


PERLDIAG(1)      Perl Programmers Reference Guide     PERLDIAG(1)


NAME
       perldiag - various Perl diagnostics

DESCRIPTION
       These messages are classified as follows (listed in
       increasing order of desperation):

           (W) A warning (optional).
           (D) A deprecation (optional).
           (S) A severe warning (enabled by default).
           (F) A fatal error (trappable).
           (P) An internal error you should never see (trappable).
           (X) A very fatal error (nontrappable).
           (A) An alien error message (not generated by Perl).

       The majority of messages from the first three
       classifications above (W, D & S) can be controlled using
       the "warnings" pragma.

       If a message can be controlled by the "warnings" pragma,
       its warning category is included with the classification
       letter in the description below.

       Optional warnings are enabled by using the "warnings"
       pragma or the -w and -W switches. Warnings may be captured
       by setting $SIG{__WARN__} to a reference to a routine that
       will be called on each warning instead of printing it.
       See perlvar.

       Severe warnings are always enabled, unless they are
       explicitly disabled with the "warnings" pragma or the -X
       switch.

       Trappable errors may be trapped using the eval operator.
       See "eval" in perlfunc.  In almost all cases, warnings may
       be selectively disabled or promoted to fatal errors using
       the "warnings" pragma.  See warnings.

       The messages are in alphabetical order, without regard to
       upper or lower-case.  Some of these messages are generic.
       Spots that vary are denoted with a %s or other printf-
       style escape.  These escapes are ignored by the
       alphabetical order, as are all characters other than
       letters.  To look up your message, just ignore anything
       that is not a letter.

       accept() on closed socket %s
           (W closed) You tried to do an accept on a closed
           socket.  Did you forget to check the return value of
           your socket() call?  See "accept" in perlfunc.

       Allocation too large: %lx
           (X) You can't allocate more than 64K on an MS-DOS
           machine.



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       '%c' allowed only after types %s
           (F) The modifiers '!', '<' and '>' are allowed in
           pack() or unpack() only after certain types.  See
           "pack" in perlfunc.

       Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or
       use &
           (W ambiguous) A subroutine you have declared has the
           same name as a Perl keyword, and you have used the
           name without qualification for calling one or the
           other.  Perl decided to call the builtin because the
           subroutine is not imported.

           To force interpretation as a subroutine call, either
           put an ampersand before the subroutine name, or
           qualify the name with its package.  Alternatively, you
           can import the subroutine (or pretend that it's
           imported with the "use subs" pragma).

           To silently interpret it as the Perl operator, use the
           "CORE::" prefix on the operator (e.g. "CORE::log($x)")
           or declare the subroutine to be an object method (see
           "Subroutine Attributes" in perlsub or attributes).

       Ambiguous range in transliteration operator
           (F) You wrote something like "tr/a-z-0//" which
           doesn't mean anything at all.  To include a "-"
           character in a transliteration, put it either first or
           last.  (In the past, "tr/a-z-0//" was synonymous with
           "tr/a-y//", which was probably not what you would have
           expected.)

       Ambiguous use of %s resolved as %s
           (W ambiguous)(S) You said something that may not be
           interpreted the way you thought.  Normally it's pretty
           easy to disambiguate it by supplying a missing quote,
           operator, parenthesis pair or declaration.

       '|' and '<' may not both be specified on command line
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl does its own
           command line redirection, and found that STDIN was a
           pipe, and that you also tried to redirect STDIN using
           '<'.  Only one STDIN stream to a customer, please.

       '|' and '>' may not both be specified on command line
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl does its own
           command line redirection, and thinks you tried to
           redirect stdout both to a file and into a pipe to
           another command.  You need to choose one or the other,
           though nothing's stopping you from piping into a
           program or Perl script which 'splits' output into two
           streams, such as





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               open(OUT,">$ARGV[0]") or die "Can't write to $ARGV[0]: $!";
               while (<STDIN>) {
                   print;
                   print OUT;
               }
               close OUT;

       Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s)
           (W misc) The pattern match ("//"), substitution
           ("s///"), and transliteration ("tr///") operators work
           on scalar values.  If you apply one of them to an
           array or a hash, it will convert the array or hash to
           a scalar value -- the length of an array, or the
           population info of a hash -- and then work on that
           scalar value.  This is probably not what you meant to
           do.  See "grep" in perlfunc and "map" in perlfunc for
           alternatives.

       Args must match #! line
           (F) The setuid emulator requires that the arguments
           Perl was invoked with match the arguments specified on
           the #! line.  Since some systems impose a one-argument
           limit on the #! line, try combining switches; for
           example, turn "-w -U" into "-wU".

       Arg too short for msgsnd
           (F) msgsnd() requires a string at least as long as
           sizeof(long).

       %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or a subroutine
           (F) The argument to exists() must be a hash or array
           element or a subroutine with an ampersand, such as:

               $foo{$bar}
               $ref->{"susie"}[12]
               &do_something

       %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice
           (F) The argument to delete() must be either a hash or
           array element, such as:

               $foo{$bar}
               $ref->{"susie"}[12]

           or a hash or array slice, such as:

               @foo[$bar, $baz, $xyzzy]
               @{$ref->[12]}{"susie", "queue"}

       %s argument is not a subroutine name
           (F) The argument to exists() for "exists &sub" must be
           a subroutine name, and not a subroutine call.  "exists
           &sub()" will generate this error.




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       Argument "%s" isn't numeric%s
           (W numeric) The indicated string was fed as an
           argument to an operator that expected a numeric value
           instead.  If you're fortunate the message will
           identify which operator was so unfortunate.

       Argument list not closed for PerlIO layer "%s"
           (W layer) When pushing a layer with arguments onto the
           Perl I/O system you forgot the ) that closes the
           argument list.  (Layers take care of transforming data
           between external and internal representations.)  Perl
           stopped parsing the layer list at this point and did
           not attempt to push this layer.  If your program
           didn't explicitly request the failing operation, it
           may be the result of the value of the environment
           variable PERLIO.

       Array @%s missing the @ in argument %d of %s()
           (D deprecated) Really old Perl let you omit the @ on
           array names in some spots.  This is now heavily
           deprecated.

       assertion botched: %s
           (P) The malloc package that comes with Perl had an
           internal failure.

       Assertion failed: file "%s"
           (P) A general assertion failed.  The file in question
           must be examined.

       Assignment to both a list and a scalar
           (F) If you assign to a conditional operator, the 2nd
           and 3rd arguments must either both be scalars or both
           be lists.  Otherwise Perl won't know which context to
           supply to the right side.

       A thread exited while %d threads were running
           (W threads)(S) When using threaded Perl, a thread (not
           necessarily the main thread) exited while there were
           still other threads running.  Usually it's a good idea
           to first collect the return values of the created
           threads by joining them, and only then exit from the
           main thread.  See threads.

       Attempt to access disallowed key '%s' in a restricted hash
           (F) The failing code has attempted to get or set a key
           which is not in the current set of allowed keys of a
           restricted hash.

       Attempt to bless into a reference
           (F) The CLASSNAME argument to the bless() operator is
           expected to be the name of the package to bless the
           resulting object into. You've supplied instead a
           reference to something: perhaps you wrote



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               bless $self, $proto;

           when you intended

               bless $self, ref($proto) || $proto;

           If you actually want to bless into the stringified
           version of the reference supplied, you need to
           stringify it yourself, for example by:

               bless $self, "$proto";

       Attempt to delete disallowed key '%s' from a restricted
       hash
           (F) The failing code attempted to delete from a
           restricted hash a key which is not in its key set.

       Attempt to delete readonly key '%s' from a restricted hash
           (F) The failing code attempted to delete a key whose
           value has been declared readonly from a restricted
           hash.

       Attempt to free non-arena SV: 0x%lx
           (P internal) All SV objects are supposed to be
           allocated from arenas that will be garbage collected
           on exit.  An SV was discovered to be outside any of
           those arenas.

       Attempt to free nonexistent shared string
           (P internal) Perl maintains a reference counted
           internal table of strings to optimize the storage and
           access of hash keys and other strings.  This indicates
           someone tried to decrement the reference count of a
           string that can no longer be found in the table.

       Attempt to free temp prematurely
           (W debugging) Mortalized values are supposed to be
           freed by the free_tmps() routine.  This indicates that
           something else is freeing the SV before the
           free_tmps() routine gets a chance, which means that
           the free_tmps() routine will be freeing an
           unreferenced scalar when it does try to free it.

       Attempt to free unreferenced glob pointers
           (P internal) The reference counts got screwed up on
           symbol aliases.

       Attempt to free unreferenced scalar
           (W internal) Perl went to decrement the reference
           count of a scalar to see if it would go to 0, and
           discovered that it had already gone to 0 earlier, and
           should have been freed, and in fact, probably was
           freed.  This could indicate that SvREFCNT_dec() was
           called too many times, or that SvREFCNT_inc() was



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           called too few times, or that the SV was mortalized
           when it shouldn't have been, or that memory has been
           corrupted.

       Attempt to join self
           (F) You tried to join a thread from within itself,
           which is an impossible task.  You may be joining the
           wrong thread, or you may need to move the join() to
           some other thread.

       Attempt to pack pointer to temporary value
           (W pack) You tried to pass a temporary value (like the
           result of a function, or a computed expression) to the
           "p" pack() template.  This means the result contains a
           pointer to a location that could become invalid
           anytime, even before the end of the current statement.
           Use literals or global values as arguments to the "p"
           pack() template to avoid this warning.

       Attempt to reload %s aborted.
           (F) You tried to load a file with "use" or "require"
           that failed to compile once already.  Perl will not
           try to compile this file again unless you delete its
           entry from %INC.  See "require" in perlfunc and "%INC"
           in perlvar.

       Attempt to set length of freed array
           (W) You tried to set the length of an array which has
           been freed.  You can do this by storing a reference to
           the scalar representing the last index of an array and
           later assigning through that reference. For example

               $r = do {my @a; \$#a};
               $$r = 503

       Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr
           (W substr) You supplied a reference as the first
           argument to substr() used as an lvalue, which is
           pretty strange.  Perhaps you forgot to dereference it
           first.  See "substr" in perlfunc.

       Bad arg length for %s, is %d, should be %s
           (F) You passed a buffer of the wrong size to one of
           msgctl(), semctl() or shmctl().  In C parlance, the
           correct sizes are, respectively,
           sizeof(struct msqid_ds *), sizeof(struct semid_ds *),
           and sizeof(struct shmid_ds *).

       Bad evalled substitution pattern
           (F) You've used the "/e" switch to evaluate the
           replacement for a substitution, but perl found a
           syntax error in the code to evaluate, most likely an
           unexpected right brace '}'.




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       Bad filehandle: %s
           (F) A symbol was passed to something wanting a
           filehandle, but the symbol has no filehandle
           associated with it.  Perhaps you didn't do an open(),
           or did it in another package.

       Bad free() ignored
           (S malloc) An internal routine called free() on
           something that had never been malloc()ed in the first
           place. Mandatory, but can be disabled by setting
           environment variable "PERL_BADFREE" to 0.

           This message can be seen quite often with DB_File on
           systems with "hard" dynamic linking, like "AIX" and
           "OS/2". It is a bug of "Berkeley DB" which is left
           unnoticed if "DB" uses forgiving system malloc().

       Bad hash
           (P) One of the internal hash routines was passed a
           null HV pointer.

       Badly placed ()'s
           (A) You've accidentally run your script through csh
           instead of Perl.  Check the #! line, or manually feed
           your script into Perl yourself.

       Bad name after %s::
           (F) You started to name a symbol by using a package
           prefix, and then didn't finish the symbol.  In
           particular, you can't interpolate outside of quotes,
           so

               $var = 'myvar';
               $sym = mypack::$var;

           is not the same as

               $var = 'myvar';
               $sym = "mypack::$var";

       Bad realloc() ignored
           (S malloc) An internal routine called realloc() on
           something that had never been malloc()ed in the first
           place. Mandatory, but can be disabled by setting
           environment variable "PERL_BADFREE" to 1.

       Bad symbol for array
           (P) An internal request asked to add an array entry to
           something that wasn't a symbol table entry.

       Bad symbol for dirhandle
           (P) An internal request asked to add a dirhandle entry
           to something that wasn't a symbol table entry.




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       Bad symbol for filehandle
           (P) An internal request asked to add a filehandle
           entry to something that wasn't a symbol table entry.

       Bad symbol for hash
           (P) An internal request asked to add a hash entry to
           something that wasn't a symbol table entry.

       Bareword found in conditional
           (W bareword) The compiler found a bareword where it
           expected a conditional, which often indicates that an
           || or && was parsed as part of the last argument of
           the previous construct, for example:

               open FOO || die;

           It may also indicate a misspelled constant that has
           been interpreted as a bareword:

               use constant TYPO => 1;
               if (TYOP) { print "foo" }

           The "strict" pragma is useful in avoiding such errors.

       Bareword "%s" not allowed while "strict subs" in use
           (F) With "strict subs" in use, a bareword is only
           allowed as a subroutine identifier, in curly brackets
           or to the left of the "=>" symbol.  Perhaps you need
           to predeclare a subroutine?

       Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package
           (W bareword) You used a qualified bareword of the form
           "Foo::", but the compiler saw no other uses of that
           namespace before that point.  Perhaps you need to
           predeclare a package?

       BEGIN failed--compilation aborted
           (F) An untrapped exception was raised while executing
           a BEGIN subroutine.  Compilation stops immediately and
           the interpreter is exited.

       BEGIN not safe after errors--compilation aborted
           (F) Perl found a "BEGIN {}" subroutine (or a "use"
           directive, which implies a "BEGIN {}") after one or
           more compilation errors had already occurred.  Since
           the intended environment for the "BEGIN {}" could not
           be guaranteed (due to the errors), and since
           subsequent code likely depends on its correct
           operation, Perl just gave up.

       \1 better written as $1
           (W syntax) Outside of patterns, backreferences live on
           as variables.  The use of backslashes is grandfathered
           on the right-hand side of a substitution, but



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           stylistically it's better to use the variable form
           because other Perl programmers will expect it, and it
           works better if there are more than 9 backreferences.

       Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-
       portable
           (W portable) The binary number you specified is larger
           than 2**32-1 (4294967295) and therefore non-portable
           between systems.  See perlport for more on portability
           concerns.

       bind() on closed socket %s
           (W closed) You tried to do a bind on a closed socket.
           Did you forget to check the return value of your
           socket() call?  See "bind" in perlfunc.

       binmode() on closed filehandle %s
           (W unopened) You tried binmode() on a filehandle that
           was never opened.  Check you control flow and number
           of arguments.

       Bit vector size > 32 non-portable
           (W portable) Using bit vector sizes larger than 32 is
           non-portable.

       Bizarre copy of %s in %s
           (P) Perl detected an attempt to copy an internal value
           that is not copyable.

       Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s
           (W internal) A warning peculiar to VMS.  While Perl
           was preparing to iterate over %ENV, it encountered a
           logical name or symbol definition which was too long,
           so it was truncated to the string shown.

       Callback called exit
           (F) A subroutine invoked from an external package via
           call_sv() exited by calling exit.

       %s() called too early to check prototype
           (W prototype) You've called a function that has a
           prototype before the parser saw a definition or
           declaration for it, and Perl could not check that the
           call conforms to the prototype.  You need to either
           add an early prototype declaration for the subroutine
           in question, or move the subroutine definition ahead
           of the call to get proper prototype checking.
           Alternatively, if you are certain that you're calling
           the function correctly, you may put an ampersand
           before the name to avoid the warning.  See perlsub.

       Cannot compress integer in pack
           (F) An argument to pack("w",...) was too large to
           compress.  The BER compressed integer format can only



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           be used with positive integers, and you attempted to
           compress Infinity or a very large number (> 1e308).
           See "pack" in perlfunc.

       Cannot compress negative numbers in pack
           (F) An argument to pack("w",...) was negative.  The
           BER compressed integer format can only be used with
           positive integers.  See "pack" in perlfunc.

       Cannot convert a reference to %s to typeglob
           (F) You manipulated Perl's symbol table directly,
           stored a reference in it, then tried to access that
           symbol via conventional Perl syntax. The access
           triggers Perl to autovivify that typeglob, but it
           there is no legal conversion from that type of
           reference to a typeglob.

       Cannot copy to %s in %s
           (P) Perl detected an attempt to copy a value to an
           internal type that cannot be directly assigned not.

       Can only compress unsigned integers in pack
           (F) An argument to pack("w",...) was not an integer.
           The BER compressed integer format can only be used
           with positive integers, and you attempted to compress
           something else.  See "pack" in perlfunc.

       Can't bless non-reference value
           (F) Only hard references may be blessed.  This is how
           Perl "enforces" encapsulation of objects.  See
           perlobj.

       Can't "break" in a loop topicalizer
           (F) You called "break", but you're in a "foreach"
           block rather than a "given" block. You probably meant
           to use "next" or "last".

       Can't "break" outside a given block
           (F) You called "break", but you're not inside a
           "given" block.

       Can't call method "%s" in empty package "%s"
           (F) You called a method correctly, and it correctly
           indicated a package functioning as a class, but that
           package doesn't have ANYTHING defined in it, let alone
           methods.  See perlobj.

       Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value
           (F) You used the syntax of a method call, but the slot
           filled by the object reference or package name
           contains an undefined value.  Something like this will
           reproduce the error:





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               $BADREF = undef;
               process $BADREF 1,2,3;
               $BADREF->process(1,2,3);

       Can't call method "%s" on unblessed reference
           (F) A method call must know in what package it's
           supposed to run.  It ordinarily finds this out from
           the object reference you supply, but you didn't supply
           an object reference in this case.  A reference isn't
           an object reference until it has been blessed.  See
           perlobj.

       Can't call method "%s" without a package or object
       reference
           (F) You used the syntax of a method call, but the slot
           filled by the object reference or package name
           contains an expression that returns a defined value
           which is neither an object reference nor a package
           name.  Something like this will reproduce the error:

               $BADREF = 42;
               process $BADREF 1,2,3;
               $BADREF->process(1,2,3);

       Can't chdir to %s
           (F) You called "perl -x/foo/bar", but "/foo/bar" is
           not a directory that you can chdir to, possibly
           because it doesn't exist.

       Can't check filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid
           (P) For some reason you can't check the filesystem of
           the script for nosuid.

       Can't coerce array into hash
           (F) You used an array where a hash was expected, but
           the array has no information on how to map from keys
           to array indices.  You can do that only with arrays
           that have a hash reference at index 0.

       Can't coerce %s to integer in %s
           (F) Certain types of SVs, in particular real symbol
           table entries (typeglobs), can't be forced to stop
           being what they are.  So you can't say things like:

               *foo += 1;

           You CAN say

               $foo = *foo;
               $foo += 1;

           but then $foo no longer contains a glob.





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       Can't coerce %s to number in %s
           (F) Certain types of SVs, in particular real symbol
           table entries (typeglobs), can't be forced to stop
           being what they are.

       Can't coerce %s to string in %s
           (F) Certain types of SVs, in particular real symbol
           table entries (typeglobs), can't be forced to stop
           being what they are.

       Can't "continue" outside a when block
           (F) You called "continue", but you're not inside a
           "when" or "default" block.

       Can't create pipe mailbox
           (P) An error peculiar to VMS.  The process is
           suffering from exhausted quotas or other plumbing
           problems.

       Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s"
           (F) Currently, only scalar variables can be declared
           with a specific class qualifier in a "my", "our" or
           "state" declaration.  The semantics may be extended
           for other types of variables in future.

       Can't declare %s in "%s"
           (F) Only scalar, array, and hash variables may be
           declared as "my", "our" or "state" variables.  They
           must have ordinary identifiers as names.

       Can't do inplace edit: %s is not a regular file
           (S inplace) You tried to use the -i switch on a
           special file, such as a file in /dev, or a FIFO.  The
           file was ignored.

       Can't do inplace edit on %s: %s
           (S inplace) The creation of the new file failed for
           the indicated reason.

       Can't do inplace edit without backup
           (F) You're on a system such as MS-DOS that gets
           confused if you try reading from a deleted (but still
           opened) file.  You have to say "-i.bak", or some such.

       Can't do inplace edit: %s would not be unique
           (S inplace) Your filesystem does not support filenames
           longer than 14 characters and Perl was unable to
           create a unique filename during inplace editing with
           the -i switch.  The file was ignored.

       Can't do {n,m} with n > m in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
       m/%s/
           (F) Minima must be less than or equal to maxima. If
           you really want your regexp to match something 0



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           times, just put {0}. The <-- HERE shows in the regular
           expression about where the problem was discovered. See
           perlre.

       Can't do setegid!
           (P) The setegid() call failed for some reason in the
           setuid emulator of suidperl.

       Can't do seteuid!
           (P) The setuid emulator of suidperl failed for some
           reason.

       Can't do setuid
           (F) This typically means that ordinary perl tried to
           exec suidperl to do setuid emulation, but couldn't
           exec it.  It looks for a name of the form sperl5.000
           in the same directory that the perl executable resides
           under the name perl5.000, typically /usr/local/bin on
           Unix machines.  If the file is there, check the
           execute permissions.  If it isn't, ask your sysadmin
           why he and/or she removed it.

       Can't do waitpid with flags
           (F) This machine doesn't have either waitpid() or
           wait4(), so only waitpid() without flags is emulated.

       Can't emulate -%s on #! line
           (F) The #! line specifies a switch that doesn't make
           sense at this point.  For example, it'd be kind of
           silly to put a -x on the #!  line.

       Can't %s %s-endian %ss on this platform
           (F) Your platform's byte-order is neither big-endian
           nor little-endian, or it has a very strange pointer
           size.  Packing and unpacking big- or little-endian
           floating point values and pointers may not be
           possible.  See "pack" in perlfunc.

       Can't exec "%s": %s
           (W exec) A system(), exec(), or piped open call could
           not execute the named program for the indicated
           reason.  Typical reasons include: the permissions were
           wrong on the file, the file wasn't found in
           $ENV{PATH}, the executable in question was compiled
           for another architecture, or the #! line in a script
           points to an interpreter that can't be run for similar
           reasons.  (Or maybe your system doesn't support #! at
           all.)

       Can't exec %s
           (F) Perl was trying to execute the indicated program
           for you because that's what the #! line said.  If
           that's not what you wanted, you may need to mention
           "perl" on the #! line somewhere.



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       Can't execute %s
           (F) You used the -S switch, but the copies of the
           script to execute found in the PATH did not have
           correct permissions.

       Can't find an opnumber for "%s"
           (F) A string of a form "CORE::word" was given to
           prototype(), but there is no builtin with the name
           "word".

       Can't find %s character property "%s"
           (F) You used "\p{}" or "\P{}" but the character
           property by that name could not be found. Maybe you
           misspelled the name of the property (remember that the
           names of character properties consist only of
           alphanumeric characters), or maybe you forgot the "Is"
           or "In" prefix?

       Can't find label %s
           (F) You said to goto a label that isn't mentioned
           anywhere that it's possible for us to go to.  See
           "goto" in perlfunc.

       Can't find %s on PATH
           (F) You used the -S switch, but the script to execute
           could not be found in the PATH.

       Can't find %s on PATH, '.' not in PATH
           (F) You used the -S switch, but the script to execute
           could not be found in the PATH, or at least not with
           the correct permissions.  The script exists in the
           current directory, but PATH prohibits running it.

       Can't find string terminator %s anywhere before EOF
           (F) Perl strings can stretch over multiple lines.
           This message means that the closing delimiter was
           omitted.  Because bracketed quotes count nesting
           levels, the following is missing its final
           parenthesis:

               print q(The character '(' starts a side comment.);

           If you're getting this error from a here-document, you
           may have included unseen whitespace before or after
           your closing tag. A good programmer's editor will have
           a way to help you find these characters.

       Can't find Unicode property definition "%s"
           (F) You may have tried to use "\p" which means a
           Unicode property (for example "\p{Lu}" is all
           uppercase letters).  If you did mean to use a Unicode
           property, see perlunicode for the list of known
           properties.  If you didn't mean to use a Unicode
           property, escape the "\p", either by "\\p" (just the



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           "\p") or by "\Q\p" (the rest of the string, until
           possible "\E").

       Can't fork
           (F) A fatal error occurred while trying to fork while
           opening a pipeline.

       Can't get filespec - stale stat buffer?
           (S) A warning peculiar to VMS.  This arises because of
           the difference between access checks under VMS and
           under the Unix model Perl assumes.  Under VMS, access
           checks are done by filename, rather than by bits in
           the stat buffer, so that ACLs and other protections
           can be taken into account.  Unfortunately, Perl
           assumes that the stat buffer contains all the
           necessary information, and passes it, instead of the
           filespec, to the access checking routine.  It will try
           to retrieve the filespec using the device name and FID
           present in the stat buffer, but this works only if you
           haven't made a subsequent call to the CRTL stat()
           routine, because the device name is overwritten with
           each call.  If this warning appears, the name lookup
           failed, and the access checking routine gave up and
           returned FALSE, just to be conservative.  (Note: The
           access checking routine knows about the Perl "stat"
           operator and file tests, so you shouldn't ever see
           this warning in response to a Perl command; it arises
           only if some internal code takes stat buffers
           lightly.)

       Can't get pipe mailbox device name
           (P) An error peculiar to VMS.  After creating a
           mailbox to act as a pipe, Perl can't retrieve its name
           for later use.

       Can't get SYSGEN parameter value for MAXBUF
           (P) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl asked $GETSYI how
           big you want your mailbox buffers to be, and didn't
           get an answer.

       Can't "goto" into the middle of a foreach loop
           (F) A "goto" statement was executed to jump into the
           middle of a foreach loop.  You can't get there from
           here.  See "goto" in perlfunc.

       Can't "goto" out of a pseudo block
           (F) A "goto" statement was executed to jump out of
           what might look like a block, except that it isn't a
           proper block.  This usually occurs if you tried to
           jump out of a sort() block or subroutine, which is a
           no-no.  See "goto" in perlfunc.

       Can't goto subroutine from a sort sub (or similar
       callback)



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           (F) The "goto subroutine" call can't be used to jump
           out of the comparison sub for a sort(), or from a
           similar callback (such as the reduce() function in
           List::Util).

       Can't goto subroutine from an eval-%s
           (F) The "goto subroutine" call can't be used to jump
           out of an eval "string" or block.

       Can't goto subroutine outside a subroutine
           (F) The deeply magical "goto subroutine" call can only
           replace one subroutine call for another.  It can't
           manufacture one out of whole cloth.  In general you
           should be calling it out of only an AUTOLOAD routine
           anyway.  See "goto" in perlfunc.

       Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default
           (W signal) Perl has detected that it is being run with
           the SIGCHLD signal (sometimes known as SIGCLD)
           disabled.  Since disabling this signal will interfere
           with proper determination of exit status of child
           processes, Perl has reset the signal to its default
           value.  This situation typically indicates that the
           parent program under which Perl may be running (e.g.
           cron) is being very careless.

       Can't "last" outside a loop block
           (F) A "last" statement was executed to break out of
           the current block, except that there's this itty bitty
           problem called there isn't a current block.  Note that
           an "if" or "else" block doesn't count as a "loopish"
           block, as doesn't a block given to sort(), map() or
           grep().  You can usually double the curlies to get the
           same effect though, because the inner curlies will be
           considered a block that loops once.  See "last" in
           perlfunc.

       Can't linearize anonymous symbol table
           (F) Perl tried to calculate the method resolution
           order (MRO) of a package, but failed because the
           package stash has no name.

       Can't load '%s' for module %s
           (F) The module you tried to load failed to load a
           dynamic extension. This may either mean that you
           upgraded your version of perl to one that is
           incompatible with your old dynamic extensions (which
           is known to happen between major versions of perl), or
           (more likely) that your dynamic extension was built
           against an older version of the library that is
           installed on your system. You may need to rebuild your
           old dynamic extensions.





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       Can't localize lexical variable %s
           (F) You used local on a variable name that was
           previously declared as a lexical variable using "my"
           or "state".  This is not allowed.  If you want to
           localize a package variable of the same name, qualify
           it with the package name.

       Can't localize through a reference
           (F) You said something like "local $$ref", which Perl
           can't currently handle, because when it goes to
           restore the old value of whatever $ref pointed to
           after the scope of the local() is finished, it can't
           be sure that $ref will still be a reference.

       Can't locate %s
           (F) You said to "do" (or "require", or "use") a file
           that couldn't be found. Perl looks for the file in all
           the locations mentioned in @INC, unless the file name
           included the full path to the file.  Perhaps you need
           to set the PERL5LIB or PERL5OPT environment variable
           to say where the extra library is, or maybe the script
           needs to add the library name to @INC.  Or maybe you
           just misspelled the name of the file.  See "require"
           in perlfunc and lib.

       Can't locate auto/%s.al in @INC
           (F) A function (or method) was called in a package
           which allows autoload, but there is no function to
           autoload.  Most probable causes are a misprint in a
           function/method name or a failure to "AutoSplit" the
           file, say, by doing "make install".

       Can't locate loadable object for module %s in @INC
           (F) The module you loaded is trying to load an
           external library, like for example, "foo.so" or
           "bar.dll", but the DynaLoader module was unable to
           locate this library.  See DynaLoader.

       Can't locate object method "%s" via package "%s"
           (F) You called a method correctly, and it correctly
           indicated a package functioning as a class, but that
           package doesn't define that particular method, nor
           does any of its base classes.  See perlobj.

       Can't locate package %s for @%s::ISA
           (W syntax) The @ISA array contained the name of
           another package that doesn't seem to exist.

       Can't locate PerlIO%s
           (F) You tried to use in open() a PerlIO layer that
           does not exist, e.g. open(FH, ">:nosuchlayer",
           "somefile").





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       Can't make list assignment to \%ENV on this system
           (F) List assignment to %ENV is not supported on some
           systems, notably VMS.

       Can't modify %s in %s
           (F) You aren't allowed to assign to the item
           indicated, or otherwise try to change it, such as with
           an auto-increment.

       Can't modify nonexistent substring
           (P) The internal routine that does assignment to a
           substr() was handed a NULL.

       Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call
           (F) Subroutines meant to be used in lvalue context
           should be declared as such, see "Lvalue subroutines"
           in perlsub.

       Can't msgrcv to read-only var
           (F) The target of a msgrcv must be modifiable to be
           used as a receive buffer.

       Can't "next" outside a loop block
           (F) A "next" statement was executed to reiterate the
           current block, but there isn't a current block.  Note
           that an "if" or "else" block doesn't count as a
           "loopish" block, as doesn't a block given to sort(),
           map() or grep().  You can usually double the curlies
           to get the same effect though, because the inner
           curlies will be considered a block that loops once.
           See "next" in perlfunc.

       Can't open %s: %s
           (S inplace) The implicit opening of a file through use
           of the "<>" filehandle, either implicitly under the
           "-n" or "-p" command-line switches, or explicitly,
           failed for the indicated reason.  Usually this is
           because you don't have read permission for a file
           which you named on the command line.

       Can't open a reference
           (W io) You tried to open a scalar reference for
           reading or writing, using the 3-arg open() syntax :

               open FH, '>', $ref;

           but your version of perl is compiled without perlio,
           and this form of open is not supported.

       Can't open bidirectional pipe
           (W pipe) You tried to say "open(CMD, "|cmd|")", which
           is not supported.  You can try any of several modules
           in the Perl library to do this, such as IPC::Open2.
           Alternately, direct the pipe's output to a file using



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           ">", and then read it in under a different file
           handle.

       Can't open error file %s as stderr
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl does its own
           command line redirection, and couldn't open the file
           specified after '2>' or '2>>' on the command line for
           writing.

       Can't open input file %s as stdin
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl does its own
           command line redirection, and couldn't open the file
           specified after '<' on the command line for reading.

       Can't open output file %s as stdout
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl does its own
           command line redirection, and couldn't open the file
           specified after '>' or '>>' on the command line for
           writing.

       Can't open output pipe (name: %s)
           (P) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl does its own
           command line redirection, and couldn't open the pipe
           into which to send data destined for stdout.

       Can't open perl script%s
           (F) The script you specified can't be opened for the
           indicated reason.

           If you're debugging a script that uses #!, and
           normally relies on the shell's $PATH search, the -S
           option causes perl to do that search, so you don't
           have to type the path or "`which $scriptname`".

       Can't read CRTL environ
           (S) A warning peculiar to VMS.  Perl tried to read an
           element of %ENV from the CRTL's internal environment
           array and discovered the array was missing.  You need
           to figure out where your CRTL misplaced its environ or
           define PERL_ENV_TABLES (see perlvms) so that environ
           is not searched.

       Can't "redo" outside a loop block
           (F) A "redo" statement was executed to restart the
           current block, but there isn't a current block.  Note
           that an "if" or "else" block doesn't count as a
           "loopish" block, as doesn't a block given to sort(),
           map() or grep().  You can usually double the curlies
           to get the same effect though, because the inner
           curlies will be considered a block that loops once.
           See "redo" in perlfunc.

       Can't remove %s: %s, skipping file
           (S inplace) You requested an inplace edit without



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           creating a backup file.  Perl was unable to remove the
           original file to replace it with the modified file.
           The file was left unmodified.

       Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file
           (S inplace) The rename done by the -i switch failed
           for some reason, probably because you don't have write
           permission to the directory.

       Can't reopen input pipe (name: %s) in binary mode
           (P) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl thought stdin was
           a pipe, and tried to reopen it to accept binary data.
           Alas, it failed.

       Can't resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s'
           (F|P) Error resolving overloading specified by a
           method name (as opposed to a subroutine reference): no
           such method callable via the package. If method name
           is "???", this is an internal error.

       Can't reswap uid and euid
           (P) The setreuid() call failed for some reason in the
           setuid emulator of suidperl.

       Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine
           (F) Perl detected an attempt to return illegal lvalues
           (such as temporary or readonly values) from a
           subroutine used as an lvalue.  This is not allowed.

       Can't return outside a subroutine
           (F) The return statement was executed in mainline
           code, that is, where there was no subroutine call to
           return out of.  See perlsub.

       Can't return %s to lvalue scalar context
           (F) You tried to return a complete array or hash from
           an lvalue subroutine, but you called the subroutine in
           a way that made Perl think you meant to return only
           one value. You probably meant to write parentheses
           around the call to the subroutine, which tell Perl
           that the call should be in list context.

       Can't stat script "%s"
           (P) For some reason you can't fstat() the script even
           though you have it open already.  Bizarre.

       Can't swap uid and euid
           (P) The setreuid() call failed for some reason in the
           setuid emulator of suidperl.

       Can't take log of %g
           (F) For ordinary real numbers, you can't take the
           logarithm of a negative number or zero. There's a
           Math::Complex package that comes standard with Perl,



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           though, if you really want to do that for the negative
           numbers.

       Can't take sqrt of %g
           (F) For ordinary real numbers, you can't take the
           square root of a negative number.  There's a
           Math::Complex package that comes standard with Perl,
           though, if you really want to do that.

       Can't undef active subroutine
           (F) You can't undefine a routine that's currently
           running.  You can, however, redefine it while it's
           running, and you can even undef the redefined
           subroutine while the old routine is running.  Go
           figure.

       Can't unshift
           (F) You tried to unshift an "unreal" array that can't
           be unshifted, such as the main Perl stack.

       Can't upgrade %s (%d) to %d
           (P) The internal sv_upgrade routine adds "members" to
           an SV, making it into a more specialized kind of SV.
           The top several SV types are so specialized, however,
           that they cannot be interconverted.  This message
           indicates that such a conversion was attempted.

       Can't use anonymous symbol table for method lookup
           (F) The internal routine that does method lookup was
           handed a symbol table that doesn't have a name.
           Symbol tables can become anonymous for example by
           undefining stashes: "undef %Some::Package::".

       Can't use an undefined value as %s reference
           (F) A value used as either a hard reference or a
           symbolic reference must be a defined value.  This
           helps to delurk some insidious errors.

       Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in
       use
           (F) Only hard references are allowed by "strict refs".
           Symbolic references are disallowed.  See perlref.

       Can't use %! because Errno.pm is not available
           (F) The first time the %! hash is used, perl
           automatically loads the Errno.pm module. The Errno
           module is expected to tie the %! hash to provide
           symbolic names for $! errno values.

       Can't use both '<' and '>' after type '%c' in %s
           (F) A type cannot be forced to have both big-endian
           and little-endian byte-order at the same time, so this
           combination of modifiers is not allowed.  See "pack"
           in perlfunc.



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       Can't use %s for loop variable
           (F) Only a simple scalar variable may be used as a
           loop variable on a foreach.

       Can't use global %s in "%s"
           (F) You tried to declare a magical variable as a
           lexical variable.  This is not allowed, because the
           magic can be tied to only one location (namely the
           global variable) and it would be incredibly confusing
           to have variables in your program that looked like
           magical variables but weren't.

       Can't use '%c' in a group with different byte-order in %s
           (F) You attempted to force a different byte-order on a
           type that is already inside a group with a byte-order
           modifier.  For example you cannot force little-
           endianness on a type that is inside a big-endian
           group.

       Can't use "my %s" in sort comparison
           (F) The global variables $a and $b are reserved for
           sort comparisons.  You mentioned $a or $b in the same
           line as the <=> or cmp operator, and the variable had
           earlier been declared as a lexical variable.  Either
           qualify the sort variable with the package name, or
           rename the lexical variable.

       Can't use %s ref as %s ref
           (F) You've mixed up your reference types.  You have to
           dereference a reference of the type needed.  You can
           use the ref() function to test the type of the
           reference, if need be.

       Can't use string ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in
       use
           (F) Only hard references are allowed by "strict refs".
           Symbolic references are disallowed.  See perlref.

       Can't use subscript on %s
           (F) The compiler tried to interpret a bracketed
           expression as a subscript.  But to the left of the
           brackets was an expression that didn't look like a
           hash or array reference, or anything else
           subscriptable.

       Can't use \%c to mean $%c in expression
           (W syntax) In an ordinary expression, backslash is a
           unary operator that creates a reference to its
           argument.  The use of backslash to indicate a
           backreference to a matched substring is valid only as
           part of a regular expression pattern.  Trying to do
           this in ordinary Perl code produces a value that
           prints out looking like SCALAR(0xdecaf).  Use the $1
           form instead.



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       Can't use "when" outside a topicalizer
           (F) You have used a when() block that is neither
           inside a "foreach" loop nor a "given" block. (Note
           that this error is issued on exit from the "when"
           block, so you won't get the error if the match fails,
           or if you use an explicit "continue".)

       Can't weaken a nonreference
           (F) You attempted to weaken something that was not a
           reference.  Only references can be weakened.

       Can't x= to read-only value
           (F) You tried to repeat a constant value (often the
           undefined value) with an assignment operator, which
           implies modifying the value itself.  Perhaps you need
           to copy the value to a temporary, and repeat that.

       Character in 'C' format wrapped in pack
           (W pack) You said

               pack("C", $x)

           where $x is either less than 0 or more than 255; the
           "C" format is only for encoding native operating
           system characters (ASCII, EBCDIC, and so on) and not
           for Unicode characters, so Perl behaved as if you
           meant

               pack("C", $x & 255)

           If you actually want to pack Unicode codepoints, use
           the "U" format instead.

       Character in 'W' format wrapped in pack
           (W pack) You said

               pack("U0W", $x)

           where $x is either less than 0 or more than 255.
           However, "U0"-mode expects all values to fall in the
           interval [0, 255], so Perl behaved as if you meant:

               pack("U0W", $x & 255)

       Character in 'c' format wrapped in pack
           (W pack) You said

               pack("c", $x)

           where $x is either less than -128 or more than 127;
           the "c" format is only for encoding native operating
           system characters (ASCII, EBCDIC, and so on) and not
           for Unicode characters, so Perl behaved as if you
           meant



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               pack("c", $x & 255);

           If you actually want to pack Unicode codepoints, use
           the "U" format instead.

       Character in '%c' format wrapped in unpack
           (W unpack) You tried something like

              unpack("H", "\x{2a1}")

           where the format expects to process a byte (a
           character with a value below 256), but a higher value
           was provided instead. Perl uses the value modulus 256
           instead, as if you had provided:

              unpack("H", "\x{a1}")

       Character(s) in '%c' format wrapped in pack
           (W pack) You tried something like

              pack("u", "\x{1f3}b")

           where the format expects to process a sequence of
           bytes (character with a value below 256), but some of
           the characters had a higher value. Perl uses the
           character values modulus 256 instead, as if you had
           provided:

              pack("u", "\x{f3}b")

       Character(s) in '%c' format wrapped in unpack
           (W unpack) You tried something like

              unpack("s", "\x{1f3}b")

           where the format expects to process a sequence of
           bytes (character with a value below 256), but some of
           the characters had a higher value. Perl uses the
           character values modulus 256 instead, as if you had
           provided:

              unpack("s", "\x{f3}b")

       close() on unopened filehandle %s
           (W unopened) You tried to close a filehandle that was
           never opened.

       closedir() attempted on invalid dirhandle %s
           (W io) The dirhandle you tried to close is either
           closed or not really a dirhandle.  Check your control
           flow.

       Code missing after '/'
           (F) You had a (sub-)template that ends with a '/'.



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           There must be another template code following the
           slash. See "pack" in perlfunc.

       %s: Command not found
           (A) You've accidentally run your script through csh
           instead of Perl.  Check the #! line, or manually feed
           your script into Perl yourself.

       Compilation failed in require
           (F) Perl could not compile a file specified in a
           "require" statement.  Perl uses this generic message
           when none of the errors that it encountered were
           severe enough to halt compilation immediately.

       Complex regular subexpression recursion limit (%d)
       exceeded
           (W regexp) The regular expression engine uses
           recursion in complex situations where back-tracking is
           required.  Recursion depth is limited to 32766, or
           perhaps less in architectures where the stack cannot
           grow arbitrarily.  ("Simple" and "medium" situations
           are handled without recursion and are not subject to a
           limit.)  Try shortening the string under examination;
           looping in Perl code (e.g. with "while") rather than
           in the regular expression engine; or rewriting the
           regular expression so that it is simpler or backtracks
           less.  (See perlfaq2 for information on Mastering
           Regular Expressions.)

       cond_broadcast() called on unlocked variable
           (W threads) Within a thread-enabled program, you tried
           to call cond_broadcast() on a variable which wasn't
           locked. The cond_broadcast() function  is used to wake
           up another thread that is waiting in a cond_wait(). To
           ensure that the signal isn't sent before the other
           thread has a chance to enter the wait, it is usual for
           the signaling thread to first wait for a lock on
           variable. This lock attempt will only succeed after
           the other thread has entered cond_wait() and thus
           relinquished the lock.

       cond_signal() called on unlocked variable
           (W threads) Within a thread-enabled program, you tried
           to call cond_signal() on a variable which wasn't
           locked. The cond_signal() function  is used to wake up
           another thread that is waiting in a cond_wait(). To
           ensure that the signal isn't sent before the other
           thread has a chance to enter the wait, it is usual for
           the signaling thread to first wait for a lock on
           variable. This lock attempt will only succeed after
           the other thread has entered cond_wait() and thus
           relinquished the lock.





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       connect() on closed socket %s
           (W closed) You tried to do a connect on a closed
           socket.  Did you forget to check the return value of
           your socket() call?  See "connect" in perlfunc.

       Constant(%s)%s: %s
           (F) The parser found inconsistencies either while
           attempting to define an overloaded constant, or when
           trying to find the character name specified in the
           "\N{...}" escape.  Perhaps you forgot to load the
           corresponding "overload" or "charnames" pragma?  See
           charnames and overload.

       Constant(%s)%s: %s in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) The parser found inconsistencies while attempting
           to find the character name specified in the "\N{...}"
           escape.  Perhaps you forgot to load the corresponding
           "charnames" pragma?  See charnames.

       Constant is not %s reference
           (F) A constant value (perhaps declared using the "use
           constant" pragma) is being dereferenced, but it
           amounts to the wrong type of reference.  The message
           indicates the type of reference that was expected.
           This usually indicates a syntax error in dereferencing
           the constant value.  See "Constant Functions" in
           perlsub and constant.

       Constant subroutine %s redefined
           (S) You redefined a subroutine which had previously
           been eligible for inlining.  See "Constant Functions"
           in perlsub for commentary and workarounds.

       Constant subroutine %s undefined
           (W misc) You undefined a subroutine which had
           previously been eligible for inlining.  See "Constant
           Functions" in perlsub for commentary and workarounds.

       Copy method did not return a reference
           (F) The method which overloads "=" is buggy. See "Copy
           Constructor" in overload.

       CORE::%s is not a keyword
           (F) The CORE:: namespace is reserved for Perl
           keywords.

       corrupted regexp pointers
           (P) The regular expression engine got confused by what
           the regular expression compiler gave it.

       corrupted regexp program
           (P) The regular expression engine got passed a regexp
           program without a valid magic number.




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       Corrupt malloc ptr 0x%lx at 0x%lx
           (P) The malloc package that comes with Perl had an
           internal failure.

       Count after length/code in unpack
           (F) You had an unpack template indicating a counted-
           length string, but you have also specified an explicit
           size for the string.  See "pack" in perlfunc.

       Deep recursion on subroutine "%s"
           (W recursion) This subroutine has called itself
           (directly or indirectly) 100 times more than it has
           returned.  This probably indicates an infinite
           recursion, unless you're writing strange benchmark
           programs, in which case it indicates something else.

           This threshold can be changed from 100, by recompiling
           the perl binary, setting the C pre-processor macro
           "PERL_SUB_DEPTH_WARN" to the desired value.

       defined(@array) is deprecated
           (D deprecated) defined() is not usually useful on
           arrays because it checks for an undefined scalar
           value.  If you want to see if the array is empty, just
           use "if (@array) { # not empty }" for example.

       defined(%hash) is deprecated
           (D deprecated) defined() is not usually useful on
           hashes because it checks for an undefined scalar
           value.  If you want to see if the hash is empty, just
           use "if (%hash) { # not empty }" for example.

       %s defines neither package nor VERSION--version check
       failed
           (F) You said something like "use Module 42" but in the
           Module file there are neither package declarations nor
           a $VERSION.

       Delimiter for here document is too long
           (F) In a here document construct like "<<FOO", the
           label "FOO" is too long for Perl to handle.  You have
           to be seriously twisted to write code that triggers
           this error.

       Deprecated use of my() in false conditional
           (D deprecated) You used a declaration similar to "my
           $x if 0".  There has been a long-standing bug in Perl
           that causes a lexical variable not to be cleared at
           scope exit when its declaration includes a false
           conditional. Some people have exploited this bug to
           achieve a kind of static variable. Since we intend to
           fix this bug, we don't want people relying on this
           behavior. You can achieve a similar static effect by
           declaring the variable in a separate block outside the



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           function, eg

               sub f { my $x if 0; return $x++ }

           becomes

               { my $x; sub f { return $x++ } }

           Beginning with perl 5.9.4, you can also use "state"
           variables to have lexicals that are initialized only
           once (see feature):

               sub f { state $x; return $x++ }

       DESTROY created new reference to dead object '%s'
           (F) A DESTROY() method created a new reference to the
           object which is just being DESTROYed. Perl is
           confused, and prefers to abort rather than to create a
           dangling reference.

       Did not produce a valid header
           See Server error.

       %s did not return a true value
           (F) A required (or used) file must return a true value
           to indicate that it compiled correctly and ran its
           initialization code correctly.  It's traditional to
           end such a file with a "1;", though any true value
           would do.  See "require" in perlfunc.

       (Did you mean &%s instead?)
           (W) You probably referred to an imported subroutine
           &FOO as $FOO or some such.

       (Did you mean "local" instead of "our"?)
           (W misc) Remember that "our" does not localize the
           declared global variable.  You have declared it again
           in the same lexical scope, which seems superfluous.

       (Did you mean $ or @ instead of %?)
           (W) You probably said %hash{$key} when you meant
           $hash{$key} or @hash{@keys}.  On the other hand, maybe
           you just meant %hash and got carried away.

       Died
           (F) You passed die() an empty string (the equivalent
           of "die """) or you called it with no args and both $@
           and $_ were empty.

       Document contains no data
           See Server error.

       %s does not define %s::VERSION--version check failed
           (F) You said something like "use Module 42" but the



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           Module did not define a "$VERSION."

       '/' does not take a repeat count
           (F) You cannot put a repeat count of any kind right
           after the '/' code.  See "pack" in perlfunc.

       Don't know how to handle magic of type '%s'
           (P) The internal handling of magical variables has
           been cursed.

       do_study: out of memory
           (P) This should have been caught by safemalloc()
           instead.

       (Do you need to predeclare %s?)
           (S syntax) This is an educated guess made in
           conjunction with the message "%s found where operator
           expected".  It often means a subroutine or module name
           is being referenced that hasn't been declared yet.
           This may be because of ordering problems in your file,
           or because of a missing "sub", "package", "require",
           or "use" statement.  If you're referencing something
           that isn't defined yet, you don't actually have to
           define the subroutine or package before the current
           location.  You can use an empty "sub foo;" or "package
           FOO;" to enter a "forward" declaration.

       dump() better written as CORE::dump()
           (W misc) You used the obsolescent "dump()" built-in
           function, without fully qualifying it as
           "CORE::dump()".  Maybe it's a typo.  See "dump" in
           perlfunc.

       dump is not supported
           (F) Your machine doesn't support dump/undump.

       Duplicate free() ignored
           (S malloc) An internal routine called free() on
           something that had already been freed.

       Duplicate modifier '%c' after '%c' in %s
           (W) You have applied the same modifier more than once
           after a type in a pack template.  See "pack" in
           perlfunc.

       elseif should be elsif
           (S syntax) There is no keyword "elseif" in Perl
           because Larry thinks it's ugly. Your code will be
           interpreted as an attempt to call a method named
           "elseif" for the class returned by the following
           block.  This is unlikely to be what you want.

       Empty %s
           (F) "\p" and "\P" are used to introduce a named



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           Unicode property, as described in perlunicode and
           perlre. You used "\p" or "\P" in a regular expression
           without specifying the property name.

       entering effective %s failed
           (F) While under the "use filetest" pragma, switching
           the real and effective uids or gids failed.

       %ENV is aliased to %s
           (F) You're running under taint mode, and the %ENV
           variable has been aliased to another hash, so it
           doesn't reflect anymore the state of the program's
           environment. This is potentially insecure.

       Error converting file specification %s
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Because Perl may have
           to deal with file specifications in either VMS or Unix
           syntax, it converts them to a single form when it must
           operate on them directly.  Either you've passed an
           invalid file specification to Perl, or you've found a
           case the conversion routines don't handle.  Drat.

       %s: Eval-group in insecure regular expression
           (F) Perl detected tainted data when trying to compile
           a regular expression that contains the "(?{ ... })"
           zero-width assertion, which is unsafe.  See "(?{ code
           })" in perlre, and perlsec.

       %s: Eval-group not allowed at runtime, use re 'eval'
           (F) Perl tried to compile a regular expression
           containing the "(?{ ... })" zero-width assertion at
           run time, as it would when the pattern contains
           interpolated values.  Since that is a security risk,
           it is not allowed.  If you insist, you may still do
           this by explicitly building the pattern from an
           interpolated string at run time and using that in an
           eval().  See "(?{ code })" in perlre.

       %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval'
           (F) A regular expression contained the "(?{ ... })"
           zero-width assertion, but that construct is only
           allowed when the "use re 'eval'" pragma is in effect.
           See "(?{ code })" in perlre.

       EVAL without pos change exceeded limit in regex; marked by
       <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used a pattern that nested too many EVAL calls
           without consuming any text. Restructure the pattern so
           that text is consumed.

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered.





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       Excessively long <> operator
           (F) The contents of a <> operator may not exceed the
           maximum size of a Perl identifier.  If you're just
           trying to glob a long list of filenames, try using the
           glob() operator, or put the filenames into a variable
           and glob that.

       exec? I'm not *that* kind of operating system
           (F) The "exec" function is not implemented in MacPerl.
           See perlport.

       Execution of %s aborted due to compilation errors
           (F) The final summary message when a Perl compilation
           fails.

       Exiting eval via %s
           (W exiting) You are exiting an eval by unconventional
           means, such as a goto, or a loop control statement.

       Exiting format via %s
           (W exiting) You are exiting a format by unconventional
           means, such as a goto, or a loop control statement.

       Exiting pseudo-block via %s
           (W exiting) You are exiting a rather special block
           construct (like a sort block or subroutine) by
           unconventional means, such as a goto, or a loop
           control statement.  See "sort" in perlfunc.

       Exiting subroutine via %s
           (W exiting) You are exiting a subroutine by
           unconventional means, such as a goto, or a loop
           control statement.

       Exiting substitution via %s
           (W exiting) You are exiting a substitution by
           unconventional means, such as a return, a goto, or a
           loop control statement.

       Explicit blessing to '' (assuming package main)
           (W misc) You are blessing a reference to a zero length
           string.  This has the effect of blessing the reference
           into the package main.  This is usually not what you
           want.  Consider providing a default target package,
           e.g. bless($ref, $p || 'MyPackage');

       %s: Expression syntax
           (A) You've accidentally run your script through csh
           instead of Perl.  Check the #! line, or manually feed
           your script into Perl yourself.

       %s failed--call queue aborted
           (F) An untrapped exception was raised while executing
           a UNITCHECK, CHECK, INIT, or END subroutine.



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           Processing of the remainder of the queue of such
           routines has been prematurely ended.

       False [] range "%s" in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (W regexp) A character class range must start and end
           at a literal character, not another character class
           like "\d" or "[:alpha:]".  The "-" in your false range
           is interpreted as a literal "-".  Consider quoting the
           "-", "\-".  The <-- HERE shows in the regular
           expression about where the problem was discovered.
           See perlre.

       Fatal VMS error at %s, line %d
           (P) An error peculiar to VMS.  Something untoward
           happened in a VMS system service or RTL routine;
           Perl's exit status should provide more details.  The
           filename in "at %s" and the line number in "line %d"
           tell you which section of the Perl source code is
           distressed.

       fcntl is not implemented
           (F) Your machine apparently doesn't implement fcntl().
           What is this, a PDP-11 or something?

       FETCHSIZE returned a negative value
           (F) A tied array claimed to have a negative number of
           elements, which is not possible.

       Field too wide in 'u' format in pack
           (W pack) Each line in an uuencoded string start with a
           length indicator which can't encode values above 63.
           So there is no point in asking for a line length
           bigger than that. Perl will behave as if you specified
           "u63" as format.

       Filehandle %s opened only for input
           (W io) You tried to write on a read-only filehandle.
           If you intended it to be a read-write filehandle, you
           needed to open it with "+<" or "+>" or "+>>" instead
           of with "<" or nothing.  If you intended only to write
           the file, use ">" or ">>".  See "open" in perlfunc.

       Filehandle %s opened only for output
           (W io) You tried to read from a filehandle opened only
           for writing, If you intended it to be a read/write
           filehandle, you needed to open it with "+<" or "+>" or
           "+>>" instead of with "<" or nothing.  If you intended
           only to read from the file, use "<".  See "open" in
           perlfunc.  Another possibility is that you attempted
           to open filedescriptor 0 (also known as STDIN) for
           output (maybe you closed STDIN earlier?).

       Filehandle %s reopened as %s only for input
           (W io) You opened for reading a filehandle that got



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           the same filehandle id as STDOUT or STDERR. This
           occurred because you closed STDOUT or STDERR
           previously.

       Filehandle STDIN reopened as %s only for output
           (W io) You opened for writing a filehandle that got
           the same filehandle id as STDIN. This occurred because
           you closed STDIN previously.

       Final $ should be \$ or $name
           (F) You must now decide whether the final $ in a
           string was meant to be a literal dollar sign, or was
           meant to introduce a variable name that happens to be
           missing.  So you have to put either the backslash or
           the name.

       flock() on closed filehandle %s
           (W closed) The filehandle you're attempting to flock()
           got itself closed some time before now.  Check your
           control flow.  flock() operates on filehandles.  Are
           you attempting to call flock() on a dirhandle by the
           same name?

       Format not terminated
           (F) A format must be terminated by a line with a
           solitary dot.  Perl got to the end of your file
           without finding such a line.

       Format %s redefined
           (W redefine) You redefined a format.  To suppress this
           warning, say

               {
                   no warnings 'redefine';
                   eval "format NAME =...";
               }

       Found = in conditional, should be ==
           (W syntax) You said

               if ($foo = 123)

           when you meant

               if ($foo == 123)

           (or something like that).

       %s found where operator expected
           (S syntax) The Perl lexer knows whether to expect a
           term or an operator.  If it sees what it knows to be a
           term when it was expecting to see an operator, it
           gives you this warning.  Usually it indicates that an
           operator or delimiter was omitted, such as a



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           semicolon.

       gdbm store returned %d, errno %d, key "%s"
           (S) A warning from the GDBM_File extension that a
           store failed.

       gethostent not implemented
           (F) Your C library apparently doesn't implement
           gethostent(), probably because if it did, it'd feel
           morally obligated to return every hostname on the
           Internet.

       get%sname() on closed socket %s
           (W closed) You tried to get a socket or peer socket
           name on a closed socket.  Did you forget to check the
           return value of your socket() call?

       getpwnam returned invalid UIC %#o for user "%s"
           (S) A warning peculiar to VMS.  The call to
           "sys$getuai" underlying the "getpwnam" operator
           returned an invalid UIC.

       getsockopt() on closed socket %s
           (W closed) You tried to get a socket option on a
           closed socket.  Did you forget to check the return
           value of your socket() call?  See "getsockopt" in
           perlfunc.

       Global symbol "%s" requires explicit package name
           (F) You've said "use strict" or "use strict vars",
           which indicates that all variables must either be
           lexically scoped (using "my" or "state"), declared
           beforehand using "our", or explicitly qualified to say
           which package the global variable is in (using "::").

       glob failed (%s)
           (W glob) Something went wrong with the external
           program(s) used for "glob" and "<*.c>".  Usually, this
           means that you supplied a "glob" pattern that caused
           the external program to fail and exit with a nonzero
           status.  If the message indicates that the abnormal
           exit resulted in a coredump, this may also mean that
           your csh (C shell) is broken.  If so, you should
           change all of the csh-related variables in config.sh:
           If you have tcsh, make the variables refer to it as if
           it were csh (e.g.  "full_csh='/usr/bin/tcsh'");
           otherwise, make them all empty (except that "d_csh"
           should be 'undef') so that Perl will think csh is
           missing.  In either case, after editing config.sh, run
           "./Configure -S" and rebuild Perl.

       Glob not terminated
           (F) The lexer saw a left angle bracket in a place
           where it was expecting a term, so it's looking for the



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           corresponding right angle bracket, and not finding it.
           Chances are you left some needed parentheses out
           earlier in the line, and you really meant a "less
           than".

       Got an error from DosAllocMem
           (P) An error peculiar to OS/2.  Most probably you're
           using an obsolete version of Perl, and this should not
           happen anyway.

       goto must have label
           (F) Unlike with "next" or "last", you're not allowed
           to goto an unspecified destination.  See "goto" in
           perlfunc.

       ()-group starts with a count
           (F) A ()-group started with a count.  A count is
           supposed to follow something: a template character or
           a ()-group.
            See "pack" in perlfunc.

       %s had compilation errors
           (F) The final summary message when a "perl -c" fails.

       Had to create %s unexpectedly
           (S internal) A routine asked for a symbol from a
           symbol table that ought to have existed already, but
           for some reason it didn't, and had to be created on an
           emergency basis to prevent a core dump.

       Hash %%s missing the % in argument %d of %s()
           (D deprecated) Really old Perl let you omit the % on
           hash names in some spots.  This is now heavily
           deprecated.

       %s has too many errors
           (F) The parser has given up trying to parse the
           program after 10 errors.  Further error messages would
           likely be uninformative.

       Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable
           (W portable) The hexadecimal number you specified is
           larger than 2**32-1 (4294967295) and therefore non-
           portable between systems.  See perlport for more on
           portability concerns.

       Identifier too long
           (F) Perl limits identifiers (names for variables,
           functions, etc.) to about 250 characters for simple
           names, and somewhat more for compound names (like
           $A::B).  You've exceeded Perl's limits.  Future
           versions of Perl are likely to eliminate these
           arbitrary limitations.




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       Ignoring %s in character class in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (W) Named Unicode character escapes (\N{...}) may
           return multi-char or zero length sequences. When such
           an escape is used in a character class its behaviour
           is not well defined. Check that the correct escape has
           been used, and the correct charname handler is in
           scope.

       Illegal binary digit %s
           (F) You used a digit other than 0 or 1 in a binary
           number.

       Illegal binary digit %s ignored
           (W digit) You may have tried to use a digit other than
           0 or 1 in a binary number.  Interpretation of the
           binary number stopped before the offending digit.

       Illegal character %s (carriage return)
           (F) Perl normally treats carriage returns in the
           program text as it would any other whitespace, which
           means you should never see this error when Perl was
           built using standard options.  For some reason, your
           version of Perl appears to have been built without
           this support.  Talk to your Perl administrator.

       Illegal character in prototype for %s : %s
           (W syntax) An illegal character was found in a
           prototype declaration.  Legal characters in prototypes
           are $, @, %, *, ;, [, ], &, and \.

       Illegal declaration of anonymous subroutine
           (F) When using the "sub" keyword to construct an
           anonymous subroutine, you must always specify a block
           of code. See perlsub.

       Illegal declaration of subroutine %s
           (F) A subroutine was not declared correctly. See
           perlsub.

       Illegal division by zero
           (F) You tried to divide a number by 0.  Either
           something was wrong in your logic, or you need to put
           a conditional in to guard against meaningless input.

       Illegal hexadecimal digit %s ignored
           (W digit) You may have tried to use a character other
           than 0 - 9 or A - F, a - f in a hexadecimal number.
           Interpretation of the hexadecimal number stopped
           before the illegal character.

       Illegal modulus zero
           (F) You tried to divide a number by 0 to get the
           remainder.  Most numbers don't take to this kindly.



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       Illegal number of bits in vec
           (F) The number of bits in vec() (the third argument)
           must be a power of two from 1 to 32 (or 64, if your
           platform supports that).

       Illegal octal digit %s
           (F) You used an 8 or 9 in an octal number.

       Illegal octal digit %s ignored
           (W digit) You may have tried to use an 8 or 9 in an
           octal number.  Interpretation of the octal number
           stopped before the 8 or 9.

       Illegal switch in PERL5OPT: %s
           (X) The PERL5OPT environment variable may only be used
           to set the following switches: -[CDIMUdmtw].

       Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s"
           (W internal) A warning peculiar to VMS.  Perl tried to
           read the CRTL's internal environ array, and
           encountered an element without the "=" delimiter used
           to separate keys from values.  The element is ignored.

       Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter: |%s|
           (W internal) A warning peculiar to VMS.  Perl tried to
           read a logical name or CLI symbol definition when
           preparing to iterate over %ENV, and didn't see the
           expected delimiter between key and value, so the line
           was ignored.

       (in cleanup) %s
           (W misc) This prefix usually indicates that a
           DESTROY() method raised the indicated exception.
           Since destructors are usually called by the system at
           arbitrary points during execution, and often a vast
           number of times, the warning is issued only once for
           any number of failures that would otherwise result in
           the same message being repeated.

           Failure of user callbacks dispatched using the
           "G_KEEPERR" flag could also result in this warning.
           See "G_KEEPERR" in perlcall.

       Inconsistent hierarchy during C3 merge of class '%s':
       merging failed on parent '%s'
           (F) The method resolution order (MRO) of the given
           class is not C3-consistent, and you have enabled the
           C3 MRO for this class.  See the C3 documentation in
           mro for more information.

       In EBCDIC the v-string components cannot exceed 2147483647
           (F) An error peculiar to EBCDIC.  Internally,
           v-strings are stored as Unicode code points, and
           encoded in EBCDIC as UTF-EBCDIC.  The UTF-EBCDIC



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           encoding is limited to code points no larger than
           2147483647 (0x7FFFFFFF).

       Infinite recursion in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used a pattern that references itself without
           consuming any input text. You should check the pattern
           to ensure that recursive patterns either consume text
           or fail.

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered.

       Initialization of state variables in list context
       currently forbidden
           (F) Currently the implementation of "state" only
           permits the initialization of scalar variables in
           scalar context. Re-write "state ($a) = 42" as "state
           $a = 42" to change from list to scalar context.
           Constructions such as "state (@a) = foo()" will be
           supported in a future perl release.

       Insecure dependency in %s
           (F) You tried to do something that the tainting
           mechanism didn't like.  The tainting mechanism is
           turned on when you're running setuid or setgid, or
           when you specify -T to turn it on explicitly.  The
           tainting mechanism labels all data that's derived
           directly or indirectly from the user, who is
           considered to be unworthy of your trust.  If any such
           data is used in a "dangerous" operation, you get this
           error.  See perlsec for more information.

       Insecure directory in %s
           (F) You can't use system(), exec(), or a piped open in
           a setuid or setgid script if $ENV{PATH} contains a
           directory that is writable by the world.  Also, the
           PATH must not contain any relative directory.  See
           perlsec.

       Insecure $ENV{%s} while running %s
           (F) You can't use system(), exec(), or a piped open in
           a setuid or setgid script if any of $ENV{PATH},
           $ENV{IFS}, $ENV{CDPATH}, $ENV{ENV}, $ENV{BASH_ENV} or
           $ENV{TERM} are derived from data supplied (or
           potentially supplied) by the user.  The script must
           set the path to a known value, using trustworthy data.
           See perlsec.

       Integer overflow in %s number
           (W overflow) The hexadecimal, octal or binary number
           you have specified either as a literal or as an
           argument to hex() or oct() is too big for your
           architecture, and has been converted to a floating
           point number.  On a 32-bit architecture the largest



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           hexadecimal, octal or binary number representable
           without overflow is 0xFFFFFFFF, 037777777777, or
           0b11111111111111111111111111111111 respectively.  Note
           that Perl transparently promotes all numbers to a
           floating point representation internally--subject to
           loss of precision errors in subsequent operations.

       Integer overflow in format string for %s
           (F) The indexes and widths specified in the format
           string of "printf()" or "sprintf()" are too large.
           The numbers must not overflow the size of integers for
           your architecture.

       Integer overflow in version
           (F) Some portion of a version initialization is too
           large for the size of integers for your architecture.
           This is not a warning because there is no rational
           reason for a version to try and use a element larger
           than typically 2**32.  This is usually caused by
           trying to use some odd mathematical operation as a
           version, like 100/9.

       Internal disaster in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (P) Something went badly wrong in the regular
           expression parser.  The <-- HERE shows in the regular
           expression about where the problem was discovered.

       Internal inconsistency in tracking vforks
           (S) A warning peculiar to VMS.  Perl keeps track of
           the number of times you've called "fork" and "exec",
           to determine whether the current call to "exec" should
           affect the current script or a subprocess (see "exec
           LIST" in perlvms).  Somehow, this count has become
           scrambled, so Perl is making a guess and treating this
           "exec" as a request to terminate the Perl script and
           execute the specified command.

       Internal urp in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (P) Something went badly awry in the regular
           expression parser. The <-- HERE shows in the regular
           expression about where the problem was discovered.

       %s (...) interpreted as function
           (W syntax) You've run afoul of the rule that says that
           any list operator followed by parentheses turns into a
           function, with all the list operators arguments found
           inside the parentheses.  See "Terms and List Operators
           (Leftward)" in perlop.

       Invalid %s attribute: %s
           The indicated attribute for a subroutine or variable
           was not recognized by Perl or by a user-supplied
           handler.  See attributes.




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       Invalid %s attributes: %s
           The indicated attributes for a subroutine or variable
           were not recognized by Perl or by a user-supplied
           handler.  See attributes.

       Invalid conversion in %s: "%s"
           (W printf) Perl does not understand the given format
           conversion.  See "sprintf" in perlfunc.

       Invalid escape in the specified encoding in regex; marked
       by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (W regexp) The numeric escape (for example "\xHH") of
           value < 256 didn't correspond to a single character
           through the conversion from the encoding specified by
           the encoding pragma.  The escape was replaced with
           REPLACEMENT CHARACTER (U+FFFD) instead.  The <-- HERE
           shows in the regular expression about where the escape
           was discovered.

       Invalid mro name: '%s'
           (F) You tried to "mro::set_mro("classname", "foo")" or
           "use mro 'foo'", where "foo" is not a valid method
           resolution order (MRO).  (Currently, the only valid
           ones are "dfs" and "c3"). See mro.

       Invalid [] range "%s" in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
       m/%s/
           (F) The range specified in a character class had a
           minimum character greater than the maximum character.
           One possibility is that you forgot the "{}" from your
           ending "\x{}" - "\x" without the curly braces can go
           only up to "ff".  The <-- HERE shows in the regular
           expression about where the problem was discovered.
           See perlre.

       Invalid range "%s" in transliteration operator
           (F) The range specified in the tr/// or y/// operator
           had a minimum character greater than the maximum
           character.  See perlop.

       Invalid separator character %s in attribute list
           (F) Something other than a colon or whitespace was
           seen between the elements of an attribute list.  If
           the previous attribute had a parenthesised parameter
           list, perhaps that list was terminated too soon.  See
           attributes.

       Invalid separator character %s in PerlIO layer
       specification %s
           (W layer) When pushing layers onto the Perl I/O
           system, something other than a colon or whitespace was
           seen between the elements of a layer list.  If the
           previous attribute had a parenthesised parameter list,
           perhaps that list was terminated too soon.



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       Invalid type '%s' in %s
           (F) The given character is not a valid pack or unpack
           type.  See "pack" in perlfunc.  (W) The given
           character is not a valid pack or unpack type but used
           to be silently ignored.

       Invalid version format (multiple underscores)
           (F) Versions may contain at most a single underscore,
           which signals that the version is a beta release.  See
           version for the allowed version formats.

       Invalid version format (underscores before decimal)
           (F) Versions may not contain decimals after the
           optional underscore.  See version for the allowed
           version formats.

       ioctl is not implemented
           (F) Your machine apparently doesn't implement ioctl(),
           which is pretty strange for a machine that supports C.

       ioctl() on unopened %s
           (W unopened) You tried ioctl() on a filehandle that
           was never opened.  Check you control flow and number
           of arguments.

       IO layers (like "%s") unavailable
           (F) Your Perl has not been configured to have PerlIO,
           and therefore you cannot use IO layers.  To have
           PerlIO Perl must be configured with 'useperlio'.

       IO::Socket::atmark not implemented on this architecture
           (F) Your machine doesn't implement the sockatmark()
           functionality, neither as a system call or an ioctl
           call (SIOCATMARK).

       $* is no longer supported
           (S deprecated, syntax) The special variable $*,
           deprecated in older perls, has been removed as of
           5.9.0 and is no longer supported. In previous versions
           of perl the use of $* enabled or disabled multi-line
           matching within a string.

           Instead of using $* you should use the "/m" (and maybe
           "/s") regexp modifiers. (In older versions: when $*
           was set to a true value then all regular expressions
           behaved as if they were written using "/m".)

       $# is no longer supported
           (S deprecated, syntax) The special variable $#,
           deprecated in older perls, has been removed as of
           5.9.3 and is no longer supported. You should use the
           printf/sprintf functions instead.





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       `%s' is not a code reference
           (W overload) The second (fourth, sixth, ...) argument
           of overload::constant needs to be a code reference.
           Either an anonymous subroutine, or a reference to a
           subroutine.

       `%s' is not an overloadable type
           (W overload) You tried to overload a constant type the
           overload package is unaware of.

       junk on end of regexp
           (P) The regular expression parser is confused.

       Label not found for "last %s"
           (F) You named a loop to break out of, but you're not
           currently in a loop of that name, not even if you
           count where you were called from.  See "last" in
           perlfunc.

       Label not found for "next %s"
           (F) You named a loop to continue, but you're not
           currently in a loop of that name, not even if you
           count where you were called from.  See "last" in
           perlfunc.

       Label not found for "redo %s"
           (F) You named a loop to restart, but you're not
           currently in a loop of that name, not even if you
           count where you were called from.  See "last" in
           perlfunc.

       leaving effective %s failed
           (F) While under the "use filetest" pragma, switching
           the real and effective uids or gids failed.

       length/code after end of string in unpack
           (F) While unpacking, the string buffer was already
           used up when an unpack length/code combination tried
           to obtain more data. This results in an undefined
           value for the length. See "pack" in perlfunc.

       listen() on closed socket %s
           (W closed) You tried to do a listen on a closed
           socket.  Did you forget to check the return value of
           your socket() call?  See "listen" in perlfunc.

       Lookbehind longer than %d not implemented in regex m/%s/
           (F) There is currently a limit on the length of string
           which lookbehind can handle. This restriction may be
           eased in a future release.

       lstat() on filehandle %s
           (W io) You tried to do an lstat on a filehandle.  What
           did you mean by that?  lstat() makes sense only on



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           filenames.  (Perl did a fstat() instead on the
           filehandle.)

       Lvalue subs returning %s not implemented yet
           (F) Due to limitations in the current implementation,
           array and hash values cannot be returned in
           subroutines used in lvalue context.  See "Lvalue
           subroutines" in perlsub.

       Malformed integer in [] in  pack
           (F) Between the  brackets enclosing a numeric repeat
           count only digits are permitted.  See "pack" in
           perlfunc.

       Malformed integer in [] in unpack
           (F) Between the  brackets enclosing a numeric repeat
           count only digits are permitted.  See "pack" in
           perlfunc.

       Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX
           (F) An error peculiar to OS/2.  PERLLIB_PREFIX should
           be of the form

               prefix1;prefix2

           or
               prefix1 prefix2

           with nonempty prefix1 and prefix2.  If "prefix1" is
           indeed a prefix of a builtin library search path,
           prefix2 is substituted.  The error may appear if
           components are not found, or are too long.  See
           "PERLLIB_PREFIX" in perlos2.

       Malformed prototype for %s: %s
           (F) You tried to use a function with a malformed
           prototype.  The syntax of function prototypes is given
           a brief compile-time check for obvious errors like
           invalid characters.  A more rigorous check is run when
           the function is called.

       Malformed UTF-8 character (%s)
           (S utf8) (F) Perl detected a string that didn't comply
           with UTF-8 encoding rules, even though it had the UTF8
           flag on.

           One possible cause is that you set the UTF8 flag
           yourself for data that you thought to be in UTF-8 but
           it wasn't (it was for example legacy 8-bit data). To
           guard against this, you can use Encode::decode_utf8.

           If you use the ":encoding(UTF-8)" PerlIO layer for
           input, invalid byte sequences are handled gracefully,
           but if you use ":utf8", the flag is set without



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           validating the data, possibly resulting in this error
           message.

           See also "Handling Malformed Data" in Encode.

       Malformed UTF-16 surrogate
           Perl thought it was reading UTF-16 encoded character
           data but while doing it Perl met a malformed Unicode
           surrogate.

       Malformed UTF-8 string in pack
           (F) You tried to pack something that didn't comply
           with UTF-8 encoding rules and perl was unable to guess
           how to make more progress.

       Malformed UTF-8 string in unpack
           (F) You tried to unpack something that didn't comply
           with UTF-8 encoding rules and perl was unable to guess
           how to make more progress.

       Malformed UTF-8 string in '%c' format in unpack
           (F) You tried to unpack something that didn't comply
           with UTF-8 encoding rules and perl was unable to guess
           how to make more progress.

       Maximal count of pending signals (%s) exceeded
           (F) Perl aborted due to a too important number of
           signals pending. This usually indicates that your
           operating system tried to deliver signals too fast
           (with a very high priority), starving the perl process
           from resources it would need to reach a point where it
           can process signals safely. (See "Deferred Signals
           (Safe Signals)" in perlipc.)

       %s matches null string many times in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (W regexp) The pattern you've specified would be an
           infinite loop if the regular expression engine didn't
           specifically check for that.  The <-- HERE shows in
           the regular expression about where the problem was
           discovered.  See perlre.

       "%s" may clash with future reserved word
           (W) This warning may be due to running a perl5 script
           through a perl4 interpreter, especially if the word
           that is being warned about is "use" or "my".

       % may not be used in pack
           (F) You can't pack a string by supplying a checksum,
           because the checksumming process loses information,
           and you can't go the other way.  See "unpack" in
           perlfunc.





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       Method for operation %s not found in package %s during
       blessing
           (F) An attempt was made to specify an entry in an
           overloading table that doesn't resolve to a valid
           subroutine.  See overload.

       Method %s not permitted
           See Server error.

       Might be a runaway multi-line %s string starting on line
       %d
           (S) An advisory indicating that the previous error may
           have been caused by a missing delimiter on a string or
           pattern, because it eventually ended earlier on the
           current line.

       Misplaced _ in number
           (W syntax) An underscore (underbar) in a numeric
           constant did not separate two digits.

       Missing argument to -%c
           (F) The argument to the indicated command line switch
           must follow immediately after the switch, without
           intervening spaces.

       Missing %sbrace%s on \N{}
           (F) Wrong syntax of character name literal
           "\N{charname}" within double-quotish context.

       Missing comma after first argument to %s function
           (F) While certain functions allow you to specify a
           filehandle or an "indirect object" before the argument
           list, this ain't one of them.

       Missing command in piped open
           (W pipe) You used the "open(FH, "| command")" or
           "open(FH, "command |")" construction, but the command
           was missing or blank.

       Missing control char name in \c
           (F) A double-quoted string ended with "\c", without
           the required control character name.

       Missing name in "my sub"
           (F) The reserved syntax for lexically scoped
           subroutines requires that they have a name with which
           they can be found.

       Missing $ on loop variable
           (F) Apparently you've been programming in csh too
           much.  Variables are always mentioned with the $ in
           Perl, unlike in the shells, where it can vary from one
           line to the next.




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       (Missing operator before %s?)
           (S syntax) This is an educated guess made in
           conjunction with the message "%s found where operator
           expected".  Often the missing operator is a comma.

       Missing right brace on %s
           (F) Missing right brace in "\x{...}", "\p{...}" or
           "\P{...}".

       Missing right curly or square bracket
           (F) The lexer counted more opening curly or square
           brackets than closing ones.  As a general rule, you'll
           find it's missing near the place you were last
           editing.

       (Missing semicolon on previous line?)
           (S syntax) This is an educated guess made in
           conjunction with the message "%s found where operator
           expected".  Don't automatically put a semicolon on the
           previous line just because you saw this message.

       Modification of a read-only value attempted
           (F) You tried, directly or indirectly, to change the
           value of a constant.  You didn't, of course, try "2 =
           1", because the compiler catches that.  But an easy
           way to do the same thing is:

               sub mod { $_[0] = 1 }
               mod(2);

           Another way is to assign to a substr() that's off the
           end of the string.

           Yet another way is to assign to a "foreach" loop VAR
           when VAR is aliased to a constant in the look LIST:

                   $x = 1;
                   foreach my $n ($x, 2) {
                       $n *= 2; # modifies the $x, but fails on attempt to modify the 2
                   }

       Modification of non-creatable array value attempted, %s
           (F) You tried to make an array value spring into
           existence, and the subscript was probably negative,
           even counting from end of the array backwards.

       Modification of non-creatable hash value attempted, %s
           (P) You tried to make a hash value spring into
           existence, and it couldn't be created for some
           peculiar reason.

       Module name must be constant
           (F) Only a bare module name is allowed as the first
           argument to a "use".



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       Module name required with -%c option
           (F) The "-M" or "-m" options say that Perl should load
           some module, but you omitted the name of the module.
           Consult perlrun for full details about "-M" and "-m".

       More than one argument to open
           (F) The "open" function has been asked to open
           multiple files. This can happen if you are trying to
           open a pipe to a command that takes a list of
           arguments, but have forgotten to specify a piped open
           mode.  See "open" in perlfunc for details.

       msg%s not implemented
           (F) You don't have System V message IPC on your
           system.

       Multidimensional syntax %s not supported
           (W syntax) Multidimensional arrays aren't written like
           $foo[1,2,3].  They're written like $foo[1][2][3], as
           in C.

       '/' must follow a numeric type in unpack
           (F) You had an unpack template that contained a '/',
           but this did not follow some unpack specification
           producing a numeric value.  See "pack" in perlfunc.

       "my sub" not yet implemented
           (F) Lexically scoped subroutines are not yet
           implemented.  Don't try that yet.

       "%s" variable %s can't be in a package
           (F) Lexically scoped variables aren't in a package, so
           it doesn't make sense to try to declare one with a
           package qualifier on the front.  Use local() if you
           want to localize a package variable.

       Name "%s::%s" used only once: possible typo
           (W once) Typographical errors often show up as unique
           variable names.  If you had a good reason for having a
           unique name, then just mention it again somehow to
           suppress the message.  The "our" declaration is
           provided for this purpose.

           NOTE: This warning detects symbols that have been used
           only once so $c, @c, %c, *c, &c, sub c{}, c(), and c
           (the filehandle or format) are considered the same; if
           a program uses $c only once but also uses any of the
           others it will not trigger this warning.

       Negative '/' count in unpack
           (F) The length count obtained from a length/code
           unpack operation was negative.  See "pack" in
           perlfunc.




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       Negative length
           (F) You tried to do a read/write/send/recv operation
           with a buffer length that is less than 0.  This is
           difficult to imagine.

       Negative offset to vec in lvalue context
           (F) When "vec" is called in an lvalue context, the
           second argument must be greater than or equal to zero.

       Nested quantifiers in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You can't quantify a quantifier without
           intervening parentheses. So things like ** or +* or ?*
           are illegal. The <-- HERE shows in the regular
           expression about where the problem was discovered.

           Note that the minimal matching quantifiers, "*?",
           "+?", and "??" appear to be nested quantifiers, but
           aren't.  See perlre.

       %s never introduced
           (S internal) The symbol in question was declared but
           somehow went out of scope before it could possibly
           have been used.

       next::method/next::can/maybe::next::method cannot find
       enclosing method
           (F) "next::method" needs to be called within the
           context of a real method in a real package, and it
           could not find such a context.  See mro.

       No %s allowed while running setuid
           (F) Certain operations are deemed to be too insecure
           for a setuid or setgid script to even be allowed to
           attempt.  Generally speaking there will be another way
           to do what you want that is, if not secure, at least
           securable.  See perlsec.

       No comma allowed after %s
           (F) A list operator that has a filehandle or "indirect
           object" is not allowed to have a comma between that
           and the following arguments.  Otherwise it'd be just
           another one of the arguments.

           One possible cause for this is that you expected to
           have imported a constant to your name space with use
           or import while no such importing took place, it may
           for example be that your operating system does not
           support that particular constant. Hopefully you did
           use an explicit import list for the constants you
           expect to see, please see "use" in perlfunc and
           "import" in perlfunc. While an explicit import list
           would probably have caught this error earlier it
           naturally does not remedy the fact that your operating
           system still does not support that constant. Maybe you



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           have a typo in the constants of the symbol import list
           of use or import or in the constant name at the line
           where this error was triggered?

       No command into which to pipe on command line
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl handles its own
           command line redirection, and found a '|' at the end
           of the command line, so it doesn't know where you want
           to pipe the output from this command.

       No DB::DB routine defined
           (F) The currently executing code was compiled with the
           -d switch, but for some reason the  current debugger
           (e.g. perl5db.pl or a "Devel::" module) didn't define
           a routine to be called at the beginning of each
           statement.

       No dbm on this machine
           (P) This is counted as an internal error, because
           every machine should supply dbm nowadays, because Perl
           comes with SDBM.  See SDBM_File.

       No DB::sub routine defined
           (F) The currently executing code was compiled with the
           -d switch, but for some reason the current debugger
           (e.g. perl5db.pl or a "Devel::" module) didn't define
           a "DB::sub" routine to be called at the beginning of
           each ordinary subroutine call.

       No -e allowed in setuid scripts
           (F) A setuid script can't be specified by the user.

       No error file after 2> or 2>> on command line
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl handles its own
           command line redirection, and found a '2>' or a '2>>'
           on the command line, but can't find the name of the
           file to which to write data destined for stderr.

       No group ending character '%c' found in template
           (F) A pack or unpack template has an opening '(' or
           '[' without its matching counterpart. See "pack" in
           perlfunc.

       No input file after < on command line
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl handles its own
           command line redirection, and found a '<' on the
           command line, but can't find the name of the file from
           which to read data for stdin.

       No #! line
           (F) The setuid emulator requires that scripts have a
           well-formed #! line even on machines that don't
           support the #! construct.




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       No next::method '%s' found for %s
           (F) "next::method" found no further instances of this
           method name in the remaining packages of the MRO of
           this class.  If you don't want it throwing an
           exception, use "maybe::next::method" or "next::can".
           See mro.

       "no" not allowed in expression
           (F) The "no" keyword is recognized and executed at
           compile time, and returns no useful value.  See
           perlmod.

       No output file after > on command line
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl handles its own
           command line redirection, and found a lone '>' at the
           end of the command line, so it doesn't know where you
           wanted to redirect stdout.

       No output file after > or >> on command line
           (F) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl handles its own
           command line redirection, and found a '>' or a '>>' on
           the command line, but can't find the name of the file
           to which to write data destined for stdout.

       No package name allowed for variable %s in "our"
           (F) Fully qualified variable names are not allowed in
           "our" declarations, because that doesn't make much
           sense under existing semantics.  Such syntax is
           reserved for future extensions.

       No Perl script found in input
           (F) You called "perl -x", but no line was found in the
           file beginning with #! and containing the word "perl".

       No setregid available
           (F) Configure didn't find anything resembling the
           setregid() call for your system.

       No setreuid available
           (F) Configure didn't find anything resembling the
           setreuid() call for your system.

       No %s specified for -%c
           (F) The indicated command line switch needs a
           mandatory argument, but you haven't specified one.

       No such class field "%s" in variable %s of type %s
           (F) You tried to access a key from a hash through the
           indicated typed variable but that key is not allowed
           by the package of the same type.  The indicated
           package has restricted the set of allowed keys using
           the fields pragma.





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       No such class %s
           (F) You provided a class qualifier in a "my", "our" or
           "state" declaration, but this class doesn't exist at
           this point in your program.

       No such hook: %s
           (F) You specified a signal hook that was not
           recognized by Perl.  Currently, Perl accepts "__DIE__"
           and "__WARN__" as valid signal hooks

       No such pipe open
           (P) An error peculiar to VMS.  The internal routine
           my_pclose() tried to close a pipe which hadn't been
           opened.  This should have been caught earlier as an
           attempt to close an unopened filehandle.

       No such signal: SIG%s
           (W signal) You specified a signal name as a subscript
           to %SIG that was not recognized.  Say "kill -l" in
           your shell to see the valid signal names on your
           system.

       Not a CODE reference
           (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a code
           value (that is, a subroutine), but found a reference
           to something else instead.  You can use the ref()
           function to find out what kind of ref it really was.
           See also perlref.

       Not a format reference
           (F) I'm not sure how you managed to generate a
           reference to an anonymous format, but this indicates
           you did, and that it didn't exist.

       Not a GLOB reference
           (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a
           "typeglob" (that is, a symbol table entry that looks
           like *foo), but found a reference to something else
           instead.  You can use the ref() function to find out
           what kind of ref it really was.  See perlref.

       Not a HASH reference
           (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a hash
           value, but found a reference to something else
           instead.  You can use the ref() function to find out
           what kind of ref it really was.  See perlref.

       Not an ARRAY reference
           (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to an
           array value, but found a reference to something else
           instead.  You can use the ref() function to find out
           what kind of ref it really was.  See perlref.





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       Not a perl script
           (F) The setuid emulator requires that scripts have a
           well-formed #! line even on machines that don't
           support the #! construct.  The line must mention perl.

       Not a SCALAR reference
           (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a
           scalar value, but found a reference to something else
           instead.  You can use the ref() function to find out
           what kind of ref it really was.  See perlref.

       Not a subroutine reference
           (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a code
           value (that is, a subroutine), but found a reference
           to something else instead.  You can use the ref()
           function to find out what kind of ref it really was.
           See also perlref.

       Not a subroutine reference in overload table
           (F) An attempt was made to specify an entry in an
           overloading table that doesn't somehow point to a
           valid subroutine.  See overload.

       Not enough arguments for %s
           (F) The function requires more arguments than you
           specified.

       Not enough format arguments
           (W syntax) A format specified more picture fields than
           the next line supplied.  See perlform.

       %s: not found
           (A) You've accidentally run your script through the
           Bourne shell instead of Perl.  Check the #! line, or
           manually feed your script into Perl yourself.

       no UTC offset information; assuming local time is UTC
           (S) A warning peculiar to VMS.  Perl was unable to
           find the local timezone offset, so it's assuming that
           local system time is equivalent to UTC.  If it's not,
           define the logical name SYS$TIMEZONE_DIFFERENTIAL to
           translate to the number of seconds which need to be
           added to UTC to get local time.

       Non-string passed as bitmask
           (W misc) A number has been passed as a bitmask
           argument to select().  Use the vec() function to
           construct the file descriptor bitmasks for select. See
           "select" in perlfunc

       Null filename used
           (F) You can't require the null filename, especially
           because on many machines that means the current
           directory!  See "require" in perlfunc.



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       NULL OP IN RUN
           (P debugging) Some internal routine called run() with
           a null opcode pointer.

       Null picture in formline
           (F) The first argument to formline must be a valid
           format picture specification.  It was found to be
           empty, which probably means you supplied it an
           uninitialized value.  See perlform.

       Null realloc
           (P) An attempt was made to realloc NULL.

       NULL regexp argument
           (P) The internal pattern matching routines blew it big
           time.

       NULL regexp parameter
           (P) The internal pattern matching routines are out of
           their gourd.

       Number too long
           (F) Perl limits the representation of decimal numbers
           in programs to about 250 characters.  You've exceeded
           that length.  Future versions of Perl are likely to
           eliminate this arbitrary limitation.  In the meantime,
           try using scientific notation (e.g. "1e6" instead of
           "1_000_000").

       Octal number in vector unsupported
           (F) Numbers with a leading 0 are not currently allowed
           in vectors.  The octal number interpretation of such
           numbers may be supported in a future version.

       Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable
           (W portable) The octal number you specified is larger
           than 2**32-1 (4294967295) and therefore non-portable
           between systems.  See perlport for more on portability
           concerns.

           See also perlport for writing portable code.

       Odd number of arguments for overload::constant
           (W overload) The call to overload::constant contained
           an odd number of arguments. The arguments should come
           in pairs.

       Odd number of elements in anonymous hash
           (W misc) You specified an odd number of elements to
           initialize a hash, which is odd, because hashes come
           in key/value pairs.

       Odd number of elements in hash assignment
           (W misc) You specified an odd number of elements to



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           initialize a hash, which is odd, because hashes come
           in key/value pairs.

       Offset outside string
           (F, W layer) You tried to do a
           read/write/send/recv/seek operation with an offset
           pointing outside the buffer.  This is difficult to
           imagine.  The sole exceptions to this are that zero
           padding will take place when going past the end of the
           string when either "sysread()"ing a file, or when
           seeking past the end of a scalar opened for I/O (in
           anticipation of future reads and to imitate the
           behaviour with real files).

       %s() on unopened %s
           (W unopened) An I/O operation was attempted on a
           filehandle that was never initialized.  You need to do
           an open(), a sysopen(), or a socket() call, or call a
           constructor from the FileHandle package.

       -%s on unopened filehandle %s
           (W unopened) You tried to invoke a file test operator
           on a filehandle that isn't open.  Check your control
           flow.  See also "-X" in perlfunc.

       oops: oopsAV
           (S internal) An internal warning that the grammar is
           screwed up.

       oops: oopsHV
           (S internal) An internal warning that the grammar is
           screwed up.

       Opening dirhandle %s also as a file
           (W io deprecated) You used open() to associate a
           filehandle to a symbol (glob or scalar) that already
           holds a dirhandle.  Although legal, this idiom might
           render your code confusing and is deprecated.

       Opening filehandle %s also as a directory
           (W io deprecated) You used opendir() to associate a
           dirhandle to a symbol (glob or scalar) that already
           holds a filehandle.  Although legal, this idiom might
           render your code confusing and is deprecated.

       Operation "%s": no method found, %s
           (F) An attempt was made to perform an overloaded
           operation for which no handler was defined.  While
           some handlers can be autogenerated in terms of other
           handlers, there is no default handler for any
           operation, unless "fallback" overloading key is
           specified to be true.  See overload.





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       Operator or semicolon missing before %s
           (S ambiguous) You used a variable or subroutine call
           where the parser was expecting an operator.  The
           parser has assumed you really meant to use an
           operator, but this is highly likely to be incorrect.
           For example, if you say "*foo *foo" it will be
           interpreted as if you said "*foo * 'foo'".

       "our" variable %s redeclared
           (W misc) You seem to have already declared the same
           global once before in the current lexical scope.

       Out of memory!
           (X) The malloc() function returned 0, indicating there
           was insufficient remaining memory (or virtual memory)
           to satisfy the request.  Perl has no option but to
           exit immediately.

           At least in Unix you may be able to get past this by
           increasing your process datasize limits: in csh/tcsh
           use "limit" and "limit datasize n" (where "n" is the
           number of kilobytes) to check the current limits and
           change them, and in ksh/bash/zsh use "ulimit -a" and
           "ulimit -d n", respectively.

       Out of memory during %s extend
           (X) An attempt was made to extend an array, a list, or
           a string beyond the largest possible memory
           allocation.

       Out of memory during "large" request for %s
           (F) The malloc() function returned 0, indicating there
           was insufficient remaining memory (or virtual memory)
           to satisfy the request. However, the request was
           judged large enough (compile-time default is 64K), so
           a possibility to shut down by trapping this error is
           granted.

       Out of memory during request for %s
           (X|F) The malloc() function returned 0, indicating
           there was insufficient remaining memory (or virtual
           memory) to satisfy the request.

           The request was judged to be small, so the possibility
           to trap it depends on the way perl was compiled.  By
           default it is not trappable.  However, if compiled for
           this, Perl may use the contents of $^M as an emergency
           pool after die()ing with this message.  In this case
           the error is trappable once, and the error message
           will include the line and file where the failed
           request happened.

       Out of memory during ridiculously large request
           (F) You can't allocate more than 2^31+"small amount"



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           bytes.  This error is most likely to be caused by a
           typo in the Perl program. e.g., $arr[time] instead of
           $arr[$time].

       Out of memory for yacc stack
           (F) The yacc parser wanted to grow its stack so it
           could continue parsing, but realloc() wouldn't give it
           more memory, virtual or otherwise.

       '.' outside of string in pack
           (F) The argument to a '.' in your template tried to
           move the working position to before the start of the
           packed string being built.

       '@' outside of string in unpack
           (F) You had a template that specified an absolute
           position outside the string being unpacked.  See
           "pack" in perlfunc.

       '@' outside of string with malformed UTF-8 in unpack
           (F) You had a template that specified an absolute
           position outside the string being unpacked. The string
           being unpacked was also invalid UTF-8. See "pack" in
           perlfunc.

       %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
       %s
           (W reserved) A lowercase attribute name was used that
           had a package-specific handler.  That name might have
           a meaning to Perl itself some day, even though it
           doesn't yet.  Perhaps you should use a mixed-case
           attribute name, instead.  See attributes.

       pack/unpack repeat count overflow
           (F) You can't specify a repeat count so large that it
           overflows your signed integers.  See "pack" in
           perlfunc.

       page overflow
           (W io) A single call to write() produced more lines
           than can fit on a page.  See perlform.

       panic: %s
           (P) An internal error.

       panic: attempt to call %s in %s
           (P) One of the file test operators entered a code
           branch that calls an ACL related-function, but that
           function is not available on this platform.  Earlier
           checks mean that it should not be possible to enter
           this branch on this platform.

       panic: ck_grep
           (P) Failed an internal consistency check trying to



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           compile a grep.

       panic: ck_split
           (P) Failed an internal consistency check trying to
           compile a split.

       panic: corrupt saved stack index
           (P) The savestack was requested to restore more
           localized values than there are in the savestack.

       panic: del_backref
           (P) Failed an internal consistency check while trying
           to reset a weak reference.

       panic: Devel::DProf inconsistent subroutine return
           (P) Devel::DProf called a subroutine that exited using
           goto(LABEL), last(LABEL) or next(LABEL). Leaving that
           way a subroutine called from an XSUB will lead very
           probably to a crash of the interpreter. This is a bug
           that will hopefully one day get fixed.

       panic: die %s
           (P) We popped the context stack to an eval context,
           and then discovered it wasn't an eval context.

       panic: do_subst
           (P) The internal pp_subst() routine was called with
           invalid operational data.

       panic: do_trans_%s
           (P) The internal do_trans routines were called with
           invalid operational data.

       panic: fold_constants JMPENV_PUSH returned %d
           (P) While attempting folding constants an exception
           other than an "eval" failure was caught.

       panic: frexp
           (P) The library function frexp() failed, making
           printf("%f") impossible.

       panic: goto
           (P) We popped the context stack to a context with the
           specified label, and then discovered it wasn't a
           context we know how to do a goto in.

       panic: hfreeentries failed to free hash
           (P) The internal routine used to clear a hashes
           entries tried repeatedly, but each time something
           added more entries to the hash. Most likely the hash
           contains an object with a reference back to the hash
           and a destructor that adds a new object to the hash.





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       panic: INTERPCASEMOD
           (P) The lexer got into a bad state at a case modifier.

       panic: INTERPCONCAT
           (P) The lexer got into a bad state parsing a string
           with brackets.

       panic: kid popen errno read
           (F) forked child returned an incomprehensible message
           about its errno.

       panic: last
           (P) We popped the context stack to a block context,
           and then discovered it wasn't a block context.

       panic: leave_scope clearsv
           (P) A writable lexical variable became read-only
           somehow within the scope.

       panic: leave_scope inconsistency
           (P) The savestack probably got out of sync.  At least,
           there was an invalid enum on the top of it.

       panic: magic_killbackrefs
           (P) Failed an internal consistency check while trying
           to reset all weak references to an object.

       panic: malloc
           (P) Something requested a negative number of bytes of
           malloc.

       panic: memory wrap
           (P) Something tried to allocate more memory than
           possible.

       panic: pad_alloc
           (P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad
           it was allocating and freeing temporaries and lexicals
           from.

       panic: pad_free curpad
           (P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad
           it was allocating and freeing temporaries and lexicals
           from.

       panic: pad_free po
           (P) An invalid scratch pad offset was detected
           internally.

       panic: pad_reset curpad
           (P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad
           it was allocating and freeing temporaries and lexicals
           from.




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       panic: pad_sv po
           (P) An invalid scratch pad offset was detected
           internally.

       panic: pad_swipe curpad
           (P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad
           it was allocating and freeing temporaries and lexicals
           from.

       panic: pad_swipe po
           (P) An invalid scratch pad offset was detected
           internally.

       panic: pp_iter
           (P) The foreach iterator got called in a non-loop
           context frame.

       panic: pp_match%s
           (P) The internal pp_match() routine was called with
           invalid operational data.

       panic: pp_split
           (P) Something terrible went wrong in setting up for
           the split.

       panic: realloc
           (P) Something requested a negative number of bytes of
           realloc.

       panic: restartop
           (P) Some internal routine requested a goto (or
           something like it), and didn't supply the destination.

       panic: return
           (P) We popped the context stack to a subroutine or
           eval context, and then discovered it wasn't a
           subroutine or eval context.

       panic: scan_num
           (P) scan_num() got called on something that wasn't a
           number.

       panic: sv_chop %s
           (P) The sv_chop() routine was passed a position that
           is not within the scalar's string buffer.

       panic: sv_insert
           (P) The sv_insert() routine was told to remove more
           string than there was string.

       panic: top_env
           (P) The compiler attempted to do a goto, or something
           weird like that.




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       panic: unimplemented op %s (#%d) called
           (P) The compiler is screwed up and attempted to use an
           op that isn't permitted at run time.

       panic: utf16_to_utf8: odd bytelen
           (P) Something tried to call utf16_to_utf8 with an odd
           (as opposed to even) byte length.

       panic: yylex
           (P) The lexer got into a bad state while processing a
           case modifier.

       Pattern subroutine nesting without pos change exceeded
       limit in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used a pattern that uses too many nested
           subpattern calls without consuming any text.
           Restructure the pattern so text is consumed before the
           nesting limit is exceeded.

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered.

       Parentheses missing around "%s" list
           (W parenthesis) You said something like

               my $foo, $bar = @_;

           when you meant

               my ($foo, $bar) = @_;

           Remember that "my", "our", "local" and "state" bind
           tighter than comma.

       "-p" destination: %s
           (F) An error occurred during the implicit output
           invoked by the "-p" command-line switch.  (This output
           goes to STDOUT unless you've redirected it with
           select().)

       (perhaps you forgot to load "%s"?)
           (F) This is an educated guess made in conjunction with
           the message "Can't locate object method \"%s\" via
           package \"%s\"".  It often means that a method
           requires a package that has not been loaded.

       Perl_my_%s() not available
           (F) Your platform has very uncommon byte-order and
           integer size, so it was not possible to set up some or
           all fixed-width byte-order conversion functions.  This
           is only a problem when you're using the '<' or '>'
           modifiers in (un)pack templates.  See "pack" in
           perlfunc.




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       Perl %s required--this is only version %s, stopped
           (F) The module in question uses features of a version
           of Perl more recent than the currently running
           version.  How long has it been since you upgraded,
           anyway?  See "require" in perlfunc.

       PERL_SH_DIR too long
           (F) An error peculiar to OS/2. PERL_SH_DIR is the
           directory to find the "sh"-shell in.  See
           "PERL_SH_DIR" in perlos2.

       PERL_SIGNALS illegal: "%s"
           See "PERL_SIGNALS" in perlrun for legal values.

       perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
           (S) The whole warning message will look something
           like:

                   perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
                   perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
                           LC_ALL = "En_US",
                           LANG = (unset)
                       are supported and installed on your system.
                   perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").

           Exactly what were the failed locale settings varies.
           In the above the settings were that the LC_ALL was
           "En_US" and the LANG had no value.  This error means
           that Perl detected that you and/or your operating
           system supplier and/or system administrator have set
           up the so-called locale system but Perl could not use
           those settings.  This was not dead serious,
           fortunately: there is a "default locale" called "C"
           that Perl can and will use, the script will be run.
           Before you really fix the problem, however, you will
           get the same error message each time you run Perl.
           How to really fix the problem can be found in
           perllocale section LOCALE PROBLEMS.

       Permission denied
           (F) The setuid emulator in suidperl decided you were
           up to no good.

       pid %x not a child
           (W exec) A warning peculiar to VMS.  Waitpid() was
           asked to wait for a process which isn't a subprocess
           of the current process.  While this is fine from VMS'
           perspective, it's probably not what you intended.

       'P' must have an explicit size in unpack
           (F) The unpack format P must have an explicit size,
           not "*".





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       -P not allowed for setuid/setgid script
           (F) The script would have to be opened by the C
           preprocessor by name, which provides a race condition
           that breaks security.

       POSIX class [:%s:] unknown in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
       m/%s/
           (F) The class in the character class [: :] syntax is
           unknown.  The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression
           about where the problem was discovered.  Note that the
           POSIX character classes do not have the "is" prefix
           the corresponding C interfaces have: in other words,
           it's "[[:print:]]", not "isprint".  See perlre.

       POSIX getpgrp can't take an argument
           (F) Your system has POSIX getpgrp(), which takes no
           argument, unlike the BSD version, which takes a pid.

       POSIX syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes in
       regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (W regexp) The character class constructs [: :], [=
           =], and [. .]  go inside character classes, the [] are
           part of the construct, for example:
           /[012[:alpha:]345]/.  Note that [= =] and [. .] are
           not currently implemented; they are simply
           placeholders for future extensions and will cause
           fatal errors.  The <-- HERE shows in the regular
           expression about where the problem was discovered.
           See perlre.

       POSIX syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions in
       regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F regexp) Within regular expression character classes
           ([]) the syntax beginning with "[." and ending with
           ".]" is reserved for future extensions.  If you need
           to represent those character sequences inside a
           regular expression character class, just quote the
           square brackets with the backslash: "\[." and ".\]".
           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered.  See perlre.

       POSIX syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions in
       regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) Within regular expression character classes ([])
           the syntax beginning with "[=" and ending with "=]" is
           reserved for future extensions.  If you need to
           represent those character sequences inside a regular
           expression character class, just quote the square
           brackets with the backslash: "\[=" and "=\]".  The <--
           HERE shows in the regular expression about where the
           problem was discovered.  See perlre.

       Possible attempt to put comments in qw() list
           (W qw) qw() lists contain items separated by



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           whitespace; as with literal strings, comment
           characters are not ignored, but are instead treated as
           literal data.  (You may have used different delimiters
           than the parentheses shown here; braces are also
           frequently used.)

           You probably wrote something like this:

               @list = qw(
                   a # a comment
                   b # another comment
               );

           when you should have written this:

               @list = qw(
                   a
                   b
               );

           If you really want comments, build your list the old-
           fashioned way, with quotes and commas:

               @list = (
                   'a',    # a comment
                   'b',    # another comment
               );

       Possible attempt to separate words with commas
           (W qw) qw() lists contain items separated by
           whitespace; therefore commas aren't needed to separate
           the items.  (You may have used different delimiters
           than the parentheses shown here; braces are also
           frequently used.)

           You probably wrote something like this:

               qw! a, b, c !;

           which puts literal commas into some of the list items.
           Write it without commas if you don't want them to
           appear in your data:

               qw! a b c !;

       Possible memory corruption: %s overflowed 3rd argument
           (F) An ioctl() or fcntl() returned more than Perl was
           bargaining for.  Perl guesses a reasonable buffer
           size, but puts a sentinel byte at the end of the
           buffer just in case.  This sentinel byte got
           clobbered, and Perl assumes that memory is now
           corrupted.  See "ioctl" in perlfunc.





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       Possible precedence problem on bitwise %c operator
           (W precedence) Your program uses a bitwise logical
           operator in conjunction with a numeric comparison
           operator, like this :

               if ($x & $y == 0) { ... }

           This expression is actually equivalent to "$x & ($y ==
           0)", due to the higher precedence of "==". This is
           probably not what you want. (If you really meant to
           write this, disable the warning, or, better, put the
           parentheses explicitly and write "$x & ($y == 0)").

       Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string
           (W ambiguous) You said something like `@foo' in a
           double-quoted string but there was no array @foo in
           scope at the time. If you wanted a literal @foo, then
           write it as \@foo; otherwise find out what happened to
           the array you apparently lost track of.

       pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS"
       instead
           (D deprecated) You have written something like this:

               sub doit
               {
                   use attrs qw(locked);
               }

           You should use the new declaration syntax instead.

               sub doit : locked
               {
                   ...

           The "use attrs" pragma is now obsolete, and is only
           provided for backward-compatibility. See "Subroutine
           Attributes" in perlsub.

       Precedence problem: open %s should be open(%s)
           (S precedence) The old irregular construct

               open FOO || die;

           is now misinterpreted as

               open(FOO || die);

           because of the strict regularization of Perl 5's
           grammar into unary and list operators.  (The old open
           was a little of both.)  You must put parentheses
           around the filehandle, or use the new "or" operator
           instead of "||".




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       Premature end of script headers
           See Server error.

       printf() on closed filehandle %s
           (W closed) The filehandle you're writing to got itself
           closed sometime before now.  Check your control flow.

       print() on closed filehandle %s
           (W closed) The filehandle you're printing on got
           itself closed sometime before now.  Check your control
           flow.

       Process terminated by SIG%s
           (W) This is a standard message issued by OS/2
           applications, while *nix applications die in silence.
           It is considered a feature of the OS/2 port.  One can
           easily disable this by appropriate sighandlers, see
           "Signals" in perlipc.  See also "Process terminated by
           SIGTERM/SIGINT" in perlos2.

       Prototype mismatch: %s vs %s
           (S prototype) The subroutine being declared or defined
           had previously been declared or defined with a
           different function prototype.

       Prototype not terminated
           (F) You've omitted the closing parenthesis in a
           function prototype definition.

       Quantifier follows nothing in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
       m/%s/
           (F) You started a regular expression with a
           quantifier. Backslash it if you meant it literally.
           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered. See perlre.

       Quantifier in {,} bigger than %d in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (F) There is currently a limit to the size of the min
           and max values of the {min,max} construct. The <--
           HERE shows in the regular expression about where the
           problem was discovered. See perlre.

       Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression; marked by
       <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (W regexp) You applied a regular expression quantifier
           in a place where it makes no sense, such as on a zero-
           width assertion.  Try putting the quantifier inside
           the assertion instead.  For example, the way to match
           "abc" provided that it is followed by three
           repetitions of "xyz" is "/abc(?=(?:xyz){3})/", not
           "/abc(?=xyz){3}/".

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about



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           where the problem was discovered.

       Range iterator outside integer range
           (F) One (or both) of the numeric arguments to the
           range operator ".."  are outside the range which can
           be represented by integers internally.  One possible
           workaround is to force Perl to use magical string
           increment by prepending "0" to your numbers.

       readdir() attempted on invalid dirhandle %s
           (W io) The dirhandle you're reading from is either
           closed or not really a dirhandle.  Check your control
           flow.

       readline() on closed filehandle %s
           (W closed) The filehandle you're reading from got
           itself closed sometime before now.  Check your control
           flow.

       read() on closed filehandle %s
           (W closed) You tried to read from a closed filehandle.

       read() on unopened filehandle %s
           (W unopened) You tried to read from a filehandle that
           was never opened.

       Reallocation too large: %lx
           (F) You can't allocate more than 64K on an MS-DOS
           machine.

       realloc() of freed memory ignored
           (S malloc) An internal routine called realloc() on
           something that had already been freed.

       Recompile perl with -DDEBUGGING to use -D switch
           (F debugging) You can't use the -D option unless the
           code to produce the desired output is compiled into
           Perl, which entails some overhead, which is why it's
           currently left out of your copy.

       Recursive inheritance detected in package '%s'
           (F) While calculating the method resolution order
           (MRO) of a package, Perl believes it found an infinite
           loop in the @ISA hierarchy.  This is a crude check
           that bails out after 100 levels of @ISA depth.

       Recursive inheritance detected while looking for method %s
           (F) More than 100 levels of inheritance were
           encountered while invoking a method.  Probably
           indicates an unintended loop in your inheritance
           hierarchy.

       Reference found where even-sized list expected
           (W misc) You gave a single reference where Perl was



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           expecting a list with an even number of elements (for
           assignment to a hash). This usually means that you
           used the anon hash constructor when you meant to use
           parens. In any case, a hash requires key/value pairs.

               %hash = { one => 1, two => 2, };    # WRONG
               %hash = [ qw/ an anon array / ];    # WRONG
               %hash = ( one => 1, two => 2, );    # right
               %hash = qw( one 1 two 2 );                  # also fine

       Reference is already weak
           (W misc) You have attempted to weaken a reference that
           is already weak.  Doing so has no effect.

       Reference miscount in sv_replace()
           (W internal) The internal sv_replace() function was
           handed a new SV with a reference count of other than
           1.

       Reference to invalid group 0
           (F) You used "\g0" or similar in a regular expression.
           You may refer to capturing parentheses only with
           strictly positive integers (normal backreferences) or
           with strictly negative integers (relative
           backreferences), but using 0 does not make sense.

       Reference to nonexistent group in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used something like "\7" in your regular
           expression, but there are not at least seven sets of
           capturing parentheses in the expression. If you wanted
           to have the character with value 7 inserted into the
           regular expression, prepend a zero to make the number
           at least two digits: "\07"

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered.

       Reference to nonexistent or unclosed group in regex;
       marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used something like "\g{-7}" in your regular
           expression, but there are not at least seven sets of
           closed capturing parentheses in the expression before
           where the "\g{-7}" was located.

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered.

       Reference to nonexistent named group in regex; marked by
       <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used something like "\k'NAME'" or "\k<NAME>"
           in your regular expression, but there is no
           corresponding named capturing parentheses such as
           "(?'NAME'...)" or "(?<NAME"...). Check if the name has



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           been spelled correctly both in the backreference and
           the declaration.

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered.

       (?(DEFINE)....) does not allow branches in regex; marked
       by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used something like "(?(DEFINE)...|..)" which
           is illegal. The most likely cause of this error is
           that you left out a parenthesis inside of the "...."
           part.

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered.

       regexp memory corruption
           (P) The regular expression engine got confused by what
           the regular expression compiler gave it.

       Regexp out of space
           (P) A "can't happen" error, because safemalloc()
           should have caught it earlier.

       Repeated format line will never terminate (~~ and @#
       incompatible)
           (F) Your format contains the ~~ repeat-until-blank
           sequence and a numeric field that will never go blank
           so that the repetition never terminates. You might use
           ^# instead.  See perlform.

       Reversed %s= operator
           (W syntax) You wrote your assignment operator
           backwards.  The = must always comes last, to avoid
           ambiguity with subsequent unary operators.

       rewinddir() attempted on invalid dirhandle %s
           (W io) The dirhandle you tried to do a rewinddir() on
           is either closed or not really a dirhandle.  Check
           your control flow.

       Runaway format
           (F) Your format contained the ~~ repeat-until-blank
           sequence, but it produced 200 lines at once, and the
           200th line looked exactly like the 199th line.
           Apparently you didn't arrange for the arguments to
           exhaust themselves, either by using ^ instead of @
           (for scalar variables), or by shifting or popping (for
           array variables).  See perlform.

       Scalars leaked: %d
           (P) Something went wrong in Perl's internal
           bookkeeping of scalars: not all scalar variables were
           deallocated by the time Perl exited.  What this



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           usually indicates is a memory leak, which is of course
           bad, especially if the Perl program is intended to be
           long-running.

       Scalar value @%s[%s] better written as $%s[%s]
           (W syntax) You've used an array slice (indicated by @)
           to select a single element of an array.  Generally
           it's better to ask for a scalar value (indicated by
           $).  The difference is that $foo[&bar] always behaves
           like a scalar, both when assigning to it and when
           evaluating its argument, while @foo[&bar] behaves like
           a list when you assign to it, and provides a list
           context to its subscript, which can do weird things if
           you're expecting only one subscript.

           On the other hand, if you were actually hoping to
           treat the array element as a list, you need to look
           into how references work, because Perl will not
           magically convert between scalars and lists for you.
           See perlref.

       Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}
           (W syntax) You've used a hash slice (indicated by @)
           to select a single element of a hash.  Generally it's
           better to ask for a scalar value (indicated by $).
           The difference is that $foo{&bar} always behaves like
           a scalar, both when assigning to it and when
           evaluating its argument, while @foo{&bar} behaves like
           a list when you assign to it, and provides a list
           context to its subscript, which can do weird things if
           you're expecting only one subscript.

           On the other hand, if you were actually hoping to
           treat the hash element as a list, you need to look
           into how references work, because Perl will not
           magically convert between scalars and lists for you.
           See perlref.

       Script is not setuid/setgid in suidperl
           (F) Oddly, the suidperl program was invoked on a
           script without a setuid or setgid bit set.  This
           doesn't make much sense.

       Search pattern not terminated
           (F) The lexer couldn't find the final delimiter of a
           // or m{} construct.  Remember that bracketing
           delimiters count nesting level.  Missing the leading
           "$" from a variable $m may cause this error.

           Note that since Perl 5.9.0 a // can also be the
           defined-or construct, not just the empty search
           pattern.  Therefore code written in Perl 5.9.0 or
           later that uses the // as the defined-or can be
           misparsed by pre-5.9.0 Perls as a non-terminated



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           search pattern.

       Search pattern not terminated or ternary operator parsed
       as search pattern
           (F) The lexer couldn't find the final delimiter of a
           "?PATTERN?"  construct.

           The question mark is also used as part of the ternary
           operator (as in "foo ? 0 : 1") leading to some
           ambiguous constructions being wrongly parsed. One way
           to disambiguate the parsing is to put parentheses
           around the conditional expression, i.e. "(foo) ? 0 :
           1".

       %sseek() on unopened filehandle
           (W unopened) You tried to use the seek() or sysseek()
           function on a filehandle that was either never opened
           or has since been closed.

       seekdir() attempted on invalid dirhandle %s
           (W io) The dirhandle you are doing a seekdir() on is
           either closed or not really a dirhandle.  Check your
           control flow.

       select not implemented
           (F) This machine doesn't implement the select() system
           call.

       Self-ties of arrays and hashes are not supported
           (F) Self-ties are of arrays and hashes are not
           supported in the current implementation.

       Semicolon seems to be missing
           (W semicolon) A nearby syntax error was probably
           caused by a missing semicolon, or possibly some other
           missing operator, such as a comma.

       semi-panic: attempt to dup freed string
           (S internal) The internal newSVsv() routine was called
           to duplicate a scalar that had previously been marked
           as free.

       sem%s not implemented
           (F) You don't have System V semaphore IPC on your
           system.

       send() on closed socket %s
           (W closed) The socket you're sending to got itself
           closed sometime before now.  Check your control flow.

       Sequence (? incomplete in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
       m/%s/
           (F) A regular expression ended with an incomplete
           extension (?. The <-- HERE shows in the regular



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           expression about where the problem was discovered. See
           perlre.

       Sequence (?%s...) not implemented in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (F) A proposed regular expression extension has the
           character reserved but has not yet been written. The
           <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about where
           the problem was discovered. See perlre.

       Sequence (?%s...) not recognized in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used a regular expression extension that
           doesn't make sense.  The <-- HERE shows in the regular
           expression about where the problem was discovered.
           See perlre.

       Sequence \\%s... not terminated in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (F) The regular expression expects a mandatory
           argument following the escape sequence and this has
           been omitted or incorrectly written.

       Sequence (?#... not terminated in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (F) A regular expression comment must be terminated by
           a closing parenthesis.  Embedded parentheses aren't
           allowed.  The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression
           about where the problem was discovered. See perlre.

       Sequence (?{...}) not terminated or not {}-balanced in
       regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) If the contents of a (?{...}) clause contains
           braces, they must balance for Perl to properly detect
           the end of the clause. The <-- HERE shows in the
           regular expression about where the problem was
           discovered. See perlre.

       500 Server error
           See Server error.

       Server error
           This is the error message generally seen in a browser
           window when trying to run a CGI program (including
           SSI) over the web. The actual error text varies widely
           from server to server. The most frequently-seen
           variants are "500 Server error", "Method (something)
           not permitted", "Document contains no data",
           "Premature end of script headers", and "Did not
           produce a valid header".

           This is a CGI error, not a Perl error.

           You need to make sure your script is executable, is



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           accessible by the user CGI is running the script under
           (which is probably not the user account you tested it
           under), does not rely on any environment variables
           (like PATH) from the user it isn't running under, and
           isn't in a location where the CGI server can't find
           it, basically, more or less.  Please see the following
           for more information:

                   http://www.perl.org/CGI_MetaFAQ.html
                   http://www.htmlhelp.org/faq/cgifaq.html
                   http://www.w3.org/Security/Faq/

           You should also look at perlfaq9.

       setegid() not implemented
           (F) You tried to assign to $), and your operating
           system doesn't support the setegid() system call (or
           equivalent), or at least Configure didn't think so.

       seteuid() not implemented
           (F) You tried to assign to $>, and your operating
           system doesn't support the seteuid() system call (or
           equivalent), or at least Configure didn't think so.

       setpgrp can't take arguments
           (F) Your system has the setpgrp() from BSD 4.2, which
           takes no arguments, unlike POSIX setpgid(), which
           takes a process ID and process group ID.

       setrgid() not implemented
           (F) You tried to assign to $(, and your operating
           system doesn't support the setrgid() system call (or
           equivalent), or at least Configure didn't think so.

       setruid() not implemented
           (F) You tried to assign to $<, and your operating
           system doesn't support the setruid() system call (or
           equivalent), or at least Configure didn't think so.

       setsockopt() on closed socket %s
           (W closed) You tried to set a socket option on a
           closed socket.  Did you forget to check the return
           value of your socket() call?  See "setsockopt" in
           perlfunc.

       Setuid/gid script is writable by world
           (F) The setuid emulator won't run a script that is
           writable by the world, because the world might have
           written on it already.

       Setuid script not plain file
           (F) The setuid emulator won't run a script that isn't
           read from a file, but from a socket, a pipe or another
           device.



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       shm%s not implemented
           (F) You don't have System V shared memory IPC on your
           system.

       !=~ should be !~
           (W syntax) The non-matching operator is !~, not !=~.
           !=~ will be interpreted as the != (numeric not equal)
           and ~ (1's complement) operators: probably not what
           you intended.

       <> should be quotes
           (F) You wrote "require <file>" when you should have
           written "require 'file'".

       /%s/ should probably be written as "%s"
           (W syntax) You have used a pattern where Perl expected
           to find a string, as in the first argument to "join".
           Perl will treat the true or false result of matching
           the pattern against $_ as the string, which is
           probably not what you had in mind.

       shutdown() on closed socket %s
           (W closed) You tried to do a shutdown on a closed
           socket.  Seems a bit superfluous.

       SIG%s handler "%s" not defined
           (W signal) The signal handler named in %SIG doesn't,
           in fact, exist.  Perhaps you put it into the wrong
           package?

       Smart matching a non-overloaded object breaks
       encapsulation
           (F) You should not use the "~~" operator on an object
           that does not overload it: Perl refuses to use the
           object's underlying structure for the smart match.

       sort is now a reserved word
           (F) An ancient error message that almost nobody ever
           runs into anymore.  But before sort was a keyword,
           people sometimes used it as a filehandle.

       Sort subroutine didn't return a numeric value
           (F) A sort comparison routine must return a number.
           You probably blew it by not using "<=>" or "cmp", or
           by not using them correctly.  See "sort" in perlfunc.

       Sort subroutine didn't return single value
           (F) A sort comparison subroutine may not return a list
           value with more or less than one element.  See "sort"
           in perlfunc.

       splice() offset past end of array
           (W misc) You attempted to specify an offset that was
           past the end of the array passed to splice(). Splicing



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           will instead commence at the end of the array, rather
           than past it. If this isn't what you want, try
           explicitly pre-extending the array by assigning
           $#array = $offset. See "splice" in perlfunc.

       Split loop
           (P) The split was looping infinitely.  (Obviously, a
           split shouldn't iterate more times than there are
           characters of input, which is what happened.) See
           "split" in perlfunc.

       Statement unlikely to be reached
           (W exec) You did an exec() with some statement after
           it other than a die().  This is almost always an
           error, because exec() never returns unless there was a
           failure.  You probably wanted to use system() instead,
           which does return.  To suppress this warning, put the
           exec() in a block by itself.

       stat() on unopened filehandle %s
           (W unopened) You tried to use the stat() function on a
           filehandle that was either never opened or has since
           been closed.

       Stub found while resolving method "%s" overloading "%s"
           (P) Overloading resolution over @ISA tree may be
           broken by importation stubs.  Stubs should never be
           implicitly created, but explicit calls to "can" may
           break this.

       Subroutine %s redefined
           (W redefine) You redefined a subroutine.  To suppress
           this warning, say

               {
                   no warnings 'redefine';
                   eval "sub name { ... }";
               }

       Substitution loop
           (P) The substitution was looping infinitely.
           (Obviously, a substitution shouldn't iterate more
           times than there are characters of input, which is
           what happened.)  See the discussion of substitution in
           "Regexp Quote-Like Operators" in perlop.

       Substitution pattern not terminated
           (F) The lexer couldn't find the interior delimiter of
           an s/// or s{}{} construct.  Remember that bracketing
           delimiters count nesting level.  Missing the leading
           "$" from variable $s may cause this error.

       Substitution replacement not terminated
           (F) The lexer couldn't find the final delimiter of an



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           s/// or s{}{} construct.  Remember that bracketing
           delimiters count nesting level.  Missing the leading
           "$" from variable $s may cause this error.

       substr outside of string
           (W substr),(F) You tried to reference a substr() that
           pointed outside of a string.  That is, the absolute
           value of the offset was larger than the length of the
           string.  See "substr" in perlfunc.  This warning is
           fatal if substr is used in an lvalue context (as the
           left hand side of an assignment or as a subroutine
           argument for example).

       suidperl is no longer needed since %s
           (F) Your Perl was compiled with
           -DSETUID_SCRIPTS_ARE_SECURE_NOW, but a version of the
           setuid emulator somehow got run anyway.

       sv_upgrade from type %d down to type %d
           (P) Perl tried to force the upgrade an SV to a type
           which was actually inferior to its current type.

       Switch (?(condition)... contains too many branches in
       regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) A (?(condition)if-clause|else-clause) construct
           can have at most two branches (the if-clause and the
           else-clause). If you want one or both to contain
           alternation, such as using "this|that|other", enclose
           it in clustering parentheses:

               (?(condition)(?:this|that|other)|else-clause)

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered. See perlre.

       Switch condition not recognized in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (F) If the argument to the
           (?(...)if-clause|else-clause) construct is a number,
           it can be only a number. The <-- HERE shows in the
           regular expression about where the problem was
           discovered. See perlre.

       switching effective %s is not implemented
           (F) While under the "use filetest" pragma, we cannot
           switch the real and effective uids or gids.

       %s syntax
           (F) The final summary message when a "perl -c"
           succeeds.

       syntax error
           (F) Probably means you had a syntax error.  Common
           reasons include:



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               A keyword is misspelled.
               A semicolon is missing.
               A comma is missing.
               An opening or closing parenthesis is missing.
               An opening or closing brace is missing.
               A closing quote is missing.

           Often there will be another error message associated
           with the syntax error giving more information.
           (Sometimes it helps to turn on -w.)  The error message
           itself often tells you where it was in the line when
           it decided to give up.  Sometimes the actual error is
           several tokens before this, because Perl is good at
           understanding random input.  Occasionally the line
           number may be misleading, and once in a blue moon the
           only way to figure out what's triggering the error is
           to call "perl -c" repeatedly, chopping away half the
           program each time to see if the error went away.  Sort
           of the cybernetic version of 20 questions.

       syntax error at line %d: `%s' unexpected
           (A) You've accidentally run your script through the
           Bourne shell instead of Perl.  Check the #! line, or
           manually feed your script into Perl yourself.

       syntax error in file %s at line %d, next 2 tokens "%s"
           (F) This error is likely to occur if you run a perl5
           script through a perl4 interpreter, especially if the
           next 2 tokens are "use strict" or "my $var" or "our
           $var".

       sysread() on closed filehandle %s
           (W closed) You tried to read from a closed filehandle.

       sysread() on unopened filehandle %s
           (W unopened) You tried to read from a filehandle that
           was never opened.

       System V %s is not implemented on this machine
           (F) You tried to do something with a function
           beginning with "sem", "shm", or "msg" but that System
           V IPC is not implemented in your machine.  In some
           machines the functionality can exist but be
           unconfigured.  Consult your system support.

       syswrite() on closed filehandle %s
           (W closed) The filehandle you're writing to got itself
           closed sometime before now.  Check your control flow.

       "-T" and "-B" not implemented on filehandles
           (F) Perl can't peek at the stdio buffer of filehandles
           when it doesn't know about your kind of stdio.  You'll
           have to use a filename instead.




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       Target of goto is too deeply nested
           (F) You tried to use "goto" to reach a label that was
           too deeply nested for Perl to reach.  Perl is doing
           you a favor by refusing.

       tell() on unopened filehandle
           (W unopened) You tried to use the tell() function on a
           filehandle that was either never opened or has since
           been closed.

       telldir() attempted on invalid dirhandle %s
           (W io) The dirhandle you tried to telldir() is either
           closed or not really a dirhandle.  Check your control
           flow.

       That use of $[ is unsupported
           (F) Assignment to $[ is now strictly circumscribed,
           and interpreted as a compiler directive.  You may say
           only one of

               $[ = 0;
               $[ = 1;
               ...
               local $[ = 0;
               local $[ = 1;
               ...

           This is to prevent the problem of one module changing
           the array base out from under another module
           inadvertently.  See "$[" in perlvar.

       The crypt() function is unimplemented due to excessive
       paranoia
           (F) Configure couldn't find the crypt() function on
           your machine, probably because your vendor didn't
           supply it, probably because they think the U.S.
           Government thinks it's a secret, or at least that they
           will continue to pretend that it is.  And if you quote
           me on that, I will deny it.

       The %s function is unimplemented
           The function indicated isn't implemented on this
           architecture, according to the probings of Configure.

       The stat preceding %s wasn't an lstat
           (F) It makes no sense to test the current stat buffer
           for symbolic linkhood if the last stat that wrote to
           the stat buffer already went past the symlink to get
           to the real file.  Use an actual filename instead.

       The 'unique' attribute may only be applied to 'our'
       variables
           (F) This attribute was never supported on "my" or
           "sub" declarations.



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       This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s)
       This Perl can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s)
           (W internal) Warnings peculiar to VMS.  You tried to
           change or delete an element of the CRTL's internal
           environ array, but your copy of Perl wasn't built with
           a CRTL that contained the setenv() function.  You'll
           need to rebuild Perl with a CRTL that does, or
           redefine PERL_ENV_TABLES (see perlvms) so that the
           environ array isn't the target of the change to %ENV
           which produced the warning.

       thread failed to start: %s
           (W threads)(S) The entry point function of
           threads->create() failed for some reason.

       times not implemented
           (F) Your version of the C library apparently doesn't
           do times().  I suspect you're not running on Unix.

       "-T" is on the #! line, it must also be used on the
       command line
           (X) The #! line (or local equivalent) in a Perl script
           contains the -T option, but Perl was not invoked with
           -T in its command line.  This is an error because, by
           the time Perl discovers a -T in a script, it's too
           late to properly taint everything from the
           environment.  So Perl gives up.

           If the Perl script is being executed as a command
           using the #!  mechanism (or its local equivalent),
           this error can usually be fixed by editing the #! line
           so that the -T option is a part of Perl's first
           argument: e.g. change "perl -n -T" to "perl -T -n".

           If the Perl script is being executed as "perl
           scriptname", then the -T option must appear on the
           command line: "perl -T scriptname".

       To%s: illegal mapping '%s'
           (F) You tried to define a customized To-mapping for
           lc(), lcfirst, uc(), or ucfirst() (or their string-
           inlined versions), but you specified an illegal
           mapping.  See "User-Defined Character Properties" in
           perlunicode.

       Too deeply nested ()-groups
           (F) Your template contains ()-groups with a
           ridiculously deep nesting level.

       Too few args to syscall
           (F) There has to be at least one argument to syscall()
           to specify the system call to call, silly dilly.





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       Too late for "-%s" option
           (X) The #! line (or local equivalent) in a Perl script
           contains the -M, -m or -C option.

           In the case of -M and -m, this is an error because
           those options are not intended for use inside scripts.
           Use the "use" pragma instead.

           The -C option only works if it is specified on the
           command line as well (with the same sequence of
           letters or numbers following). Either specify this
           option on the command line, or, if your system
           supports it, make your script executable and run it
           directly instead of passing it to perl.

       Too late to run %s block
           (W void) A CHECK or INIT block is being defined during
           run time proper, when the opportunity to run them has
           already passed.  Perhaps you are loading a file with
           "require" or "do" when you should be using "use"
           instead.  Or perhaps you should put the "require" or
           "do" inside a BEGIN block.

       Too many args to syscall
           (F) Perl supports a maximum of only 14 args to
           syscall().

       Too many arguments for %s
           (F) The function requires fewer arguments than you
           specified.

       Too many )'s
           (A) You've accidentally run your script through csh
           instead of Perl.  Check the #! line, or manually feed
           your script into Perl yourself.

       Too many ('s
           (A) You've accidentally run your script through csh
           instead of Perl.  Check the #! line, or manually feed
           your script into Perl yourself.

       Trailing \ in regex m/%s/
           (F) The regular expression ends with an unbackslashed
           backslash.  Backslash it.   See perlre.

       Transliteration pattern not terminated
           (F) The lexer couldn't find the interior delimiter of
           a tr/// or tr[][] or y/// or y[][] construct.  Missing
           the leading "$" from variables $tr or $y may cause
           this error.

       Transliteration replacement not terminated
           (F) The lexer couldn't find the final delimiter of a
           tr///, tr[][], y/// or y[][] construct.



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       '%s' trapped by operation mask
           (F) You tried to use an operator from a Safe
           compartment in which it's disallowed. See Safe.

       truncate not implemented
           (F) Your machine doesn't implement a file truncation
           mechanism that Configure knows about.

       Type of arg %d to %s must be %s (not %s)
           (F) This function requires the argument in that
           position to be of a certain type.  Arrays must be
           @NAME or "@{EXPR}".  Hashes must be %NAME or
           "%{EXPR}".  No implicit dereferencing is allowed--use
           the {EXPR} forms as an explicit dereference.  See
           perlref.

       umask not implemented
           (F) Your machine doesn't implement the umask function
           and you tried to use it to restrict permissions for
           yourself (EXPR & 0700).

       Unable to create sub named "%s"
           (F) You attempted to create or access a subroutine
           with an illegal name.

       Unbalanced context: %d more PUSHes than POPs
           (W internal) The exit code detected an internal
           inconsistency in how many execution contexts were
           entered and left.

       Unbalanced saves: %d more saves than restores
           (W internal) The exit code detected an internal
           inconsistency in how many values were temporarily
           localized.

       Unbalanced scopes: %d more ENTERs than LEAVEs
           (W internal) The exit code detected an internal
           inconsistency in how many blocks were entered and
           left.

       Unbalanced tmps: %d more allocs than frees
           (W internal) The exit code detected an internal
           inconsistency in how many mortal scalars were
           allocated and freed.

       Undefined format "%s" called
           (F) The format indicated doesn't seem to exist.
           Perhaps it's really in another package?  See perlform.

       Undefined sort subroutine "%s" called
           (F) The sort comparison routine specified doesn't seem
           to exist.  Perhaps it's in a different package?  See
           "sort" in perlfunc.




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       Undefined subroutine &%s called
           (F) The subroutine indicated hasn't been defined, or
           if it was, it has since been undefined.

       Undefined subroutine called
           (F) The anonymous subroutine you're trying to call
           hasn't been defined, or if it was, it has since been
           undefined.

       Undefined subroutine in sort
           (F) The sort comparison routine specified is declared
           but doesn't seem to have been defined yet.  See "sort"
           in perlfunc.

       Undefined top format "%s" called
           (F) The format indicated doesn't seem to exist.
           Perhaps it's really in another package?  See perlform.

       Undefined value assigned to typeglob
           (W misc) An undefined value was assigned to a
           typeglob, a la "*foo = undef".  This does nothing.
           It's possible that you really mean "undef *foo".

       %s: Undefined variable
           (A) You've accidentally run your script through csh
           instead of Perl.  Check the #! line, or manually feed
           your script into Perl yourself.

       unexec of %s into %s failed!
           (F) The unexec() routine failed for some reason.  See
           your local FSF representative, who probably put it
           there in the first place.

       Unicode character %s is illegal
           (W utf8) Certain Unicode characters have been
           designated off-limits by the Unicode standard and
           should not be generated.  If you really know what you
           are doing you can turn off this warning by "no
           warnings 'utf8';".

       Unknown BYTEORDER
           (F) There are no byte-swapping functions for a machine
           with this byte order.

       Unknown open() mode '%s'
           (F) The second argument of 3-argument open() is not
           among the list of valid modes: "<", ">", ">>", "+<",
           "+>", "+>>", "-|", "|-", "<&", ">&".

       Unknown PerlIO layer "%s"
           (W layer) An attempt was made to push an unknown layer
           onto the Perl I/O system.  (Layers take care of
           transforming data between external and internal
           representations.)  Note that some layers, such as



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           "mmap", are not supported in all environments.  If
           your program didn't explicitly request the failing
           operation, it may be the result of the value of the
           environment variable PERLIO.

       Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s
           (P) An error peculiar to VMS.  Perl was reading values
           for %ENV before iterating over it, and someone else
           stuck a message in the stream of data Perl expected.
           Someone's very confused, or perhaps trying to subvert
           Perl's population of %ENV for nefarious purposes.

       Unknown "re" subpragma '%s' (known ones are: %s)
           You tried to use an unknown subpragma of the "re"
           pragma.

       Unknown switch condition (?(%.2s in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (F) The condition part of a
           (?(condition)if-clause|else-clause) construct is not
           known. The condition may be lookahead or lookbehind
           (the condition is true if the lookahead or lookbehind
           is true), a (?{...})  construct (the condition is true
           if the code evaluates to a true value), or a number
           (the condition is true if the set of capturing
           parentheses named by the number matched).

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered.  See perlre.

       Unknown Unicode option letter '%c'
           You specified an unknown Unicode option.  See perlrun
           documentation of the "-C" switch for the list of known
           options.

       Unknown Unicode option value %x
           You specified an unknown Unicode option.  See perlrun
           documentation of the "-C" switch for the list of known
           options.

       Unknown warnings category '%s'
           (F) An error issued by the "warnings" pragma. You
           specified a warnings category that is unknown to perl
           at this point.

           Note that if you want to enable a warnings category
           registered by a module (e.g. "use warnings
           'File::Find'"), you must have imported this module

       Unknown verb pattern '%s' in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
       m/%s/
           (F) You either made a typo or have incorrectly put a
           "*" quantifier after an open brace in your pattern.
           Check the pattern and review perlre for details on



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           legal verb patterns.

           first.

       unmatched [ in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) The brackets around a character class must match.
           If you wish to include a closing bracket in a
           character class, backslash it or put it first. The <--
           HERE shows in the regular expression about where the
           problem was discovered. See perlre.

       unmatched ( in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) Unbackslashed parentheses must always be balanced
           in regular expressions. If you're a vi user, the % key
           is valuable for finding the matching parenthesis. The
           <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about where
           the problem was discovered. See perlre.

       Unmatched right %s bracket
           (F) The lexer counted more closing curly or square
           brackets than opening ones, so you're probably missing
           a matching opening bracket.  As a general rule, you'll
           find the missing one (so to speak) near the place you
           were last editing.

       Unquoted string "%s" may clash with future reserved word
           (W reserved) You used a bareword that might someday be
           claimed as a reserved word.  It's best to put such a
           word in quotes, or capitalize it somehow, or insert an
           underbar into it.  You might also declare it as a
           subroutine.

       Unrecognized character %s in column %d
           (F) The Perl parser has no idea what to do with the
           specified character in your Perl script (or eval) at
           the specified column.  Perhaps you tried to run a
           compressed script, a binary program, or a directory as
           a Perl program.

       Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through
       in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (W regexp) You used a backslash-character combination
           which is not recognized by Perl inside character
           classes.  The character was understood literally.  The
           <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about where
           the escape was discovered.

       Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through
           (W misc) You used a backslash-character combination
           which is not recognized by Perl.  The character was
           understood literally.

       Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through in regex; marked
       by <-- HERE in m/%s/



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           (W regexp) You used a backslash-character combination
           which is not recognized by Perl.  The character was
           understood literally.  The <-- HERE shows in the
           regular expression about where the escape was
           discovered.

       Unrecognized signal name "%s"
           (F) You specified a signal name to the kill() function
           that was not recognized.  Say "kill -l" in your shell
           to see the valid signal names on your system.

       Unrecognized switch: -%s  (-h will show valid options)
           (F) You specified an illegal option to Perl.  Don't do
           that.  (If you think you didn't do that, check the #!
           line to see if it's supplying the bad switch on your
           behalf.)

       Unsuccessful %s on filename containing newline
           (W newline) A file operation was attempted on a
           filename, and that operation failed, PROBABLY because
           the filename contained a newline, PROBABLY because you
           forgot to chomp() it off.  See "chomp" in perlfunc.

       Unsupported directory function "%s" called
           (F) Your machine doesn't support opendir() and
           readdir().

       Unsupported function %s
           (F) This machine doesn't implement the indicated
           function, apparently.  At least, Configure doesn't
           think so.

       Unsupported function fork
           (F) Your version of executable does not support
           forking.

           Note that under some systems, like OS/2, there may be
           different flavors of Perl executables, some of which
           may support fork, some not. Try changing the name you
           call Perl by to "perl_", "perl__", and so on.

       Unsupported script encoding %s
           (F) Your program file begins with a Unicode Byte Order
           Mark (BOM) which declares it to be in a Unicode
           encoding that Perl cannot read.

       Unsupported socket function "%s" called
           (F) Your machine doesn't support the Berkeley socket
           mechanism, or at least that's what Configure thought.

       Unterminated attribute list
           (F) The lexer found something other than a simple
           identifier at the start of an attribute, and it wasn't
           a semicolon or the start of a block.  Perhaps you



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           terminated the parameter list of the previous
           attribute too soon.  See attributes.

       Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute list
           (F) The lexer saw an opening (left) parenthesis
           character while parsing an attribute list, but the
           matching closing (right) parenthesis character was not
           found.  You may need to add (or remove) a backslash
           character to get your parentheses to balance.  See
           attributes.

       Unterminated compressed integer
           (F) An argument to unpack("w",...) was incompatible
           with the BER compressed integer format and could not
           be converted to an integer.  See "pack" in perlfunc.

       Unterminated verb pattern in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
       m/%s/
           (F) You used a pattern of the form "(*VERB)" but did
           not terminate the pattern with a ")". Fix the pattern
           and retry.

       Unterminated verb pattern argument in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used a pattern of the form "(*VERB:ARG)" but
           did not terminate the pattern with a ")". Fix the
           pattern and retry.

       Unterminated \g{...} pattern in regex; marked by <-- HERE
       in m/%s/
           (F) You missed a close brace on a \g{..} pattern
           (group reference) in a regular expression. Fix the
           pattern and retry.

       Unterminated <> operator
           (F) The lexer saw a left angle bracket in a place
           where it was expecting a term, so it's looking for the
           corresponding right angle bracket, and not finding it.
           Chances are you left some needed parentheses out
           earlier in the line, and you really meant a "less
           than".

       untie attempted while %d inner references still exist
           (W untie) A copy of the object returned from "tie" (or
           "tied") was still valid when "untie" was called.

       Usage: POSIX::%s(%s)
           (F) You called a POSIX function with incorrect
           arguments.  See "FUNCTIONS" in POSIX for more
           information.

       Usage: Win32::%s(%s)
           (F) You called a Win32 function with incorrect
           arguments.  See Win32 for more information.



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       Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked
       by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (W regexp) You have used an internal modifier such as
           (?-o) that has no meaning unless removed from the
           entire regexp:

               if ($string =~ /(?-o)$pattern/o) { ... }

           must be written as

               if ($string =~ /$pattern/) { ... }

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered. See perlre.

       Useless localization of %s
           (W syntax) The localization of lvalues such as
           "local($x=10)" is legal, but in fact the local()
           currently has no effect. This may change at some point
           in the future, but in the meantime such code is
           discouraged.

       Useless (?%s) - use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <--
       HERE in m/%s/
           (W regexp) You have used an internal modifier such as
           (?o) that has no meaning unless applied to the entire
           regexp:

               if ($string =~ /(?o)$pattern/) { ... }

           must be written as

               if ($string =~ /$pattern/o) { ... }

           The <-- HERE shows in the regular expression about
           where the problem was discovered. See perlre.

       Useless use of %s in void context
           (W void) You did something without a side effect in a
           context that does nothing with the return value, such
           as a statement that doesn't return a value from a
           block, or the left side of a scalar comma operator.
           Very often this points not to stupidity on your part,
           but a failure of Perl to parse your program the way
           you thought it would.  For example, you'd get this if
           you mixed up your C precedence with Python precedence
           and said

               $one, $two = 1, 2;

           when you meant to say

               ($one, $two) = (1, 2);




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           Another common error is to use ordinary parentheses to
           construct a list reference when you should be using
           square or curly brackets, for example, if you say

               $array = (1,2);

           when you should have said

               $array = [1,2];

           The square brackets explicitly turn a list value into
           a scalar value, while parentheses do not.  So when a
           parenthesized list is evaluated in a scalar context,
           the comma is treated like C's comma operator, which
           throws away the left argument, which is not what you
           want.  See perlref for more on this.

           This warning will not be issued for numerical
           constants equal to 0 or 1 since they are often used in
           statements like

               1 while sub_with_side_effects();

           String constants that would normally evaluate to 0 or
           1 are warned about.

       Useless use of "re" pragma
           (W) You did "use re;" without any arguments.   That
           isn't very useful.

       Useless use of sort in scalar context
           (W void) You used sort in scalar context, as in :

               my $x = sort @y;

           This is not very useful, and perl currently optimizes
           this away.

       Useless use of %s with no values
           (W syntax) You used the push() or unshift() function
           with no arguments apart from the array, like
           "push(@x)" or "unshift(@foo)". That won't usually have
           any effect on the array, so is completely useless.
           It's possible in principle that push(@tied_array)
           could have some effect if the array is tied to a class
           which implements a PUSH method. If so, you can write
           it as "push(@tied_array,())" to avoid this warning.

       "use" not allowed in expression
           (F) The "use" keyword is recognized and executed at
           compile time, and returns no useful value.  See
           perlmod.





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       Use of bare << to mean <<"" is deprecated
           (D deprecated, W syntax) You are now encouraged to use
           the explicitly quoted form if you wish to use an empty
           line as the terminator of the here-document.

       Use of comma-less variable list is deprecated
           (D deprecated, W syntax) The values you give to a
           format should be separated by commas, not just aligned
           on a line.

       Use of chdir('') or chdir(undef) as chdir() deprecated
           (D deprecated) chdir() with no arguments is documented
           to change to $ENV{HOME} or $ENV{LOGDIR}.  chdir(undef)
           and chdir('') share this behavior, but that has been
           deprecated.  In future versions they will simply fail.

           Be careful to check that what you pass to chdir() is
           defined and not blank, else you might find yourself in
           your home directory.

       Use of /c modifier is meaningless in s///
           (W regexp) You used the /c modifier in a substitution.
           The /c modifier is not presently meaningful in
           substitutions.

       Use of /c modifier is meaningless without /g
           (W regexp) You used the /c modifier with a regex
           operand, but didn't use the /g modifier.  Currently,
           /c is meaningful only when /g is used.  (This may
           change in the future.)

       Use of freed value in iteration
           (F) Perhaps you modified the iterated array within the
           loop?  This error is typically caused by code like the
           following:

               @a = (3,4);
               @a = () for (1,2,@a);

           You are not supposed to modify arrays while they are
           being iterated over.  For speed and efficiency
           reasons, Perl internally does not do full reference-
           counting of iterated items, hence deleting such an
           item in the middle of an iteration causes Perl to see
           a freed value.

       Use of *glob{FILEHANDLE} is deprecated
           (D deprecated) You are now encouraged to use the
           shorter *glob{IO} form to access the filehandle slot
           within a typeglob.

       Use of /g modifier is meaningless in split
           (W regexp) You used the /g modifier on the pattern for
           a "split" operator.  Since "split" always tries to



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           match the pattern repeatedly, the "/g" has no effect.

       Use of implicit split to @_ is deprecated
           (D deprecated, W syntax) It makes a lot of work for
           the compiler when you clobber a subroutine's argument
           list, so it's better if you assign the results of a
           split() explicitly to an array (or list).

       Use of inherited AUTOLOAD for non-method %s() is
       deprecated
           (D deprecated) As an (ahem) accidental feature,
           "AUTOLOAD" subroutines are looked up as methods (using
           the @ISA hierarchy) even when the subroutines to be
           autoloaded were called as plain functions (e.g.
           "Foo::bar()"), not as methods (e.g. "Foo->bar()" or
           "$obj->bar()").

           This bug will be rectified in future by using method
           lookup only for methods' "AUTOLOAD"s.  However, there
           is a significant base of existing code that may be
           using the old behavior.  So, as an interim step, Perl
           currently issues an optional warning when non-methods
           use inherited "AUTOLOAD"s.

           The simple rule is:  Inheritance will not work when
           autoloading non-methods.  The simple fix for old code
           is:  In any module that used to depend on inheriting
           "AUTOLOAD" for non-methods from a base class named
           "BaseClass", execute "*AUTOLOAD =
           \&BaseClass::AUTOLOAD" during startup.

           In code that currently says "use AutoLoader; @ISA =
           qw(AutoLoader);" you should remove AutoLoader from
           @ISA and change "use AutoLoader;" to "use AutoLoader
           'AUTOLOAD';".

       Use of %s in printf format not supported
           (F) You attempted to use a feature of printf that is
           accessible from only C.  This usually means there's a
           better way to do it in Perl.

       Use of %s is deprecated
           (D deprecated) The construct indicated is no longer
           recommended for use, generally because there's a
           better way to do it, and also because the old way has
           bad side effects.

       Use of -l on filehandle %s
           (W io) A filehandle represents an opened file, and
           when you opened the file it already went past any
           symlink you are presumably trying to look for.  The
           operation returned "undef".  Use a filename instead.





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       Use of "package" with no arguments is deprecated
           (D deprecated) You used the "package" keyword without
           specifying a package name. So no namespace is current
           at all. Using this can cause many otherwise reasonable
           constructs to fail in baffling ways. "use strict;"
           instead.

       Use of reference "%s" as array index
           (W misc) You tried to use a reference as an array
           index; this probably isn't what you mean, because
           references in numerical context tend to be huge
           numbers, and so usually indicates programmer error.

           If you really do mean it, explicitly numify your
           reference, like so: $array[0+$ref].  This warning is
           not given for overloaded objects, either, because you
           can overload the numification and stringification
           operators and then you assumably know what you are
           doing.

       Use of reserved word "%s" is deprecated
           (D deprecated) The indicated bareword is a reserved
           word.  Future versions of perl may use it as a
           keyword, so you're better off either explicitly
           quoting the word in a manner appropriate for its
           context of use, or using a different name altogether.
           The warning can be suppressed for subroutine names by
           either adding a "&" prefix, or using a package
           qualifier, e.g. "&our()", or "Foo::our()".

       Use of tainted arguments in %s is deprecated
           (W taint, deprecated) You have supplied "system()" or
           "exec()" with multiple arguments and at least one of
           them is tainted.  This used to be allowed but will
           become a fatal error in a future version of perl.
           Untaint your arguments.  See perlsec.

       Use of uninitialized value%s
           (W uninitialized) An undefined value was used as if it
           were already defined.  It was interpreted as a "" or a
           0, but maybe it was a mistake.  To suppress this
           warning assign a defined value to your variables.

           To help you figure out what was undefined, perl will
           try to tell you the name of the variable (if any) that
           was undefined. In some cases it cannot do this, so it
           also tells you what operation you used the undefined
           value in.  Note, however, that perl optimizes your
           program and the operation displayed in the warning may
           not necessarily appear literally in your program.  For
           example, "that $foo" is usually optimized into ""that
           " . $foo", and the warning will refer to the
           "concatenation (.)" operator, even though there is no
           "." in your program.



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       Using a hash as a reference is deprecated
           (D deprecated) You tried to use a hash as a reference,
           as in "%foo->{"bar"}" or "%$ref->{"hello"}".  Versions
           of perl <= 5.6.1 used to allow this syntax, but
           shouldn't have. It is now deprecated, and will be
           removed in a future version.

       Using an array as a reference is deprecated
           (D deprecated) You tried to use an array as a
           reference, as in "@foo->[23]" or "@$ref->[99]".
           Versions of perl <= 5.6.1 used to allow this syntax,
           but shouldn't have. It is now deprecated, and will be
           removed in a future version.

       UTF-16 surrogate %s
           (W utf8) You tried to generate half of an UTF-16
           surrogate by requesting a Unicode character between
           the code points 0xD800 and 0xDFFF (inclusive).  That
           range is reserved exclusively for the use of UTF-16
           encoding (by having two 16-bit UCS-2 characters); but
           Perl encodes its characters in UTF-8, so what you got
           is a very illegal character.  If you really know what
           you are doing you can turn off this warning by "no
           warnings 'utf8';".

       Value of %s can be "0"; test with defined()
           (W misc) In a conditional expression, you used
           <HANDLE>, <*> (glob), "each()", or "readdir()" as a
           boolean value.  Each of these constructs can return a
           value of "0"; that would make the conditional
           expression false, which is probably not what you
           intended.  When using these constructs in conditional
           expressions, test their values with the "defined"
           operator.

       Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long
           (W misc) A warning peculiar to VMS.  Perl tried to
           read the value of an %ENV element from a CLI symbol
           table, and found a resultant string longer than 1024
           characters.  The return value has been truncated to
           1024 characters.

       Variable "%s" is not available
           (W closure) During compilation, an inner named
           subroutine or eval is attempting to capture an outer
           lexical that is not currently available.  This can
           happen for one of two reasons. First, the outer
           lexical may be declared in an outer anonymous
           subroutine that has not yet been created.  (Remember
           that named subs are created at compile time, while
           anonymous subs are created at run-time.) For example,

               sub { my $a; sub f { $a } }




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           At the time that f is created, it can't capture the
           current value of $a, since the anonymous subroutine
           hasn't been created yet. Conversely, the following
           won't give a warning since the anonymous subroutine
           has by now been created and is live:

               sub { my $a; eval 'sub f { $a }' }->();

           The second situation is caused by an eval accessing a
           variable that has gone out of scope, for example,

               sub f {
                   my $a;
                   sub { eval '$a' }
               }
               f()->();

           Here, when the '$a' in the eval is being compiled, f()
           is not currently being executed, so its $a is not
           available for capture.

       Variable "%s" is not imported%s
           (F) While "use strict" in effect, you referred to a
           global variable that you apparently thought was
           imported from another module, because something else
           of the same name (usually a subroutine) is exported by
           that module.  It usually means you put the wrong funny
           character on the front of your variable.

       Variable length lookbehind not implemented in m/%s/
           (F) Lookbehind is allowed only for subexpressions
           whose length is fixed and known at compile time.  See
           perlre.

       "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s
           (W misc) A "my", "our" or "state" variable has been
           redeclared in the current scope or statement,
           effectively eliminating all access to the previous
           instance.  This is almost always a typographical
           error.  Note that the earlier variable will still
           exist until the end of the scope or until all closure
           referents to it are destroyed.

       Variable syntax
           (A) You've accidentally run your script through csh
           instead of Perl.  Check the #! line, or manually feed
           your script into Perl yourself.

       Variable "%s" will not stay shared
           (W closure) An inner (nested) named subroutine is
           referencing a lexical variable defined in an outer
           named subroutine.

           When the inner subroutine is called, it will see the



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           value of the outer subroutine's variable as it was
           before and during the *first* call to the outer
           subroutine; in this case, after the first call to the
           outer subroutine is complete, the inner and outer
           subroutines will no longer share a common value for
           the variable.  In other words, the variable will no
           longer be shared.

           This problem can usually be solved by making the inner
           subroutine anonymous, using the "sub {}" syntax.  When
           inner anonymous subs that reference variables in outer
           subroutines are created, they are automatically
           rebound to the current values of such variables.

       Verb pattern '%s' has a mandatory argument in regex;
       marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used a verb pattern that requires an argument.
           Supply an argument or check that you are using the
           right verb.

       Verb pattern '%s' may not have an argument in regex;
       marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
           (F) You used a verb pattern that is not allowed an
           argument. Remove the argument or check that you are
           using the right verb.

       Version number must be a constant number
           (P) The attempt to translate a "use Module n.n LIST"
           statement into its equivalent "BEGIN" block found an
           internal inconsistency with the version number.

       Version string '%s' contains invalid data; ignoring: '%s'
           (W misc) The version string contains invalid
           characters at the end, which are being ignored.

       Warning: something's wrong
           (W) You passed warn() an empty string (the equivalent
           of "warn """) or you called it with no args and $@ was
           empty.

       Warning: unable to close filehandle %s properly
           (S) The implicit close() done by an open() got an
           error indication on the close().  This usually
           indicates your file system ran out of disk space.

       Warning: Use of "%s" without parentheses is ambiguous
           (S ambiguous) You wrote a unary operator followed by
           something that looks like a binary operator that could
           also have been interpreted as a term or unary
           operator.  For instance, if you know that the rand
           function has a default argument of 1.0, and you write

               rand + 5;




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           you may THINK you wrote the same thing as

               rand() + 5;

           but in actual fact, you got

               rand(+5);

           So put in parentheses to say what you really mean.

       Wide character in %s
           (S utf8) Perl met a wide character (>255) when it
           wasn't expecting one.  This warning is by default on
           for I/O (like print).  The easiest way to quiet this
           warning is simply to add the ":utf8" layer to the
           output, e.g. "binmode STDOUT, ':utf8'".  Another way
           to turn off the warning is to add "no warnings
           'utf8';" but that is often closer to cheating.  In
           general, you are supposed to explicitly mark the
           filehandle with an encoding, see open and "binmode" in
           perlfunc.

       Within []-length '%c' not allowed
           (F) The count in the (un)pack template may be replaced
           by "[TEMPLATE]" only if "TEMPLATE" always matches the
           same amount of packed bytes that can be determined
           from the template alone. This is not possible if it
           contains an of the codes @, /, U, u, w or a *-length.
           Redesign the template.

       write() on closed filehandle %s
           (W closed) The filehandle you're writing to got itself
           closed sometime before now.  Check your control flow.

       %s "\x%s" does not map to Unicode
           When reading in different encodings Perl tries to map
           everything into Unicode characters.  The bytes you
           read in are not legal in this encoding, for example

               utf8 "\xE4" does not map to Unicode

           if you try to read in the a-diaereses Latin-1 as
           UTF-8.

       'X' outside of string
           (F) You had a (un)pack template that specified a
           relative position before the beginning of the string
           being (un)packed.  See "pack" in perlfunc.

       'x' outside of string in unpack
           (F) You had a pack template that specified a relative
           position after the end of the string being unpacked.
           See "pack" in perlfunc.




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       YOU HAVEN'T DISABLED SET-ID SCRIPTS IN THE KERNEL YET!
           (F) And you probably never will, because you probably
           don't have the sources to your kernel, and your vendor
           probably doesn't give a rip about what you want.  Your
           best bet is to put a setuid C wrapper around your
           script.

       You need to quote "%s"
           (W syntax) You assigned a bareword as a signal handler
           name.  Unfortunately, you already have a subroutine of
           that name declared, which means that Perl 5 will try
           to call the subroutine when the assignment is
           executed, which is probably not what you want.  (If it
           IS what you want, put an & in front.)

       Your random numbers are not that random
           (F) When trying to initialise the random seed for
           hashes, Perl could not get any randomness out of your
           system.  This usually indicates Something Very Wrong.

SEE ALSO
       warnings, perllexwarn.



































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