     for all outgoing packets.  Packets in on $int_if are tagged and passed
     out on $ext_if.  All other outgoing packets (i.e. packets from the wire-
     less network) are only permitted to access port 80.

         pass in on $int_if from any to any tag INTNET
         pass in on $wifi_if from any to any

         block out on $ext_if from any to any
         pass out quick on $ext_if tagged INTNET
         pass out on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port 80

     In this example, we tag incoming packets as they are redirected to
     spamd(8).  The tag is used to pass those packets through the packet fil-
     ter.

         match in on $ext_if inet proto tcp from <spammers> to port smtp \
              tag SPAMD rdr-to 127.0.0.1 port spamd

         block in on $ext_if
         pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp tagged SPAMD

     This example maps incoming requests on port 80 to port 8080, on which a
     daemon is running (because, for example, it is not run as root, and
     therefore lacks permission to bind to port 80).

         match in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port 80 \
               rdr-to 127.0.0.1 port 8080

     If a pass rule is used with the quick modifier, packets matching the
     translation rule are passed without inspecting subsequent filter rules.

         pass in quick on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port 80 \
               rdr-to 127.0.0.1 port 8080

     In the example below, vlan12 is configured as 192.168.168.1; the machine
     translates all packets coming from 192.168.168.0/24 to 204.92.77.111 when
     they are going out any interface except vlan12.  This has the net effect
     of making traffic from the 192.168.168.0/24 network appear as though it
     is the Internet routable address 204.92.77.111 to nodes behind any inter-
     face on the router except for the nodes on vlan12.  Thus, 192.168.168.1
     can talk to the 192.168.168.0/24 nodes.

         match out on ! vlan12 from 192.168.168.0/24 to any nat-to 204.92.77.111

     In the example below, the machine sits between a fake internal
     144.19.74.* network, and a routable external IP of 204.92.77.100.  The
     last rule excludes protocol AH from being translated.

         pass out on $ext_if from 144.19.74.0/24 nat-to 204.92.77.100
         pass out on $ext_if proto ah from 144.19.74.0/24

     In the example below, packets bound for one specific server, as well as
     those generated by the sysadmins are not proxied; all other connections
     are.

         match in on $int_if proto { tcp, udp } from any to any port 80 \
               rdr-to 127.0.0.1 port 80
         pass in on $int_if proto { tcp, udp } from any to $server port 80
         pass in on $int_if proto { tcp, udp } from $sysadmins to any port 80

     This example maps outgoing packets' source port to an assigned proxy port
     instead of an arbitrary port.  In this case, proxy outgoing isakmp with
     port 500 on the gateway.

         match out on $ext_if inet proto udp from any port isakmp to any \
             nat-to ($ext_if) port 500

     One more example uses rdr-to to redirect a TCP and UDP port to an inter-
     nal machine.

         match in on $ext_if inet proto tcp from any to ($ext_if) port 8080 \
               rdr-to 10.1.2.151 port 22
         match in on $ext_if inet proto udp from any to ($ext_if) port 8080 \
               rdr-to 10.1.2.151 port 53

     In this example, a NAT gateway is set up to translate internal addresses
     using a pool of public addresses (192.0.2.16/28).  A given source address
     is always translated to the same pool address by using the source-hash
     keyword.  The gateway also translates incoming web server connections to
     a group of web servers on the internal network.

         match out on $ext_if inet from any to any nat-to 192.0.2.16/28 \
             source-hash
         match in  on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port 80 \
             rdr-to { 10.1.2.155, 10.1.2.160, 10.1.2.161 } round-robin

     The bidirectional address translation example uses a single binat-to rule
     that expands to a nat-to and an rdr-to rule.

         pass on $ext_if from 10.1.2.120 to any binat-to 192.0.2.17

     The previous example is identical to the following set of rules:

         pass out on $ext_if inet from 10.1.2.120 to any \
               nat-to 192.0.2.17 static-port
         pass in on $ext_if inet from any to 192.0.2.17 rdr-to 10.1.2.120

GRAMMAR
     Syntax for pf.conf in BNF:

     line           = ( option | pf-rule |
                      antispoof-rule | altq-rule | queue-rule | anchor-rule |
                      anchor-close | load-anchor | table-rule | include )

     option         = "set" ( [ "timeout" ( timeout | "{" timeout-list "}" ) ] |
                      [ "ruleset-optimization" [ "none" | "basic" |
                      "profile" ] ] |
                      [ "optimization" [ "default" | "normal" | "high-latency" |
                      "satellite" | "aggressive" | "conservative" ] ]
                      [ "limit" ( limit-item | "{" limit-list "}" ) ] |
                      [ "loginterface" ( interface-name | "none" ) ] |
                      [ "block-policy" ( "drop" | "return" ) ] |
                      [ "state-policy" ( "if-bound" | "floating" ) ]
                      [ "state-defaults" state-opts ]
                      [ "require-order" ( "yes" | "no" ) ]
                      [ "fingerprints" filename ] |
                      [ "skip on" ifspec ] |
                      [ "debug" ( "none" | "urgent" | "misc" | "loud" ) ] |
                      [ "reassemble" ( "yes" | "no" ) [ "no-df" ] ] )

     pf-rule        = action [ ( "in" | "out" ) ]
                      [ "log" [ "(" logopts ")"] ] [ "quick" ]
                      [ "on" ifspec ] [ af ] [ protospec ] hosts [ filteropts ]

     logopts        = logopt [ [ "," ] logopts ]
     logopt         = "all" | "user" | "to" interface-name

     filteropts     = filteropt [ [ "," ] filteropts ]
     filteropt      = user | group | flags | icmp-type | icmp6-type |
                      "tos" tos |
                      ( "no" | "keep" | "modulate" | "synproxy" ) "state"
                      [ "(" state-opts ")" ] | "scrub" "(" scrubopts ")" |
                      "fragment" | "allow-opts" |
                      "label" string | "tag" string | [ ! ] "tagged" string |
                      "queue" ( string | "(" string [ [ "," ] string ] ")" ) |
                      "rtable" number | "probability" number"%" |
                      "binat-to" ( redirhost | "{" redirhost-list "}" )
                      [ portspec ] [ pooltype ] |
                      "rdr-to" ( redirhost | "{" redirhost-list "}" )
                      [ portspec ] [ pooltype ] |
                      "nat-to" ( redirhost | "{" redirhost-list "}" )
                      [ portspec ] [ pooltype ] [ "static-port" ] |
                      [ "fastroute" | route ] |
                      [ "received-on" ( interface-name | interface-group ) ]

     scrubopts      = scrubopt [ [ "," ] scrubopts ]
     scrubopt       = "no-df" | "min-ttl" number | "max-mss" number |
                      "set-tos" tos | "reassemble tcp" | "random-id"

     antispoof-rule = "antispoof" [ "log" ] [ "quick" ]
                      "for" ifspec [ af ] [ "label" string ]

     table-rule     = "table" "<" string ">" [ tableopts ]
     tableopts      = tableopt [ tableopts ]
     tableopt       = "persist" | "const" | "counters" | "file" string |
                      "{" [ tableaddrs ] "}"
     tableaddrs     = tableaddr-spec [ [ "," ] tableaddrs ]
     tableaddr-spec = [ "!" ] tableaddr [ "/" mask-bits ]
     tableaddr      = hostname | ifspec | "self" |
                      ipv4-dotted-quad | ipv6-coloned-hex

     altq-rule      = "altq on" interface-name queueopts-list
                      "queue" subqueue
     queue-rule     = "queue" string [ "on" interface-name ] queueopts-list
                      subqueue

     anchor-rule    = "anchor" [ string ] [ ( "in" | "out" ) ] [ "on" ifspec ]
                      [ af ] [ protospec ] [ hosts ] [ filteropt-list ] [ "{" ]

     anchor-close   = "}"

     load-anchor    = "load anchor" string "from" filename

     queueopts-list = queueopts-list queueopts | queueopts
     queueopts      = [ "bandwidth" bandwidth-spec ] |
                      [ "qlimit" number ] | [ "tbrsize" number ] |
                      [ "priority" number ] | [ schedulers ]
     schedulers     = ( cbq-def | priq-def | hfsc-def )
     bandwidth-spec = "number" ( "b" | "Kb" | "Mb" | "Gb" | "%" )

     action         = "pass" | "match" | "block" [ return ]
     return         = "drop" | "return" |
                      "return-rst" [ "(" "ttl" number ")" ] |
                      "return-icmp" [ "(" icmpcode [ [ "," ] icmp6code ] ")" ] |
                      "return-icmp6" [ "(" icmp6code ")" ]
     icmpcode       = ( icmp-code-name | icmp-code-number )
     icmp6code      = ( icmp6-code-name | icmp6-code-number )

     ifspec         = ( [ "!" ] ( interface-name | interface-group ) ) |
                      "{" interface-list "}"
     interface-list = [ "!" ] ( interface-name | interface-group )
                      [ [ "," ] interface-list ]
     route          = ( "route-to" | "reply-to" | "dup-to" )
                      ( routehost | "{" routehost-list "}" )
                      [ pooltype ]
     af             = "inet" | "inet6"

     protospec      = "proto" ( proto-name | proto-number |
                      "{" proto-list "}" )
     proto-list     = ( proto-name | proto-number ) [ [ "," ] proto-list ]

     hosts          = "all" |
                      "from" ( "any" | "no-route" | "urpf-failed" | "self" |
                      host | "{" host-list "}" | "route" string ) [ port ]
                      [ os ]
                      "to"   ( "any" | "no-route" | "self" | host |
                      "{" host-list "}" | "route" string ) [ port ]

     ipspec         = "any" | host | "{" host-list "}"
     host           = [ "!" ] ( address [ "/" mask-bits ] | "<" string ">" )
     redirhost      = address [ "/" mask-bits ]
     routehost      = host | host "@" interface-name |
                      "(" interface-name [ address [ "/" mask-bits ] ] ")"
     address        = ( interface-name | interface-group |
                      "(" ( interface-name | interface-group ) ")" |
                      hostname | ipv4-dotted-quad | ipv6-coloned-hex )
     host-list      = host [ [ "," ] host-list ]
     redirhost-list = redirhost [ [ "," ] redirhost-list ]
     routehost-list = routehost [ [ "," ] routehost-list ]

     port           = "port" ( unary-op | binary-op | "{" op-list "}" )
     portspec       = "port" ( number | name ) [ ":" ( "*" | number | name ) ]
     os             = "os"  ( os-name | "{" os-list "}" )
     user           = "user" ( unary-op | binary-op | "{" op-list "}" )
     group          = "group" ( unary-op | binary-op | "{" op-list "}" )

     unary-op       = [ "=" | "!=" | "<" | "<=" | ">" | ">=" ]
                      ( name | number )
     binary-op      = number ( "<>" | "><" | ":" ) number
     op-list        = ( unary-op | binary-op ) [ [ "," ] op-list ]

     os-name        = operating-system-name
     os-list        = os-name [ [ "," ] os-list ]

     flags          = "flags" ( [ flag-set ] "/"  flag-set | "any" )
     flag-set       = [ "F" ] [ "S" ] [ "R" ] [ "P" ] [ "A" ] [ "U" ] [ "E" ]
                      [ "W" ]

     icmp-type      = "icmp-type" ( icmp-type-code | "{" icmp-list "}" )
     icmp6-type     = "icmp6-type" ( icmp-type-code | "{" icmp-list "}" )
     icmp-type-code = ( icmp-type-name | icmp-type-number )
                      [ "code" ( icmp-code-name | icmp-code-number ) ]
     icmp-list      = icmp-type-code [ [ "," ] icmp-list ]

     tos            = ( "lowdelay" | "throughput" | "reliability" |
                      [ "0x" ] number )

     state-opts     = state-opt [ [ "," ] state-opts ]
     state-opt      = ( "max" number | "no-sync" | timeout | "sloppy" |
                      "pflow" | "source-track" [ ( "rule" | "global" ) ] |
                      "max-src-nodes" number | "max-src-states" number |
                      "max-src-conn" number |
                      "max-src-conn-rate" number "/" number |
                      "overload" "<" string ">" [ "flush" ] |
                      "if-bound" | "floating" )

     timeout-list   = timeout [ [ "," ] timeout-list ]
     timeout        = ( "tcp.first" | "tcp.opening" | "tcp.established" |
                      "tcp.closing" | "tcp.finwait" | "tcp.closed" |
                      "udp.first" | "udp.single" | "udp.multiple" |
                      "icmp.first" | "icmp.error" |
                      "other.first" | "other.single" | "other.multiple" |
                      "frag" | "interval" | "src.track" |
                      "adaptive.start" | "adaptive.end" ) number

     limit-list     = limit-item [ [ "," ] limit-list ]
     limit-item     = ( "states" | "frags" | "src-nodes" ) number

     pooltype       = ( "bitmask" | "random" |
                      "source-hash" [ ( hex-key | string-key ) ] |
                      "round-robin" ) [ sticky-address ]

     subqueue       = string | "{" queue-list "}"
     queue-list     = string [ [ "," ] string ]
     cbq-def        = "cbq" [ "(" cbq-opt [ [ "," ] cbq-opt ] ")" ]
     priq-def       = "priq" [ "(" priq-opt [ [ "," ] priq-opt ] ")" ]
     hfsc-def       = "hfsc" [ "(" hfsc-opt [ [ "," ] hfsc-opt ] ")" ]
     cbq-opt        = ( "default" | "borrow" | "red" | "ecn" | "rio" )
     priq-opt       = ( "default" | "red" | "ecn" | "rio" )
     hfsc-opt       = ( "default" | "red" | "ecn" | "rio" |
                      linkshare-sc | realtime-sc | upperlimit-sc )
     linkshare-sc   = "linkshare" sc-spec
     realtime-sc    = "realtime" sc-spec
     upperlimit-sc  = "upperlimit" sc-spec
     sc-spec        = ( bandwidth-spec |
                      "(" bandwidth-spec number bandwidth-spec ")" )
     include        = "include" filename

FILES
     /etc/hosts         Host name database.
     /etc/pf.conf       Default location of the ruleset file.
     /etc/pf.os         Default location of OS fingerprints.
     /etc/protocols     Protocol name database.
     /etc/services      Service name database.

SEE ALSO
     pf(4), pflow(4), pfsync(4), pf.os(5), pfctl(8), pflogd(8)

HISTORY
     The pf.conf file format first appeared in OpenBSD 3.0.

OpenBSD 4.7                    February 19, 2010                            31
