R: Quotes

Quotes {base} | R Documentation

## Quotes

### Description

Descriptions of the various uses of quoting in R.

### Details

Three types of quotes are part of the syntax of R: single and double quotation marks and the backtick (or back quote, `). In addition, backslash is used to escape the following character inside character constants.

### Character constants

Single and double quotes delimit character constants. They can be used interchangeably but double quotes are preferred (and character constants are printed using double quotes), so single quotes are normally only used to delimit character constants containing double quotes.

Backslash is used to start an escape sequence inside character constants. Escaping a character not in the following table is an error.

Single quotes need to be escaped by backslash in single-quoted strings, and double quotes in double-quoted strings.

\n | newline
\r | carriage return
\t | tab
\b | backspace
\a | alert (bell)
\f | form feed
\v | vertical tab
\\ | backslash \
\' | ASCII apostrophe '
\" | ASCII quotation mark "
\` | ASCII grave accent (backtick) `
\nnn | character with given octal code (1, 2 or 3 digits)
\xnn | character with given hex code (1 or 2 hex digits)
\unnnn | Unicode character with given code (1--4 hex digits)
\Unnnnnnnn | Unicode character with given code (1--8 hex digits)

Alternative forms for the last two are \u{nnnn} and \U{nnnnnnnn}. All except the Unicode escape sequences are also supported when reading character strings by `scan` and `read.table` if `allowEscapes = TRUE`. Unicode escapes can be used to enter Unicode characters not in the current locale's charset (when the string will be stored internally in UTF-8).

The parser does not allow the use of both octal/hex and Unicode escapes in a single string.

These forms will also be used by `print.default` when outputting non-printable characters (including backslash).

Embedded nuls are not allowed in character strings, so using escapes (such as \0) for a nul will result in the string being truncated at that point (usually with a warning).

### Names and Identifiers

Identifiers consist of a sequence of letters, digits, the period (`.`) and the underscore. They must not start with a digit nor underscore, nor with a period followed by a digit. Reserved words are not valid identifiers.

The definition of a letter depends on the current locale, but only ASCII digits are considered to be digits.

Such identifiers are also known as syntactic names and may be used directly in R code. Almost always, other names can be used provided they are quoted. The preferred quote is the backtick (`), and `deparse` will normally use it, but under many circumstances single or double quotes can be used (as a character constant will often be converted to a name). One place where backticks may be essential is to delimit variable names in formulae: see `formula`.

### See Also

`Syntax` for other aspects of the syntax.

`sQuote` for quoting English text.

`shQuote` for quoting OS commands.

The ‘R Language Definition’ manual.

[Package base version 3.1.2 Index]