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 "worksheets": [
  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Running Code in the IPython Notebook"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "First and foremost, the IPython Notebook is an interactive environment for writing and running Python code."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Code cells allow you to enter and run Python code"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "\n",
      "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
      "var _toggle=false;\n",
      "var hl = function (id, on){\n",
      "    $(id)[0].style.background = '';\n",
      "    if (on) {\n",
      "        $(id)[0].style.background = 'lightcyan';\n",
      "    }\n",
      "};\n",
      "</script>\n",
      "\n",
      "Run a code cell using `shift-enter` or pressing the <button><i class=\"icon-play\"></i></button> button in the <a href=\"#\" onMouseover=\"hl('#maintoolbar-container', 1)\" onMouseout=\"hl('#maintoolbar-container', 0)\">toolbar</a> above:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a = 10"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "print(a)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "10\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Managing the IPython Kernel"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Code is run in a separate process called the IPython Kernel.  The Kernel can be interrupted or restarted.  Try running the following cell and then hit the <button><i class='icon-stop'></i></button> button in the <a href=\"#\" onMouseover=\"hl('#maintoolbar-container', 1)\" onMouseout=\"hl('#maintoolbar-container', 0)\">toolbar</a> above."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import time\n",
      "time.sleep(10)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": []
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "If the Kernel dies you will be prompted to restart it. Here we call the low-level system libc.time routine with the wrong argument via\n",
      "ctypes to segfault the Python interpreter:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import sys\n",
      "from ctypes import CDLL\n",
      "# This will crash a Linux or Mac system; equivalent calls can be made on Windows\n",
      "dll = 'dylib' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else 'so.6'\n",
      "libc = CDLL(\"libc.%s\" % dll) \n",
      "libc.time(-1)  # BOOM!!"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": []
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "All of the goodness of IPython works"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Here are two system aliases:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "pwd"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 1,
       "text": [
        "u'/Users/bgranger/Documents/Computing/IPython/code/ipython/examples/Notebook/Tutorials'"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ls"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Basic Output.ipynb                    Plotting with Matplotlib.ipynb        data.csv\r\n",
        "Custom Display Logic.ipynb            Running Code.ipynb                    \u001b[34mimages\u001b[m\u001b[m/\r\n",
        "Display System.ipynb                  Typesetting Math Using MathJax.ipynb\r\n",
        "Markdown Cells.ipynb                  User Interface.ipynb\r\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Any command line program can be run using `!` with string interpolation from Python variables:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "message = 'The IPython notebook is great!'\n",
      "# note: the echo command does not run on Windows, it's a unix command.\n",
      "!echo $message"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "The IPython notebook is great!\r\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Tab completion works:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import numpy"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "numpy.random."
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": []
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Shift-Tab on selection, or after `(` brings up a tooltip with the docstring:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "numpy.random.rand("
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": []
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Adding `?` opens the docstring in the pager below:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "magic?"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Exceptions are formatted nicely:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "x = 1\n",
      "y = 4\n",
      "z = y/(1-x)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
       "evalue": "integer division or modulo by zero",
       "output_type": "pyerr",
       "traceback": [
        "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
        "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-6-dc39888fd1d2>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mz\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
        "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: integer division or modulo by zero"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Working with external code"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "There are a number of ways of getting external code into code cells."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Pasting code with `>>>` prompts works as expected:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      ">>> the_world_is_flat = 1\n",
      ">>> if the_world_is_flat:\n",
      "...     print(\"Be careful not to fall off!\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Be careful not to fall off!\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "The `%load` magic lets you load code from URLs or local files:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%load?"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%matplotlib inline"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 9
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%load http://matplotlib.org/mpl_examples/showcase/integral_demo.py"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 10
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "\"\"\"\n",
      "Plot demonstrating the integral as the area under a curve.\n",
      "\n",
      "Although this is a simple example, it demonstrates some important tweaks:\n",
      "\n",
      "    * A simple line plot with custom color and line width.\n",
      "    * A shaded region created using a Polygon patch.\n",
      "    * A text label with mathtext rendering.\n",
      "    * figtext calls to label the x- and y-axes.\n",
      "    * Use of axis spines to hide the top and right spines.\n",
      "    * Custom tick placement and labels.\n",
      "\"\"\"\n",
      "import numpy as np\n",
      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
      "from matplotlib.patches import Polygon\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "def func(x):\n",
      "    return (x - 3) * (x - 5) * (x - 7) + 85\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "a, b = 2, 9 # integral limits\n",
      "x = np.linspace(0, 10)\n",
      "y = func(x)\n",
      "\n",
      "fig, ax = plt.subplots()\n",
      "plt.plot(x, y, 'r', linewidth=2)\n",
      "plt.ylim(ymin=0)\n",
      "\n",
      "# Make the shaded region\n",
      "ix = np.linspace(a, b)\n",
      "iy = func(ix)\n",
      "verts = [(a, 0)] + list(zip(ix, iy)) + [(b, 0)]\n",
      "poly = Polygon(verts, facecolor='0.9', edgecolor='0.5')\n",
      "ax.add_patch(poly)\n",
      "\n",
      "plt.text(0.5 * (a + b), 30, r\"$\\int_a^b f(x)\\mathrm{d}x$\",\n",
      "         horizontalalignment='center', fontsize=20)\n",
      "\n",
      "plt.figtext(0.9, 0.05, '$x$')\n",
      "plt.figtext(0.1, 0.9, '$y$')\n",
      "\n",
      "ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False)\n",
      "ax.spines['top'].set_visible(False)\n",
      "ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')\n",
      "\n",
      "ax.set_xticks((a, b))\n",
      "ax.set_xticklabels(('$a$', '$b$'))\n",
      "ax.set_yticks([])\n",
      "\n",
      "plt.show()\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "display_data",
       "png": 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       "text": [
        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x108604e50>"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 11
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}