R: Data Frames

data.frame {base} | R Documentation

## Data Frames

### Description

This function creates data frames, tightly coupled collections of variables which share many of the properties of matrices and of lists, used as the fundamental data structure by most of R's modeling software.

### Usage

    data.frame(..., row.names = NULL, check.rows = FALSE,
               check.names = TRUE,
               stringsAsFactors = default.stringsAsFactors())

    default.stringsAsFactors()

### Arguments

`...` | these arguments are of either the form `value` or `tag = value`. Component names are created based on the tag (if present) or the deparsed argument itself.
`row.names` | `NULL` or a single integer or character string specifying a column to be used as row names, or a character or integer vector giving the row names for the data frame.
`check.rows` | if `TRUE` then the rows are checked for consistency of length and names.
`check.names` | logical. If `TRUE` then the names of the variables in the data frame are checked to ensure that they are syntactically valid variable names and are not duplicated. If necessary they are adjusted (by `make.names`) so that they are.
`stringsAsFactors` | logical: should character vectors be converted to factors? The ‘factory-fresh’ default is `TRUE`, but this can be changed by setting `options(stringsAsFactors = FALSE)`.

### Details

A data frame is a list of variables of the same number of rows with unique row names, given class `"data.frame"`. If no variables are included, the row names determine the number of rows.

The column names should be non-empty, and attempts to use empty names will have unsupported results. Duplicate column names are allowed, but you need to use `check.names = FALSE` for `data.frame` to generate such a data frame. However, not all operations on data frames will preserve duplicated column names: for example matrix-like subsetting will force column names in the result to be unique.

`data.frame` converts each of its arguments to a data frame by calling `as.data.frame(optional = TRUE)`. As that is a generic function, methods can be written to change the behaviour of arguments according to their classes: R comes with many such methods. Character variables passed to `data.frame` are converted to factor columns unless protected by `I` or argument `stringsAsFactors` is false. If a list or data frame or matrix is passed to `data.frame` it is as if each component or column had been passed as a separate argument (except for matrices of class `"model.matrix"` and those protected by `I`).

Objects passed to `data.frame` should have the same number of rows, but atomic vectors (see `is.vector`), factors and character vectors protected by `I` will be recycled a whole number of times if necessary (including as elements of list arguments).

If row names are not supplied in the call to `data.frame`, the row names are taken from the first component that has suitable names, for example a named vector or a matrix with rownames or a data frame. (If that component is subsequently recycled, the names are discarded with a warning.) If `row.names` was supplied as `NULL` or no suitable component was found the row names are the integer sequence starting at one (and such row names are considered to be ‘automatic’, and not preserved by `as.matrix`).

If row names are supplied of length one and the data frame has a single row, the `row.names` is taken to specify the row names and not a column (by name or number).

Names are removed from vector inputs not protected by `I`.

`default.stringsAsFactors` is a utility that takes `getOption("stringsAsFactors")` and ensures the result is `TRUE` or `FALSE` (or throws an error if the value is not `NULL`).

### Value

A data frame, a matrix-like structure whose columns may be of differing types (numeric, logical, factor and character and so on).

How the names of the data frame are created is complex, and the rest of this paragraph is only the basic story. If the arguments are all named and simple objects (not lists, matrices of data frames) then the argument names give the column names. For an unnamed simple argument, a deparsed version of the argument is used as the name (with an enclosing `I(...)` removed). For a named matrix/list/data frame argument with more than one named column, the names of the columns are the name of the argument followed by a dot and the column name inside the argument: if the argument is unnamed, the argument's column names are used. For a named or unnamed matrix/list/data frame argument that contains a single column, the column name in the result is the column name in the argument. Finally, the names are adjusted to be unique and syntactically valid unless `check.names = FALSE`.

### Note

In versions of R prior to 2.4.0 `row.names` had to be character: to ensure compatibility with such versions of R, supply a character vector as the `row.names` argument.

### References

Chambers, J. M. (1992) Data for models. Chapter 3 of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

### See Also

`I`, `plot.data.frame`, `print.data.frame`, `row.names`, `names` (for the column names), `[.data.frame` for subsetting methods, `Math.data.frame` etc, about Group methods for `data.frame`s; `read.table`, `make.names`.

### Examples

    L3 <- LETTERS[1:3]
    fac <- sample(L3, 10, replace = TRUE)
    (d <- data.frame(x = 1, y = 1:10, fac = fac))
    ## The "same" with automatic column names:
    data.frame(1, 1:10, sample(L3, 10, replace = TRUE))

    is.data.frame(d)

    ## do not convert to factor, using I() :
    (dd <- cbind(d, char = I(letters[1:10])))
    rbind(class = sapply(dd, class), mode = sapply(dd, mode))

    stopifnot(1:10 == row.names(d))  # {coercion}

    (d0  <- d[, FALSE])   # data frame with 0 columns and 10 rows
    (d.0 <- d[FALSE, ])   # <0 rows> data frame  (3 named cols)
    (d00 <- d0[FALSE, ])  # data frame with 0 columns and 0 rows

[Package base version 3.1.2 Index]