1000,"R:         PROGRAM     MAGNITUDE",1010,"R:",1020,"R:  PACIFIC UNION COLLEGE,   L. TURNER, \1PR 74",1030,"R:",1040,"R:  DIALOG INSTRUCTION ON STELLAR MAGNITUDES AND DISTANCES",1050,"R:",1060,"R:*****************************************************************",1070,"T:",1080,"T:   AND BEHOLD THE HEIGHT OF THE STARS, HOW HIGH THEY ARE!",1090,"T:                      JOB 22:12",1100,"T:",1110,"T: AS THE SUN SETS SOME EVENING AND THE STARS BEGIN TO APPEAR +",1120,"T:AGAINST THE DARKENING SKY, YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE ARE +"
1130,"T:DIFFERENCES IN THE STARS.",1140,"T: WHAT IS THE MOST OBVIOUS DIFFERENCE +",1150,"A:",1160,".M:[BRI,[INTENS,[MAGN,[FAINT,[IM,[LUMIN",1170,"Y: EXCELLENT!  +",1180,"JY:*BEGIN",1190,".M:COLOR",1200,"Y: WELL, COLOR IS A DIFFERENCE BUT NOT THE MOST OBVIOUS.  +",1210,".M:PAT*ERN,CONST,AR*ANG,GROUP",1220,"Y: THEY DO FORM INTERESTING PATTERNS; HOWEVER, +",1230,".M:[MOV,[PLAN,[WAND",1240,"Y: TRUE, THE PLANETS DO MOVE RELATIVE TO THE 'FIXED' STARS.  +",1250,"Y:ACTUALLY, +"
1260,".D:99",1270,"*BEGIN T:SOME STARS ARE BRIGHT AND OTHERS ARE DIM.  +",1280,"N:THIS IS THE MOST OBVIOUS DIFFERENCE.+",1290,"T:",1300,"Y:NOW, T@AT WASN'T HARD WAS IT??  +",1310,"T:THIS PROGRAM IS WRITTEN TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND SOMETHING ABOUT +",1320,"T:THE DISTANCES TO THE STARS AND THEIR BRIGHTNESS.",1330,"T:",1340,"T:THE ANCIENTS SAW MAJESTIC FIGURES IN THE PATTERNS PRODUCED BY +",1350,"T:THE STARS.  TO THEM THE STARS WERE FAMILIAR OBJECTS AS THEY +"
1360,"T:PASSED OVERHEAD EACH NIGHT.  THEY NAMED THE BRIGHTER MORE +",1370,"T:CONSPICUOUS ONES.  I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW YOUR NAME.  WHAT IS IT +",1380,"A:$NAME",1390,"T:",1400,"T:$NAME+, AH $NAME+!  THANK YOU.  WHAT A LOVELY NAME.  +",1410,"M:A",1420,"Y:DID YOU KNOW THAT YOU ARE A BIT OF STARDUST!",1430,"JY:*VOWEL",1440,"M:E,I,O,U,Y",1450,"Y:I COULD NOT HAVE CHOSEN BETTER!",1460,"N:BUT IT IS RATHER STRANGE FOR A HUMAN, IS IT NOT?",1470,"*VOWEL T:",1480,"T:WHAT DO YOU THINK CAUSES THE STARS TO APPEAR WITH DIFFERENT +"
1490,"T:BRIGHTNESSES??",1500,"A:",1510,".M:DISTANC,INVERS*SQUAR",1520,"CY:A=1",1530,".M:BRIGHT,LUMIN,LIGHT*ENERG",1540,"CY:B=2",1550,"C:C=A+B",1560,"T:",1570,"T(C=0):I AM SORRY, I DID NOT RECOGNIZE THAT RESPONSE.  +",1580,"T(C=3):ABSOLUTELY PERFECT $NAME+!  +",1590,"T:THERE ARE TWO POSSIBLE REASONS WHY SOME STARS APPEAR BRIGHTER +",1600,"T:TO US THAN OTHERS.  +",1610,"T(C=1):YOU DID GET THE ONE ABOUT THE EFFECT DUE TO DISTANCE.  +"
1620,"T(C=2):YOU CORRECTLY THOUGHT OF THE DIFFERENT INTRINSIC +",1630,"T(C=2):BRIGHTNESSES OF THE STARS.  +",1640,"T:THE TWO REASONS ARE:",1650,"T:",1660,"T:   1.  DIFFERENT STARS MAY HAVE DIFFERENT INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESSES",1670,"T:       OR LUMINOSITIES.",1680,"T:   2.  THE STARS MAY BE AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES FROM THE EARTH.",1690,"T:",1700,"J(B):*DISTAN",1710,"T:LET US CONSIDER THE INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESS OF THE STARS FURTHER.  +",1720,"T:THIS IS A MEASURE OF HOW MUCH LIGHT ENERGY THE STAR ACTUALLY +"
1730,"T:PRODUCES.  WHAT FACTORS ABOUT A STAR MIGHT AFFECT THIS??",1740,"A:",1750,"M:TEMP,HOT,COOL",1760,"M:SIZE,RADIUS,VOLUM,BIG",1770,".D:2",1780,"Y:OF COURSE, $NAME+!  +",1790,"JY:*LUM",1800,".D:1",1810,"T:THERE ARE TWO SPECIFIC QUANTITIES.  +",1820,"Y:YOU DID SUGGEST ONE OF THEM.  +",1830,"M:MASS,WEIGHT",1840,"Y:THERE IS AN EMPIRICAL RELATION BETWEEN MASS AND THE INTRINSIC +",1850,"Y:BRIGHTNESS, BUT IT IS AN INDIRECT ONE.  +"
1860,"*LUM T:THE LUMINOSITY OF A STAR (OR INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESS) +",1870,"T:DIRECTLY DEPENDS UPON THE RADIUS AND THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF +",1880,"T:THE STAR.  THESE IN TURN ARE DETERMINED BY THE MASS OF THE +",1890,"T:STAR.  THE MORE MASSIVE A STAR IS, THE GREATER IS ITS +",1900,"T:LUMINOSITY.  TYPICAL LUMINOSITIES MAY RANGE FROM 1/10,000 OF +",1910,"T:OUR SUN'S LUMINOSITY TO OVER 100,000 TIMES THAT OF THE GOOD OL' +",1920,"T:SUN!",1930,"T:",1940,"*DISTAN J(A):*MAGNIT"
1950,"T:HOW DOES THE DISTANCE AFFECT THE OBSERVED BRIGHTNESS OF A STAR??",1960,"A:",1970,".M:INVERS*SQUAR,[LIGH*DECR,INTEN*DECR,INTEN*FALL,1/*2",1980,"Y:RIGHT ON $NAME+!  +",1990,"N:WELL, +",2000,"T:THE FURTHER AWAY AN OBJECT IS THE LESS IS THE INTENSITY OF THE +",2010,"T:LIGHT.  IT DECREASES AS AN INVERSE SQUARE LAW.",2020,"T:IF YOU DOUBLED THE DISTANCE TO A STAR, WHAT FRACTION OF ITS +",2030,"T:ORIGINAL BRIGHTNESS WOULD YOU OBSERVE +",2040,"A:#D",2050,"M:QUARTER,1/4,FOURTH",2060,"CY:D=.25",2070,"C:D=.25-D"
2080,"C(D<0):D=-D",2090,"T(D<.02):PRECISELY $NAME+!  +",2100,"T(D>=.02):NOT QUITE, I AM AFRAID.  +",2110,"T:THE ORIGINAL BRIGHTNESS DECREASES TO ONE-QUARTER.",2120,"J(D<.02):*MAGNIT",2130,"T:LET ME ILLUSTRATE IS GRAPHICALLY.",2140,"T:",2150,"T:  STAR      1 UNIT     2 UNITS    3 UNITS    4 UNITS    5 UNITS",2160,"T:    *          .          .          .          .          .",2170,"T: BRIGHTNESS:   1         1/4        1/9        1/16       1/25",2180,"T:"
2190,"T:IT REALLY DOESN'T MATTER WHAT UNITS I USE.  THE POINT WHICH IS +",2200,"T:2 UNITS FROM THE STAR IS TWICE AS FAR AS THE 1 UNIT POINT.  +",2210,"T:THUS IT IS 1/(2*2) AS BRIGHT.  THE POINT AT 5 UNITS IS 1/25 +",2220,"T:SINCE 25 = 5*5.",2230,"*MAGNIT T:",2240,"T:TELL ME $NAME+, WHAT IS YOUR MAJOR +",2250,"A:$MAJOR",2260,"M:PHYS,BIO,CHEM,NURS,ASTR,MATH,COMPUT,GEOL,MED,ELEC,SCIEN",2270,"N:WELL, I DO NOT RECOGNIZE THAT AS A SCIENCE MAJOR, BUT +",2280,"Y:I THOUGHT SO, A SCIENCE STUDENT!  +"
2290,"T:I AM GLAD YOU ARE INTERESTED IN LEARNING SOMETHING ABOUT STARS.",2300,"T:",2310,"T:ASTRONOMERS TODAY ARE PERHAPS NOT QUITE SO ROMANTIC AS THE +",2320,"T:ANCIENTS.  INSTEAD OF BEING CONTENT TO MERELY DESCRIBE THE +",2330,"T:MAGICAL QUALITIES OF THE STARS, THEY LIKE TO WRITE DOWN NUMBERS.",2340,"T:OK $NAME+, WHAT IS A CATEGORY OF STELLAR BRIGHTNESS CALLED??",2350,"A:",2360,"M:MAGNIT",2370,"CY:E=1",2380,"T:",2390,"Y:BEAUTIFUL!!  +",2400,"N:HMMM, +",2410,"T:IT IS THE MAGNITUDE SYSTEM.  +"
2420,"N:ACTUALLY THIS WAS DEVELOPED NOT BY A MODERN ASTRONOMER BUT BY +",2430,"N:HIPPARCHUS IN THE SECOND CENTURY B.C.!  HE GROUPED THE STARS +",2440,"N:INTO SIX CATEGORIES.+",2450,"T:",2460,"T:WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE BRIGHTEST STARS +",2470,"C:D=17",2480,"A:#D",2490,"M:FIRST",2500,"CY:D=1",2510,"C:D=D+.5",2520,".I:D",2530,"T(D=1):GOOD.  +",2540,"T(D=0):YOU ARE RIGHT; HOWEVER, IT IS USUALLY CONSIDERED THAT +"
2550,"T(D<0):I REALLY MEANT FOR YOU TO CONSIDER THE STARS.  +",2560,"T:THE BRIGHTEST STARS ARE ABOUT FIRST MAGNITUDE.",2570,"J(D=1):*SIXTH",2580,"T:WHAT ABOUT THE DIMMEST STARS VISIBLE WITH THE UNAIDED EYE +",2590,"A:#D",2600,"M:SIX",2610,"CY:D=6",2620,"C:D=D+.5",2630,".I:D",2640,"T(D=6):FINE $NAME+!  +",2650,"T(D=5):ALMOST PERFECT.  +",2660,"T(D=4):WELL, I SUPPOSE THAT IS TRUE IF YOU LIVE IN A SMOGGY CITY; +",2670,"T(D=4):HOWEVER, +"
2680,"T(D<4):WOW, YOU REALLY MISSED THAT BY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE!  +",2690,"T:ON A CLEAR NIGHT SIXTH MAGNITUDE IS ABOUT THE DIMMEST THAT YOU +",2700,"T:CAN SEE WITH YOUR NAKED EYE.",2710,"*SIXTH T:",2720,"T:THE MAGNITUDE SYSTEM IS RATHER STRANGE IN ONE RESPECT IN THAT +",2730,"T:IT IS BACKWARDS!  THE BRIGHTER THE STAR, THE SMALLER THE +",2740,"T:MAGNITUDE.",2750,"T:IT IS ALSO STRANGE IN ANOTHER RESPECT.  WHAT DO YOU THINK THIS +",2760,"T:IS??",2770,"A:",2780,".M:NO*LINEAR,N'T*LINEAR,GEOM,MULTI,[LOG,TIME,FACTOR,RATIO"
2790,"T:THIS IS A HARD QUESTION, +",2800,"Y:BUT YOU GOT IT RIGHT $NAME+!  I AM VERY PROUD OF YOU, BUT THEN +",2810,"Y:YOU ARE A $MAJOR MAJOR.",2820,"CY:F=1",2830,"N:AND YOU SHOULD NOT FEEL BADLY FOR NOT GETTING IT RIGHT.",2840,"T:THE MAGNITUDE SCALE IS A MULTIPLICATIVE OR LOGARITHMIC SCALE.  +",2850,"N:(NOW DON'T LET THE BIG WORDS SCARE YOU!)  +",2860,"T:THAT IS, A STAR BRIGHTER THAN ANOTHER BY ONE MAGNITUDE IS +",2870,"T:REALLY ABOUT 2.5 TIMES AS BRIGHT.  +"
2880,"N:TWO MAGNITUDES DIFFERENCE CORRESPONDS TO 2.5*2.5 = 6.25 TIMES +",2890,"N:IN BRIGHTNESS.+",2900,"T:",2910,"T:",2920,"T:ACTUALLY, 5 MAGNITUDES DIFFERENCE IS EXACTLY A FACTOR OF 100.  +",2930,"T:SO THE RATIO FOR 1 MAGNITUDE IS THE FIFTH ROOT OF 100, WHICH IS +",2940,"T:APPROXIMATELY:",2950,"T:",2960,"T:    1 MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCE IS 2.51188 6431 TIMES IN BRIGHTNESS",2970,"T:",2980,"N:IF YOU MULTIPLY THIS NUMBER BY ITSELF 5 TIMES, YOU OBTAIN 100.  +",2990,"N:TRY IT!!",3000,"N:"
3010,"JY:*LOGA",3020,"T:WELL $NAME+, HOW MANY TIMES BRIGHTER IS THE BRIGHTEST STAR THAT +",3030,"T:YOU CAN SEE WITH YOUR NAKED EYE TO THE DIMMEST ONE +",3040,"*ASKAG A:#D",3050,"M:HUNDRED",3060,"CY:D=100",3070,"C:D=D-100",3080,"C(D<0):D=-D",3090,"T(D<=1):EXCELLENT $NAME+!",3100,"J(D<=1):*NEWLOG",3110,"J(G):*NEVERMOR",3120,"T:WELL, THAT IS NOT QUITE RIGHT.  CONSIDER THIS QUESTION:  WHAT +",3130,"T:IS THE DIFFERENCE IN MAGNITUDE BETWEEN THE BRIGHTEST AND +"
3140,"T:DIMMEST VISIBLE STARS +",3150,"C:D=0",3160,"A:#D",3170,"M:FIVE",3180,"CY:D=5",3190,"C:D=D+.5",3200,".I:D",3210,"C(D<0):D=-D",3220,"C(D>6):D=0",3230,"T(D=6):CLOSE, BUT 6-1 = 5!",3240,"T(D=5):PRECISELY!",3250,"T(D=4):SINCE WHEN IS 6-1 = 4 ????",3260,"T(D<4):WELL, THE BRIGHTEST IS FIRST AND THE DIMMEST IS SIXTH, SO +"
3270,"T(D<4):THE DIFFERENCE IS SIMPLY 5.",3280,"T:NOW WHAT FACTOR OF BRIGHTNESS DOES THIS CORRESPOND TO +",3290,"C:G=1",3300,"J:*ASKAG",3310,"*NEVERMOR T:AGAIN YOU MISSED IT!  THERE IS A FACTOR OF 100 IN +",3320,"T:BRIGHTNESS.  EXACTLY 5 MAGNITUDES DIFFERENCE MEANS 100 TIMES IN +",3330,"T:BRIGHTNESS.",3340,"*NEWLOG T:",3350,"T:LET ME DISPLAY THIS IN A TABLE FORM:",3360,"T:",3370,"T:   DIFFERENCE IN MAGNITUDE     RATIO OF BRIGHTNESS",3380,"T:  -------------------------------------------------"
3390,"T:             0.0                     1 : 1",3400,"T:             0.5                   1.6 : 1",3410,"T:             0.75                    2 : 1",3420,"T:             1.0                   2.5 : 1",3430,"T:             1.5                     4 : 1",3440,"T:             2.0                   6.3 : 1",3450,"T:             2.5                    10 : 1",3460,"T:             3.0                    16 : 1",3470,"T:             4.0                    40 : 1",3480,"T:             5.0                   100 : 1"
3490,"T:             6.0                   251 : 1",3500,"T:            10.0                10,000 : 1",3510,"J(H):*FINISHTAB",3520,"T:",3530,"T:WHICH IS BRIGHTER, A 4 MAGNITUDE STAR OR A 1.5 MAGNITUDE STAR +",3540,"A:",3550,".M:1.5,ONE*FIVE,[LAT,SECOND",3560,"N:NO, REMEMBER MAGNITUDES WORK BACKWARDS.  THE SMALLER THE +",3570,"N:MAGNITUDE, THE BRIGHTER IT IS.  THUS THE 1.5 MAGNITUDE STAR IS +",3580,"N:THE BRIGHTER.",3590,"T:BY WHAT FACTOR IS IT BRIGHTER +",3600,"C:G=D=0",3610,"*TRYAGN A:#D"
3620,"M:TEN",3630,"CY:D=10",3640,"C:D=10-D",3650,"C(D<0):D=-D",3660,"T(D<=.16):VERY GOOD $NAME+!",3670,"J(D<=.16):*LOGA",3680,"J(G):*SIGH",3690,"T:NOT QUITE, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN MAGNITUDE +",3700,"A:#D",3710,".M:TWO*FIVE,TWO*HALF",3720,"CY:D=2.5",3730,"C:D=2.5-D",3740,"C(D<0):D=-D"
3750,"T(D<=.1):RIGHT, +",3760,"T(D>.1):NO, 4-1.5 = 2.5, +",3770,"T:NOW, FROM THE TABLE, WHAT LIGHT RATIO DOES THIS CORRESPOND TO +",3780,"C:G=1",3790,"J:*TRYAGN",3800,"*SIGH T:NO, FROM THE TABLE A DIFFERENCE OF 2.5 MAGNITUDES +",3810,"T:CORRESPONDS TO A BRIGHTNESS RATIO OF 10.",3820,"*LOGA T:",3830,"T:WITH TELESCOPES THE RANGE OF OBSERVED MAGNITUDES IS INCREASED.  +",3840,"T:MUCH DIMMER STARS MAY BE SEEN.",3850,"J(E):*OBSMAG",3860,"T:DO THESE STARS HAVE A SMALLER OR LARGER MAGNITUDE +",3870,"A:"
3880,"M:LARGE,BIG,HIGH,GREAT",3890,"Y:OF COURSE!  +",3900,"N:NOPE, +",3910,"*OBSMAG T:THE TELESCOPES CAN SEE STARS WITH MUCH LARGER +",3920,"T:MAGNITUDES.  +",3930,"T(F):REMEMBER THE MAGNITUDE SYSTEM WORKS BACKWARDS.  +",3940,"N:LARGER MAGNITUDES CORRESPONDS TO FAINTER STARS.  +",3950,"T:WITH THE 200 INCH HALE TELESCOPE ON MT. PALOMAR ASTRONOMERS +",3960,"T:CAN DETECT PHOTOGRAPHICALLY STARS WITH A MAGNITUDE OF ABOUT +23.",3970,"T:HOW MANY TIMES DIMMER IS A STAR OF THIS MAGNITUDE THAN A +"
3980,"T:TYPICAL VISUAL STAR OF MAGNITUDE, SAY, +3 +",3990,"C:D=1",4000,"A:#D",4010,".M:100*000*000,100^4",4020,"CY:D=1E8",4030,"M:HUNDRED",4040,"CY:D=D*100",4050,"M:MILLION",4060,"CY:D=D*1E6",4070,"C:D=1E8-D",4080,"C(D<0):D=-D",4090,"T:THIS IS A BIT DIFFICULT.  +",4100,"T(D<5E6):HOWEVER, YOU ARE RIGHT ON $NAME+!!"
4110,"J(D<5E6):*OINK",4120,"T:SO LET'S CONSIDER IT IN STEPS.",4130,"T:FIRST, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN MAGNITUDES +",4140,"*NUMPLS A:#D",4150,"TB:LET'S DO THIS WITH NUMBERS!",4160,"JB:*NUMPLS",4170,"C:D=D+.5",4180,".I:D",4190,"C(D<0):D=-D",4200,"C:D=D-20",4210,"C(D<0):D=-D",4220,"T(D):NO, 23 - 3 = 20.  +",4230,"T(D=0):FINE.  +"
4240,"T:HOW MANY MULTIPLES OF 5 IS THIS +",4250,"A:#D",4260,"M:FOUR",4270,"CY:D=4",4280,"C:D=D+.5",4290,".I:D",4300,"T(D=4):EXACTLY!  +",4310,"T(D#4):COME NOW, THERE ARE 4 'FIVES' IN 20.  +",4320,"T:NOW, EACH MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCE OF 5 CORRESPONDS TO +",4330,"J(E):*WHAT",4340,"T:WHAT FACTOR IN BRIGHTNESS +",4350,"A:#D",4360,"M:HUNDRED"
4370,"CY:D=100",4380,"C:D=D+.5",4390,"C(D<0):D=-D",4400,".I:D",4410,"T(D=100):GOOD!  +",4420,"T(D#100):MY, MY, +",4430,"T:EACH 5 MAGNITUDES MEANS +",4440,"*WHAT T:EXACTLY A FACTOR OF 100 IN BRIGHTNESS.",4450,"T:SO WHAT IS THE BRIGHTNESS FACTOR FOR 20 MAGNITUDES (OR 4 OF THE +",4460,"T:'FIVES')??",4470,"C:D=1",4480,"A:#D",4490,".M:100*000*000,100^4,100*100*100*100"
4500,"CY:D=1E8",4510,"M:HUNDRED",4520,"CY:D=D*100",4530,"M:MILLION",4540,"CY:D=D*1E6",4550,"C(D<0):D=-D",4560,"C:G=1E8-D",4570,"C(G<0):G=-G",4580,"T(G<5E6):VERY GOOD $NAME+!  +",4590,"J(G<5E6):*CONTFAC",4600,"C:G=400-D",4610,"C(G<0):G=-G",4620,"T(G<10):WELL, IT IS NOT SIMPLY 4*100!  BUT I SUPPOSE THAT IS NOT +"
4630,"T(G<10):TOO ILLOGICAL.  +",4640,"*CONTFAC T:THE CORRECT ANSWER IS 100 MILLION OR 100,000,000 WHICH +",4650,"T:COMES FROM MULTIPLYING 100 BY ITSELF 4 TIMES, THAT IS, +",4660,"T:100*100*100*100 = 100,000,000.",4670,"T:",4680,"C:H=1",4690,"J(F):*NEWLOG",4700,"T:LET'S CONTINUE OUR TABLE.",4710,"T:",4720,"T:      MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCE      BRIGHTNESS RATIO",4730,"T:     --------------------------------------------",4740,"*FINISHTAB R:",4750,"T:            15.0             1,000,000 : 1"
4760,"T:            20.0           100,000,000 : 1",4770,"T:            25.0        10,000,000,000 : 1",4780,"T:",4790,"T:NOTE THE MULTIPLICATIVE EFFECT IN THE BRIGHTNESS RATIO.",4800,"T:",4810,"T:       MAGNITUDES ADD      BRIGHTNESSES MULTIPLY",4820,"*OINK T:",4830,"T:SO FAR WE HAVE BEEN DISCUSSING STARS AS THEY APPEAR TO US AND +",4840,"T:THEIR MAGNITUDES.  THIS MAGNITUDE IS KNOWN AS THE APPARENT +",4850,"T:MAGNITUDE OF THE STAR.",4860,"T:IF A STAR WERE 100 TIMES BRIGHTER THAN A FIRST MAGNITUDE STAR, +"
4870,"T:THEN WHAT WOULD BE ITS MAGNITUDE +",4880,"C:D=11",4890,"A:#D",4900,"M:FOUR",4910,"CY:D=4",4920,"M:SIX",4930,"CY:D=6",4940,"M:MINUS",4950,"CY:D=-D",4960,"C:D=D+.5",4970,".I:D",4980,"T(D=6):NO, NO, NO!  +",4990,"T(D=-4):PERFECTLY $NAME+!  +"
5000,"T(D#-4):I DON'T GET THAT ANSWER.  +",5010,"T:THE BRIGHTER STARS HAVE SMALLER MAGNITUDES, EVEN POSSIBLY +",5020,"T:NEGATIVE.  +",5030,"T(D#-4):THUS SUCH A STAR WOULD HAVE AN APPARENT MAGNITUDE OF +",5040,"T(D#-4):1 - 5 = -4.+",5050,"T:",5060,"J(C):*SUN",5070,"T:CAN YOU THINK OF AN OBJECT THAT IS BRIGHTER THAN A STAR +",5080,"A:",5090,".M:[Y],[YE,OF*COURS,RIGHT,CERT,[SUR",5100,"Y:OK, WHAT IS IT +",5110,"AY:",5120,"M:SUN,SOL"
5130,"Y:OF COURSE!  +",5140,"M:MOON,LUNA",5150,"Y:TRUE, THE MOON IS BRIGHT.  +",5160,"M:MERCUR,VENUS,MAR,JUPIT,SATUR,PLANET",5170,"Y:YES, THE PLANETS ARE A TIMES QUITE BRIGHT.  +",5180,"*SUN T:THE SUN IS THE BRIGHTEST OF ALL!  IT HAS AN APPARENT +",5190,"T:MAGNITUDE OF -26.5!",5200,"T:WHY DOES THE SUN APPEAR SO BRIGHT +",5210,"A:",5220,".M:CLOSE,NO*FAR,NEAR,SMAL*DIST",5230,"Y:OF COURSE, YOU'RE NOBODY'S FOOL $NAME+!  +",5240,"N:ARE YOU KIDDING ME??  +",5250,"T:IT IS ONLY BECAUSE WE ARE SO CLOSE TO THE SUN THAT ITS +"
5260,"T:APPARENT MAGNITUDE IS SO NEGATIVE.",5270,"J(C):*BARBRA",5280,"T:IF WE WERE TO MOVE FURTHER AWAY FROM THE SUN, HOW WOULD ITS +",5290,"T:APPARENT MAGNITUDE CHANGE +",5300,"A:",5310,".M:INCREAS,LARGE,POSITIV,DECREAS*VALUE",5320,"Y:EXACTLY!  +",5330,"JY:*GIANT",5340,"T:WELL, WOULD IT BECOME BRIGHTER OR DIMMER +",5350,"A:",5360,"M:DIM",5370,"Y:OF COURSE, +",5380,"N:TSK, TSK, TSK.  +"
5390,"T:IT WOULD BECOME DIMMER, HENCE ITS APPARENT MAGNITUDE WOULD +",5400,"T:INCREASE.  THAT IS, +",5410,"*GIANT T:IT WOULD BECOME LESS NEGATIVE.",5420,"*BARBRA J(E):*NOTABLE",5430,"T:CONSIDER A DISPLAY OF APPARENT MAGNITUDE AND COMMON OBJECTS:",5440,"T:",5450,"T:                  +   200'' PHOTOGRAPHIC LIMIT",5460,"T:          +20     +   200'' VISUAL LIMIT",5470,"T:                  + ",5480,"T:          +15     + ",5490,"T:     ^            +   6'' TELESCOPE LIMIT",5500,"T:          +10     +   BINOCULAR LIMIT"
5510,"T:     M            + ",5520,"T:     A    + 5     +   NAKED-EYE LIMIT",5530,"T:     G            + ",5540,"T:     N      0     +   BRIGHTEST STAR",5550,"T:     I            +   JUPITER (AT BRIGHTEST)",5560,"T:     T    - 5     +   VENUS (AT BRIGHTEST)",5570,"T:     U            + ",5580,"T:     D    -10     + ",5590,"T:     E            +   FULL MOON",5600,"T:          -15     + ",5610,"T:                  + ",5620,"T:          -20     + ",5630,"T:                  + "
5640,"T:          -25     + ",5650,"T:                  +   SUN",5660,"T:",5670,"T:WHY IS THE PHOTOGRAPHIC LIMIT GREATER THAN THE VISUAL LIMIT??",5680,"A:",5690,"T:PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES CAN COLLECT LIGHT FOR MANY MINUTES OR EVEN +",5700,"T:HOURS LONGER THAN THE EYE, HENCE ONE CAN DETECT +",5710,"T:PHOTOGRAPHICALLY MUCH DIMMER STARS.",5720,"*NOTABLE T:",5730,"T:THE DISTANCE AN OBJECT IS FROM THE EARTH HAS A LARGE EFFECT ON +",5740,"T:THE APPARENT MAGNITUDE.",5750,"T:OK $NAME+, THEN LET US CONSIDER DISTANCES FOR A TIME."
5760,"T:WHAT UNIT DO YOU THINK WOULD BE USEFUL IN MEASURING AND +",5770,"T:EXPRESSING STELLAR DISTANCES +",5780,"A:",5790,"M:PARSEC,PC",5800,"Y:EXCELLENT $NAME+.",5810,"JY:*GINNY",5820,".M:LY,LIGHT*YEAR,LIGHT*YR,[L*[YR",5830,"Y:THAT IS A GOOD UNIT, BUT THE ONE ASTRONOMERS USE MOST OFTEN +",5840,"N:WELL, ONE UNIT THAT IS A CONVENIENT SIZE +",5850,"T:IS THE PARSEC, WHICH IS ABOUT 3.26 LIGHT YEARS.  THE TERM COMES +",5860,"T:FROM 'PARALLAX SECOND' WHICH IS USED IN DETERMINING DISTANCES +"
5870,"T:TO STARS BY TRIGONOMETRIC PARALLAX.  (BUT THAT IS ANOTHER STORY!)",5880,"T:WHAT IS THE DISTANCE (IN PARSECS) TO THE NEAREST STAR TO OUR +",5890,"T:OWN GOOD OL' SUN +",5900,"C:D=11",5910,"A:#D",5920,"M:ONE",5930,"CY:D=1",5940,"C:D=1.32-D",5950,"C(D<0):D=-D",5960,"T(D<.4):RIGHT ON $NAME+!  +",5970,"T(D>=.4):NOT QUITE, +",5980,"T(D>2):YOU'RE WAY OFF!  +",5990,"T:ALPHA CENTAURI IS ABOUT 4.3 LIGHT YEARS OR 1.3 PARSECS FROM +"
6000,"T:OUR SUN.  +",6010,"T(D>2):THIS IS THE CLOSEST STAR TO US (BESIDES OUR SUN).+",6020,"T:",6030,"*GINNY T:",6040,"T:WELL, IT'S TIME TO STRETCH YOUR LEGS!  BY THE WAY $NAME+, ARE +",6050,"T:YOU STUDYING SOME COURSE IN ASTRONOMY +",6060,"*COURS A:$COURSE",6070,".M:[Y],[YE,RIGHT,OF*COURS,CERT,SURE,AFRAID*SO",6080,"Y:AND WHAT IS IT +",6090,"JY:*COURS",6100,".M:[N],[NO,NEVER,FORGET*IT",6110,"Y:WELL, I AM HAPPY YOU STILL WANT TO LEARN!",6120,"N:THAT SOUNDS INTERESTING, A $MAJOR MAJOR TAKING $COURSE+!"
6130,"CN:Z=1",6140,"T:",6150,"T:WE ARE NOW READY TO DISCUSS THE EXACT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN +",6160,"T:MAGNITUDES AND DISTANCES.",6170,"T:IF YOU DOUBLED YOUR DISTANCE FROM A FIRST MAGNITUDE STAR, WHAT +",6180,"T:WOULD BE THE NEW OBSERVED MAGNITUDE +",6190,"*GUSNUM A:#D",6200,"TB:GUESS A NUMBER!",6210,"JB:*GUSNUM",6220,"C:G=2.5-D",6230,"C(G<0):G=-G",6240,"T(G<.4):ABSOLUTELY EXCELLENT $NAME+!  YOU ARE HOT TODAY!",6250,"J(G<.4):*HOT"
6260,"T:THIS IS A NON-TRIVIAL QUESTION!  LET US THINK ABOUT IT LOGICALLY.",6270,"T:IN WHAT WAY DOES THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE STAR CHANGE +",6280,"C:D=11",6290,"A:#D",6300,".M:DECREAS,DECRES,GOES*DOWN,[LES",6310,"Y:RIGHT, BUT BY HOW MUCH +",6320,"AY:#D",6330,"M:QUARTER,FOURTH",6340,"CY:D=.25",6350,"T(D=11):I DON'T BELIEVE THAT!  IT SHOULD DECREASE SO THAT +",6360,"C:G=.5-D",6370,"C(G<0):G=-G",6380,"T(G<.1):REMEMBER IT GOES AS AN INVERSE SQUARE.  +"
6390,"C:G=.75-D",6400,"C(G<0):G=-G",6410,"T(G<.1):OK, THERE IS A 3/4 DECREASE SO +",6420,"C:G=.25-D",6430,"C(G<0):G=-G",6440,"T(G<.1):FINE, +",6450,"T:THE RESULTANT BRIGHTNESS IS ONE-QUARTER OR 0.25 OF THE ORIGINAL.",6460,"T:NOW, IF IT IS A FACTOR OF FOUR LESS, WHAT IS THE CHANGE IN +",6470,"T:MAGNITUDE FROM THE ORIGINAL +",6480,"C:D=11",6490,"A:#D",6500,".M:ONE*FIVE,BETW*ONE*TWO",6510,"CY:D=1.5"
6520,"C:D=1.5-D",6530,"C(D<0):D=-D",6540,"T(D<.1):EXCELLENT!  +",6550,"J(D<.1):*MAGCONT",6560,"C:D=H-F+1",6570,"T(D):REMEMBER FROM THE TABLE A MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCE OF 1.5 +",6580,"T(D):CORRESPONDS TO A RATIO OF 4:1.  ACTUALLY, THIS CAN BE +",6590,"T(D):DEDUCED FROM:  +",6600,"T(D=0):NOW, +",6610,"T:1 MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCE IS 2.5 TIMES, 2 MAGNITUDES IS 2.5*2.5 +",6620,"T:= 6.3 TIMES, HENCE 4 TIMES MUST BE SOMEWHERE BETWEEN 1 AND 2 +",6630,"T:MAGNITUDES.  +",6640,"T(D=0):1.5 IS VERY CLOSE.+"
6650,"*MAGCONT T:",6660,"T:IS THIS CHANGE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE +",6670,"A:",6680,".M:[+],POSIT,[NO*NEGATIV,[P]",6690,"Y:RIGHT!  +",6700,"N:NO, IT IS POSITIVE BECAUSE AS WE MOVE AWAY FROM THE STAR, ITS +",6710,"N:MAGNITUDE INCREASES.",6720,"T:WITH AN ORIGINAL MAGNITUDE OF +1 AND A CHANGE OF +1.5, WHAT IS +",6730,"T:THE NEW MAGNITUDE +",6740,"A:#D",6750,"C:D=2.5-D",6760,"C(D<0):D=-D",6770,"T(D<.1):THAT'S RIGHT $NAME+.  +"
6780,"T(D>=.1):ARE YOU PAYING ATTENTION??  +",6790,"*HOT T:IT WILL BE OBSERVED TO HAVE A MAGNITUDE OF +2.5!",6800,"T:",6810,"T:FROM A TABLE OF MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCES ONE MAY EASILY DETERMINE +",6820,"T:NEW MAGNITUDES AS ONE CHANGES DISTANCE.  THE PROCEDURE IS TO +",6830,"T:SQUARE THE RATIO OF THE DISTANCES.  THIS GIVES THE RATIO OF THE +",6840,"T:BRIGHTNESSES.  THEN LOOK IN A TABLE FOR THE CORRESPONDING +",6850,"T:MAGNITUDE CHANGE AND SUBTRACT IT FROM THE ORIGINAL MAGNITUDE IF +"
6860,"T:THE DISTANCE DECREASES AND ADD IT IF THE DISTANCE INCREASES.",6870,"T:",6880,"T:AS YOU ALREADY KNOW, THE DISTANCE IS NOT THE ONLY QUANTITY +",6890,"T:AFFECTING THE APPARENT BRIGHTNESS.  WHAT ELSE IS THERE??",6900,"A:",6910,".M:LUMIN,INTRINS*BRIGHT",6920,"Y:GROOVY $NAME+!  YOU REMEMBERED.  +",6930,"T(B=0):YOU HAD TROUBLE WITH THIS BEFORE.  +",6940,"N:THAT IS NOT QUITE RIGHT.  +",6950,"T:THE LUMINOSITY OF THE STAR (OR INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESS) ALSO +",6960,"T:DETERMINES THE APPARENT MAGNITUDE.  IT IS THE COMBINATION OF +"
6970,"T:THESE TWO EFFECTS THAT GIVES US THE OBSERVED MAGNITUDE.",6980,"T:HOW COULD YOU ELIMINATE THE EFFECT OF DISTANCE??",6990,"A:",7000,"T:THIS IS A TOUGHY.  IF YOU COULD VIEW THE STARS FROM THE SAME +",7010,"T:STANDARD DISTANCE, THEN ALL OBSERVED DIFFERENCES IN THEIR +",7020,"T:MAGNITUDES WOULD BE ENTIRELY DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN THEIR +",7030,"T:LUMINOSITIES.",7040,"T:WHAT IS THE NAME FOR A MAGNITUDE TAKEN AT SUCH A STANDARD +",7050,"T:POSITION??",7060,"A:",7070,"M:ABSOLUT",7080,"Y:THAT IS CORRECT.  IT IS +"
7090,"N:WELL, IT IS SIMPLY +",7100,"T:THE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE OF THE STAR.",7110,"T:WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THIS STANDARD DISTANCE +",7120,"C:D=0",7130,"A:#D",7140,"M:TEN",7150,"CY:D=10",7160,".M:PARSEC,[PC",7170,"N:I DON'T DETECT A PROPER UNIT SO I WILL ASSUME YOU MEAN PARSECS.",7180,"C:D=10-D",7190,"C(D<0):D=-D",7200,"T(D<1):RIGHT ON $NAME+!  +",7210,"T(D>=1):NO, NOT EXACTLY.  +"
7220,"T:THE STANDARD DISTANCE IS 10 PARSECS.  WHY EXACTLY 10?  ONLY +",7230,"T:YOUR ASTRONOMER KNOWS FOR SURE!",7240,"J(C):*SKIPABS",7250,"T:DOES THE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE OF A STAR DEPEND UPON ITS DISTANCE +",7260,"T:FROM THE EARTH +",7270,"A:",7280,".M:[N],[NO,N'T",7290,"Y:THAT IS CORRECT!  +",7300,"N:ARE YOU AWAKE??  +",7310,"T:SINCE THE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE IS ALWAYS DETERMINED FROM THE SAME +",7320,"T:STANDARD 10 PARSECS, ANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STARS IS DUE +",7330,"T:ENTIRELY TO DIFFERENCES IN THEIR LUMINOSITIES."
7340,"T:IF A STAR IS CLOSER THAN 10 PC, WHICH WILL BE LARGER:  THE +",7350,"T:APPARENT OR THE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE +",7360,"A:",7370,"M:ABSOLUT",7380,"Y:GOOD!  +",7390,"JY:*CLOSER",7400,"M:APPAR,APAR",7410,"N:HEY, WHAT GIVES??  +",7420,"Y:NO, +",7430,"T:IS IT BRIGHTER OR DIMMER AT A CLOSE DISTANCE +",7440,"A:",7450,"M:BRIGHT",7460,"Y:RIGHT!  +"
7470,"N:I GIVE UP!  WELL, NOT REALLY, BUT SOMETIMES ...  +",7480,"T:IT IS BRIGHTER AT A CLOSE DISTANCE HENCE +",7490,"*CLOSER T:THE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE (SINCE IT CORRESPONDS TO A +",7500,"T:DIMMER SITUATION) IS LARGER.",7510,"*SKIPABS T:",7520,"T:ONE CAN NOW USE OUR STANDARD TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING THE +",7530,"T:APPARENT MAGNITUDE KNOWING THE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE AND +",7540,"T:DISTANCE.  (OR ANY ONE OF THESE THREE KNOWING ANY TWO OF THEM.)",7550,"*WHEE T:WHAT IS THE APPARENT MAGNITUDE OF A STAR WITH ABSOLUTE +"
7560,"T:MAGNITUDE OF +1 LOCATED AT 100 PC DISTANCE +",7570,"C:D=0",7580,"A:#D",7590,"M:SIX",7600,"CY:D=6",7610,"C:D=D+.5",7620,".I:D",7630,"T(D=6):SO RIGHT YOU ARE $NAME+.  I ENJOY WORKING WITH YOU!",7640,"J(D=6):*ALMOSTHER",7650,"J(J):*IGIVEUP",7660,"T:WELL, THIS IS NOT TOO HARD, BUT IT ISN'T EASY.",7670,"T:FIRST, BY WHAT FACTOR IS THE BRIGHTNESS DECREASED AT 100 PC AS +",7680,"T:COMPARED TO 10 PC (THE STANDARD DISTANCE) +"
7690,"A:#D",7700,"M:1/100,HUNDRE",7710,"CY:D=100",7720,"C(D=.01):D=100",7730,"C:D=D+.5",7740,".I:D",7750,"T(D=100):GOOD!  +",7760,"T(D#100):I'M AFRAID NOT, +",7770,"T:THE BRIGHTNESS AT 100 PC AS COMPARED TO 10 PC IS 1/100 OR .01.  +",7780,"T:REMEMBER, ONE MUST SQUARE THE DISTANCE RATIO.",7790,"T:SO WHAT MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCE DOES 100 GIVE +",7800,"C:D=0",7810,"A:#D"
7820,"M:FIVE",7830,"CY:D=5",7840,"C:D=D+.5",7850,".I:D",7860,"T(D=5):PRECISELY $NAME+!  +",7870,"T(D#5):COME NOW, WE DISCUSSED THIS EARLIER.  +",7880,"T:A FACTOR OF 100 CORRESPONDS TO 5 MAGNITUDES.  SINCE IT IS +",7890,"T:FURTHER AWAY, IT IS +5.",7900,"T:OK, +",7910,"C:J=1",7920,"J:*WHEE",7930,"*IGIVEUP T:WHAT AM I GOING TO DO WITH YOU??  JUST LOVE YOU I +",7940,"T:GUESS.  1 + 5 = +6!!!"
7950,"*ALMOSTHER T:",7960,"T:ACTUALLY THIS ENTIRE PROCESS CAN BE WRITTEN DOWN VERY NEATLY +",7970,"T:AS A SIMPLE EQUATION:",7980,"T:",7990,"T:   X = APPARENT MAGNITUDE",8000,"T:   M = ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE        X - M = 5*LOG(D) - 5",8010,"T:   D = DISTANCE",8020,"T: LOG() MEANS TO TAKE THE COMMOM LOGARITHM",8030,"T:",8040,"T:THIS IS THE EQUATION ASTRONOMERS USE QUITE FREQUENTLY.",8050,"T:DO YOU UNDERSTAND THIS +",8060,"A:",8070,".M:[Y],[YE,OF*COURS,CERT,RIGHT,SURE"
8080,"Y:GREAT!",8090,"JY:*GREAT",8100,"T:WELL, A LOGARITHM IS NOT HARD, CONSIDER A FEW VALUES:",8110,"T:",8120,"T:  X      LOG(X)        X      LOG(X)        X      LOG(X)",8130,"T: 0.01    -2.000",8140,"T: 0.1     -1.000",8150,"T:  1         0         10       1.000       100      2.000",8160,"T:  2       0.301       20       1.301       200      2.301",8170,"T:  3       0.477       30       1.477       300      2.477",8180,"T:  4       0.602       40       1.602       400      2.602"
8190,"T:  5       0.699       50       1.699       500      2.699",8200,"T:  6       0.778       60       1.778      1000      3.000",8210,"T:  8       0.903       80       1.903     10000      4.000",8220,"T:",8230,"T:FOR A STAR WHICH IS 100 PC AWAY, WHAT IS LOG(D) +",8240,"A:#D",8250,"M:TWO",8260,"CY:D=2",8270,"C:D=D+.5",8280,".I:D",8290,"T(D=2):EXACTLY $NAME+!  +",8300,"T(D#2):NOT QUITE, THE CORRECT ANSWER IS 2.  +",8310,"T:THUS, 5*LOG(D)-5 BECOMES 5*2-5 = 5 AND THERE IS A DIFFERENCE OF +"
8320,"T:5 MAGNITUDES BETWEEN THE ABSOLUTE AND THE APPARENT MAGNITUDES.",8330,"*GREAT T:",8340,"T:I THINK YOU ARE READY TO TRY YOUR OWN VALUES!",8350,"T:",8360,"T:          A MINIPROGRAM",8370,"T:",8380,"*HELP T:ENTER THE VALUES YOU KNOW AND A QUESTION MARK (?) FOR THE +",8390,"T:UNKNOWN ONE.  I WILL FIGURE IT OUT FOR YOU.  IF YOU WANT TO +",8400,"T:STOP, THEN TYPE 'STOP'.  IF YOU NEED HELP, THEN TYPE 'HELP.'",8410,"T:",8420,"C:B=2.30259",8430,"*HEREWEGO T:",8440,"C:A=D=E=I=J=K=0"
8450,"T:ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE +",8460,"A:#D",8470,"M:HELP,STOP",8480,"JY:*STOP",8490,"CB:I=1",8500,"T:DISTANCE (IN PC) +",8510,"A:#A",8520,"M:HELP,STOP",8530,"JY:*STOP",8540,"CB:J=A=1",8550,"T:APPARENT MAGNITUDE +",8560,"A:#E",8570,"M:HELP,STOP"
8580,"JY:*STOP",8590,"CB:K=1",8600,"C:C=I+J+K",8610,"T(C>1):TOO MANY UNKNOWNS!",8620,"T(C=0):I CAN'T TELL WHICH ONE YOU WANT ME TO FIND!",8630,"J(C#1):*HEREWEGO",8640,"T(A<=0):COME NOW, NO ZERO OR NEGATIVE DISTANCES!",8650,"J(A<=0):*HEREWEGO",8660,"T:THANK YOU!  BE PATIENT FOR A MOMENT!",8670,"J(J):*GETDIS",8680,"C:C=1E4*(A^1E-4-1)/B",8690,"C:C=C+(A/10^C-1)/B",8700,"C:C=C+(A/10^C-1)/B"
8710,"C:C=C+(A/10^C-1)/B",8720,"C(I):D=E-5*C+5",8730,"C(K):E=D+5*C-5",8740,"*GETDIS C(J):A=10^((E-D+5)/5)",8750,"T:",8760,"T:ABS MAG = #D+DISTANCE = #A+APP MAG = #E",8770,"T:",8780,"J:*HEREWEGO",8790,"*STOP M:HELP",8800,"JY:*HELP",8810,"T:ALL DONE!  WELL, AS THE SUN APPEARS IN THE EAST AND THE +",8820,"T:STARS BEGIN TO FADE AGAINST THE SKY, IT IS TIME TO LEAVE OUR +",8830,"T:DISCUSSION.  IT HAS BEEN A PLEASURE $NAME+!  I WISH YOU +"
8840,"T:SUCCESS IN YOUR $MAJOR MAJOR.  +",8850,"T(Z):AND ESPECIALLY WITH YOUR $COURSE COURSE.+",8860,"T:",8870,"T:",8880,"T:     BETTER IS THE END OF A THING THAN THE BEGINNING THEREOF.",8890,"T:                ECCLESIASTES 7:8",8900,"T:",8910,"T:",8920,"E:     FAR OUT (MOST STARS ARE)"
